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A Hydro-Fluro-Olefin (HFO) cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(Z)) can be assessed as a promising working fluid in the high-temperature heat pump as it has a low global warming potential (GWP). In this work, the viscosity of R1234ze(Z) is measured in liquid and vapor phases by the method of tandem capillary tubes. The viscosity measurements were performed from 0.5 to 4.08 MPa pressure over a temperature ranges from 313.74 to 414.31 K at liquid and 354.07 to 455.80 K at vapor phase. Total expanded uncertainties of the viscosity measurement with k = 2 and 95% confidence level in liquid and vapor phase are lower than ±2.19% and ±2.59%, respectively. Viscosities at saturation conditions are estimated from experimental measurement data by the extrapolation method. Simplified correlations are developed in terms of saturation temperature for the viscosity of liquid and vapor at saturation conditions.

The groundwater vulnerability assessment is an effective tool for protecting groundwater from pollution. The objective of this study is to determine the groundwater vulnerability of the Plio-Quaternary aquifer to pollution in the Saiss basin of Morocco using the DRASTI-LU framework. As validation of groundwater vulnerability map using the Pearson correlation between nitrate (NO3−) concentrations observed at 51 wells and corresponding vulnerability indices calculated showed a poor correlation coefficient (r = 0.35, p

The research was conducted to evaluate the morphological variability in fruits traits among the mulberry genotypes grown in Mulberry Germplasm Bank of Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute (BSRTI), Rajshahi, during 2018–2020. The aim of the research was to find out the genotypes accessibility for varietal improvement. Total 50 mulberry genotypes were morphologically characterized on fruit traits through this research. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and the plantation system was high bush. Each plot consists of 20 plants and unit plot size was 4 m × 5 m. Fruit colour, fruit taste and seed colour was determined. Nine distinct fruit colours such as reddish-black (23.33%), black-berry (18.33%), cream (10%), black (8.33%), white-cream (6.67%), pink (6.67%), pinkish (3.33%), orange (3.33%) and radish (1.67%) were observed among several germplasms. Remarkable variation was found in fruit taste such as sour sweet (28.33%), sweet (21.67%), light sweet (5%), light-sour sweet (5%) and deep sweet (5%), respectively. Five colored of seed viz: light yellow, light brown, yellowish brown, dark brown and blackish brown were observed among the germplasm. Length of the fruit diverse from 0.73 (BSRM-8) to 5.58 (BSRM-56 and widthfrom 0.52 (BSRM-8) to1.9 (BSRM-56),single fruit weight varied from 0.07 (BSRM-8) to 4.11 (BSRM-56), fruit weight per plant varied from 101.47 (BSRM-11) to 2250.43 (BSRM-56), seed setting (%) varied from 8.13 (BSRM-29) to 94.24 (BSRM-16), sprouting (%) varied from 36.67 (BSRM-22) to 96.67 (BSRM-38), rooting (%) varied from 13.89 (BSRM-22) to 98.33 (BSRM-10),achene number/fruit varied from 12.53 (BSRM-10) to118.10 (BSRM-56), seed number/fruit varied from 2.99 (BSRM-8) to 47.86 (BSRM-56) and 100 seed weight varied from 0.019 (BSRM-35) to 0.166 (BSRM-56), respectively. Results showed that the black-berry, sweet tasted fruited mulberry (BSRM-56), cream colored, sweet tasted fruited mulberry (BSRM-1) and white cream, sweet tasted fruited mulberry (BSRM-34) was promising on the basis of greatest fruit production potential to be appears for further commercial utilization. Generally, a wide range of variation was exhibited among the sampled and characterized genotypes.

This study explores the status and potential of creek and pond as well as the attitude of the farmers towards pond and creek use. Following random sampling technique, a total of 60 fish farmers were sampled from Panchari Upazila, Khagrachari district of Bangladesh who were involved with pond and/or creek culture and they were interviewed through a predesigned questionnaire. The findings of the study indicated that most of the respondents belonged to above 50 years of age while 95% of them had small to medium (2-7 members) family size and about 72% of whom were literate either from primary to more than SSC level. Out of all the farmers, 85% of them had their own pond/creek and only 25% of them maintained communication with the fisheries related personnel (SUFO/UFO/others) to receive fish extension related information although, 36.7% of them didn’t receive any training on agriculture and aquaculture related issues. By producing different types of fishes, they earned an average BDT 35915.25 from aquaculture which helped them maintaining positive attitude towards ponds and creeks use. The respondents of the study area perceived that ponds/creeks fish culture helped to increase their family income in the hilly areas and also uplifted their self-employment. Out of all the farmers, 65% had moderately to highly favorable attitude towards ponds and creeks use. Linear regression analysis indicated that age, level of education, income from aquaculture, agricultural training received, and aquaculture training received of the farmers had significant contribution on their attitude. The respondents of the study area perceived that ponds/creeks fish culture helped to increase family income in the hilly areas and also uplifted their self-employment.

Dietary fibre regulates blood pressure (BP) through gut microbial production of acidic metabolites known as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The specific mechanisms of how SCFAs regulate BP are still emerging. We hypothesised that acidic metabolites that are abundant in the large intestine may activate proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors, such as GPR65, thus conferring BP regulating effects. Using mouse models, we found that dietary fibre levels determined the luminal pH in the large intestine, through production of SCFAs by the gut microbiota. We then investigated a new mouse model lacking GPR65, which spontaneously developed higher BP, cardiac and renal hypertrophy and fibrosis. We identified that low pH, acting via GPR65 signalling, increased cAMP production and phosphorylation of CREB, and regulated inflammatory cytokine production involved in hypertension. We showed that the benefits of diets high in fibre, which usually prevent hypertension and its associated phenotypes, were decreased in mice lacking GPR65. Finally, we provided proof-of-concept evidence that the luminal pH profile in the colon of hypertensive participants is higher than that of normotensive participants. Colonic pH was further associated with dietary fibre, particularly in the colonic regions where fibre is fermented by the gut microbiota. Together, we show that pH sensing by GPR65 underlies at least some of the cardiovascular benefits of dietary fibre.

Understanding the effects of global change and human activities on water supplies depends greatly on surface water dynamics. A comprehensive examination of the hydroclimatic variations at the transboundary level is essential for the development of any adaptation or mitigation plans to deal with the negative effects of climate change. This research paper examines the hydroclimatic factors that contribute to the desiccation of the Doosti Dam’s basin in the transboundary area using multisensor satellite data from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The Mann–Kendall and Sens slope estimator test was applied to the satellite datasets to analyse the spatial and temporal variation of the hydroclimate variables and their trend over the transboundary area for 18 years from 2004 to 2021 (as the dam began operating in 2005). Statistical analysis results showed decreasing trends in temperature and an increase in rainfall with respect to station-observed available data. Evapotranspiration and irrigated area development followed the increasing pattern and a slight decrease in snow cover. The results confirmed a large expansion of the irrigated area, especially during the winter growing season. The increase in irrigated cultivated areas during both winter and summer seasons is possibly the main reason for the diversion of water to meet the irrigation requirements of the developed agriculture areas. The approach followed in this study could be applied to any location around the globe to evaluate the hydrological conditions and spatiotemporal changes in response to climate change, trend analysis and human activities.

A number of microorganisms are co-evolved with the host, among which bacteria are the predominant organisms in the colonic site. The human microbiota contributes to various physiological functions, including the digestion and degradation of food components, harvesting of inaccessible nutrients, immune system regulation, maintenance of gut barrier function, and regulation of brain function and behavior. Microbes in the gut produce a wealth of metabolites from the exogenous dietary substances or endogenous metabolic compounds produced by the host and the resident microorganisms. These microbial-derived metabolites are the major factors in the host-microbiota cross-talk and influence the host's cardiometabolic health directly or indirectly depending on the structure and function of the microbial community. Evidence suggests that the perturbation in the composition and function of gut microbiota (referred to as gut dysbiosis) is associated with the development of several diseased conditions such as that of the gastrointestinal tract or colorectal cancer, metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, immune disorders e.g. asthma, allergies, depression, anxiety and cardiometabolic disease. Several pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract may impair the intestinal barrier that allows translocation of bacteria and their metabolites to a remote organ such as the heart, which may ultimately be associated with systemic inflammation and the development of CVDs. In this chapter, we will discuss various gut microbiota-dependent metabolites, which have a significant role in cardiovascular diseases' pathologic processes and their risk factors. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of the gut-metabolite-heart axis as a novel target for the treatment of CVD and highlight the current updates and exciting directions for future research.

The human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contains a dynamic and diverse collection of bacteria, archaea, and fungi termed the "gut microbiome." The gut microbiome has a major impact on the host during homeostasis and disease. The connection between both the host and the microbiome is complex, although its manipulation may assist prevent or treating a multitude of morbidities. These microorganisms play a critical role in the host's energy metabolism and homeostasis. According to new research, the microbes in the gastrointestinal tract play a substantial role in host health, and alterations in its composition and function might lead to the emergence of metabolic disorders like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The resilience of the GIT microbial ecology and its tolerance to perturbation are robust but not ideal. Several factors may disrupt the GIT microbiome's homeostasis leading to dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalanced equilibrium and perturbations in gut homeostasis. Irritable bowel disease (IBD), malnutrition, and metabolic disorders, such as NAFLD, have been associated with the dysbiotic gut microbiome. Recent evidence suggests that utilizing medications, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to manipulate the microbiome could be a viable method for treating NAFLD.

Research was conducted using a functional malachite green colorimetric assay to evaluate acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) activity previously identified as resistant to sethoxydim and select aryloxyphenoxypropionate (FOPs) herbicides, fenoxaprop, and fluazifop. Two resistant southern crabgrass [Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler] biotypes, R1 and R2, containing an Ile-1781-Leu amino acid substitution and previously identified as resistant to sethoxydim, pinoxaden, and fluazifop but not clethodim was utilized as the resistant chloroplastic ACCase source compared with known susceptible (S) ACCase. Dose-response studies with sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop-p-butyl, and pinoxaden (0.6 to 40 µM) were conducted to compare the ACCase–herbicide interactions of R1, R2, and S using the malachite green functional assay. Assay results indicated that R biotypes required more ACCase-targeting herbicides to inhibit ACCase activity compared with S. IC50 values of all four herbicides for R biotypes were consistently an order of magnitude greater than those of S. No sequencing differences in the carboxyltransferase domain was observed for R1 and R2; however, R2 IC50 values were greater across all herbicides. These results indicate the malachite green functional assay is effective in evaluating ACCase activity of R and S biotypes in the presence of ACCase-targeting herbicides, which can be used as a replacement for the 14C-based radiometric functional assays.

Good curriculum plays a crucial role in forging life-long learning competencies, social attitudes and skills for the learners. Besides it is self-evident that, curriculum plays an important role in shaping a nation’s future. For obvious reasons, it has been the focal point of stakeholders’ interests for decades. Formulating an effective curriculum has been a decade-long pursuit for many nations’ education-history. For similar reasons countries like Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia stand at a historic threshold of decision making regarding their countries curriculum. Both the countries share some common challenges with respect to their curriculum development and implementation from the various sectors of society. All these education-challenges and..... all the experiences that occur within the school or other learning context- what is intended and what actually becomes a reality in the sphere of curriculum and teaching (Pinar, 2000) are the subjects of this paper.

In genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies, multiple quantitative traits are often measured along with the marker genotypes. Multi-trait QTL (MtQTL) analysis, which includes multiple quantitative traits together in a single model, is an efficient technique to increase the power of QTL identification. The two most widely used classical approaches for MtQTL mapping are Gaussian Mixture Model-based MtQTL (GMM-MtQTL) and Linear Regression Model-based MtQTL (LRM-MtQTL) analyses. There are two types of LRM-MtQTL approach known as least squares-based LRM-MtQTL (LS-LRM-MtQTL) and maximum likelihood-based LRM-MtQTL (ML-LRM-MtQTL). These three classical approaches are equivalent alternatives for QTL detection, but ML-LRM-MtQTL is computationally faster than GMM-MtQTL and LS-LRM-MtQTL. However, one major limitation common to all the above classical approaches is that they are very sensitive to outliers, which leads to misleading results. Therefore, in this study, we developed an LRM-based robust MtQTL approach, called LRM-RobMtQTL, for the backcross population based on the robust estimation of regression parameters by maximizing the β-likelihood function induced from the β-divergence with multivariate normal distribution. When β = 0, the proposed LRM-RobMtQTL method reduces to the classical ML-LRM-MtQTL approach. Simulation studies showed that both ML-LRM-MtQTL and LRM-RobMtQTL methods identified the same QTL positions in the absence of outliers. However, in the presence of outliers, only the proposed method was able to identify all the true QTL positions. Real data analysis results revealed that in the presence of outliers only our LRM-RobMtQTL approach can identify all the QTL positions as those identified in the absence of outliers by both methods. We conclude that our proposed LRM-RobMtQTL analysis approach outperforms the classical MtQTL analysis methods.

This book reappraises the strategic diplomatic relations of Japan for a comprehensive and strategic partnership with Bangladesh. It aspires to comprehend the Japanese model to change the development paradigm of Bangladesh. This book presents a new agenda for Japanese cooperation that demands to operate in Bangladesh's sustainable and inclusive development by 2041. By introducing a comprehensive taxonomy of soft diplomatic power, this book opens a new direction of diplomatic relations that cuts across recent internal divisions and discussions in international development and cooperation fields. Moreover, this book provides a new standpoint on the contemporaneous significance of Japan-Bangladesh relations by situating it within the larger historical context of political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic engagements between the two nations across Asia. The rigorous theoretical and empirical analysis presented in this book provides readers with profound insights into the nature of relationships between Bangladesh-Japan and its future macro impact.

Funder: Arcus Foundation; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100016681, Funder: Darwin Initiative, Funder: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009167, Funder: European Outdoor Conservation Association; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013711, Funder: Fundacion Bioparc, Funder: Ocean Parks Conservation Foundation Hong Kong, Funder: Orangutan Land Trust, Funder: Save the Orangutan, Funder: Taronga Zoo, Funder: The Orangutan Project, Funder: Ministry of Environment & Forestry, Funder: PT Rimba Makmur Utama, Degraded tropical peatlands lack tree cover and are often subject to seasonal flooding and repeated burning. These harsh environments for tree seedlings to survive and grow are therefore challenging to revegetate. Knowledge on species performance from previous plantings represents an important evidence base to help guide future tropical peat swamp forest (TPSF) restoration efforts. We conducted a systematic review of the survival and growth of tree species planted in degraded peatlands across Southeast Asia to examine (1) species differences, (2) the impact of seedling and site treatments on survival and growth and (3) the potential use of plant functional traits to predict seedling survival and growth rates. Planted seedling monitoring data were compiled through a systematic review of journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, theses and unpublished datasets. In total, 94 study‐sites were included, spanning three decades from 1988 to 2019, and including 141 indigenous peatland tree and palm species. Accounting for variable planting numbers and monitoring durations, we analysed three measures of survival and growth: (1) final survival weighted by the number of seedlings planted, (2) half‐life, that is, duration until 50% mortality and (3) relative growth rates (RGR) corrected for initial planting height of seedlings. Average final survival was 62% and half‐life was 33 months across all species, sites and treatments. Species differed significantly in survival and half‐life. Seedling and site treatments had small effects with the strongest being higher survival of mycorrhizal fungi inoculated seedlings; lower survival, half‐life and RGR when shading seedlings; and lower RGR and higher survival when fertilising seedlings. Leaf nutrient and wood density traits predicted TPSF species survival, but not half‐life and RGR. RGR and half‐life were negatively correlated, meaning that slower growing species survived for longer. Synthesis and applications. To advance tropical peat swamp reforestation requires expanding the number and replication of species planted and testing treatments by adopting control vs. treatment experimental designs. Species selection should involve slower growing species (e.g. Lophopetalum rigidum, Alstonia spatulata, Madhuca motleyana) that survive for longer and explore screening species based on functional traits associated with nutrient acquisition, flooding tolerance and recovery from fire.

Savar Upazila in the Dhaka District is a rapidly expanding city with a diverse range of industries and agricultural activities. This expansion poses environmental challenges including the threat to groundwater contamination. Based on these considerations, the objective of this research is to carry out a shallow groundwater hydrogeochemical characterization and an assessment of the suitablity of the groundwater for drinking and irrigational purposes using a geochemical approach, multivariate statistical techniques, and some indices of groundwater quality. The hydrogeochemical analyses of 42 groundwater samples from shallow depths (18 - 76 m) showed that the order of concentrations of cations, anions, and metals was Ca

Plasma agriculture is an emerging field. In this report, we studied the effect of medium pressure (~ 10 torr) low-frequency (3–5 kHz) glow discharge (LFGD) plasma on various agronomical and physiological attributes in wheat. Wheat seeds treated by LFGD plasma generated from Argon–Oxygen (Ar + O2) gas mixture and air showed a remarkable enhancement in seed germination by 12.38% and 7.14% respectively. Also, the morpho-physiological features significantly improved due to plasma treatment relative to control. In germinated wheat seedlings, H2O2 concentration markedly increased due to plasma treatments, suggesting that LFGD may be involved in nitrogen signaling in wheat. The SOD activity significantly increased in wheat seedlings subjected to Ar + O2 plasma, while APX activity showed a significant increase only in the shoot of wheat plants in the same condition. Besides, both plasma treatments (Ar + O2 and Air) caused a significant increase in CAT activity in the shoot but not in the root compared to non-treated plants. Analysis of wheat plants germinated from plasma treated seeds showed a notable increase in total soluble sugar and protein subjected to Ar + O2 plasma treatment. Results also revealed a significant increase in TGM, iron, manganese, fat, and ash content while moisture content significantly decreased in wheat grain due to plasma treatments relative to controls. These findings explore the potentialities of LFGD plasma in boosting germination, growth, and nutritional traits of wheat plants.

Purpose—The aim of the study was to visualize the impacts of the service quality dimensions under the SERVQUAL model regarding the relationship quality and behavioral intentions of consumers in the retail banking services of Bangladesh. Design/Methodology/Approach—In this study, a structured questionnaire was used to conduct a survey, and 234 valid data samples were collected for the quantitative analysis. The measurement and structural models were used to explore the hypothesized connections among variables using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. Findings—The empirical results of this research indicated that SERVQUAL dimensions (tangibles, reliability, empathy, assurance, and responsiveness) seemed to be highly valued for measuring service quality. The service quality influences the quality of relationships and behavioral intentions. The relationship quality has a significantly positive impact on behavioral intentions and a mediation effect on service quality and behavioral intentions. Originality/Value—The aim of this research was to develop an advanced connection between relationship structural equation models and managerial implications as a reference and an application for the banking industry.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most occurring non-communicable disease resulting in a high blood glucose level. There has been an immense interest in the development of alternative medicines for diabetes treatment, specifically screening functional foods for phytochemicals with the capability of delaying or preventing glucose absorption through digestive enzymes (e.g. α-amylase) inhibition. So, the development of α-amylase inhibitors derived from natural food products is an alternative way to prevent diabetes mellitus. Objective: In this study, organic solvent extracts of the Arachis hypogaea (Peanut) and Cinnamomum tamala (Indian bay leaf/Tejpata) were used to investigate their potential α-amylase inhibition and cytotoxic activities through α-amylase inhibition assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay respectively. Methods: The α-amylase inhibition assay was performed using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method for different concentrations of plant extracts. The optical density (OD) of the solutions were measured to determine the inhibition activity at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer. The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts was measured using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassay. Results: Among the different organic solvent extracts, peanut seed ethanol extract showed the highest α-amylase inhibition activity (67.68±8.67%) at 1.25 μg/mL concentration with an IC50 value of 0.61 μg/mL which is very close to standard α-amylase inhibitor Acarbose (72.34±4.23%) with an IC50 value of 0.32 μg/mL while acetone extract of Indian bay leaf exhibited the lowest inhibition activity (47.75±1.63%) with an IC50 value of 1.42 μg/mL at the same concentration. Besides, the maximum cytotoxic activity was found in acetone extract of peanut shell with an LC50 value of 57.87 μg/mL, whereas ethanol extract of peanut seed showed the lowest cytotoxicity with an LC50 value of 413.90 μg/mL. Conclusion: The result of the present work clearly indicates the potentiality of peanut seed ethanol extract to be used in the management of hyperglycemia as it significantly inhibits α-amylase activity while showing less cytotoxic activities.

Quality primary education has become a first and foremost matter of concern of our country in the twenty-first century. In Bangladesh, achievement in primary education is tremendous, though there is a question in quality education. In this case, there are numerous problems that resist the process of quality education at the primary level and lack of effective academic supervision is one of them. The study is descriptive in nature and it collects relevant data and information from secondary sources through content analysis. The study highlights on the general role and functionalities of the Assistant Upazila (sub-district) Education Officer (AUEO) as a supervisor in improving the teaching-learning process and to improve quality primary education. It tries to make a conceptual analysis on different aspects of academic supervisor, quality education in school, supervision and inspection, quality assurance as well as teaching-learning. The study reveals that low support and morale, inspection rather than academic supervision, lack of dedication and professionalism, etc are the main issues of academic supervision which hamper quality primary education in Bangladesh. The study recommends that AUEO’s role as a supervisor should assist the execution of the numerous roles and functionalities which will progress the teaching-learning situation in the input process to improve quality primary education in Bangladesh.

Background: Cough in children is one of the most common presenting symptoms to pediatricians. Acute cough lasts less than 3 weeks, subacute 3-8 weeks and chronic cough more than 8 weeks. Objectives: To find out the etiology and clinical profile of chronic cough in pediatric age group. Methods: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Respiratory Medicine at Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2017 to August 2018 for a period of one year. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the patients. Patients with the age 6 month to 12 years who were suffering from chronic cough for more than 8 weeks were included as study population. Results: Family history of asthma was found in 36(72.0%) cases. Common clinical factors like allergic rhinitis, eczema, allergic conjunctivitis, trigger agent were found in 28(56.0%), 9(18.0%), 2(4.0%) and 50(100.0%) cases respectively. Conclusion: Family history of asthma was found in majority cases of chronic cough. Allergic rhinitis, eczema, allergic conjunctivitis and trigger agent were common clinical factors associated with chronic cough patients. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(1) : 33-36

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common congenital endocrine disorder seen in the newborn (1 in 4,000 births). It causes irreversible mental & physical disability if remains undetected. Diagnosis and treatment of CH before 3 months are mandatory to avoid CH. Objectives: The study was aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding congenital hypothyroidism among the doctors in selected hospital in Dhaka city. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected by using self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 40.5 years. Close to three-fifth (59.5%) of the respondents were in the age group 30-40 years. Above seventieth (71%) of the respondents were males and the rest were females.71% of the respondents knew that Infants born with congenital hypothyroidism may show no effects, or may display mild effects that often go unrecognized as a problem. The findings of this study revealed that more than half of the respondents have attended a training related to congenital hypothyroidism. It also reveals that more than half of the respondents had average knowledge regarding sign and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism. Conclusion: In this study it has been reported that age of the respondents was associated with knowledge on sign and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(1) : 27-32

not available DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(1) : 1-4

Tomography is a process by which an image layer of the body is produced, while the images of the structures above and below that layer are made invisible by blurring. computed tomography (CT), the most widely used cross-sectional imaging methods used in medicine, forms cross-sectional images by avoiding super-imposition of structures that occurs in conventional chest imaging, with a >10-fold increase in attenuation sensitivity, within a second without need for breath holding. Like X-ray, an imaging contrast is generated as a consequence of differences in attenuation between the adjacent tissues. The higher the attenuation of the X-ray beam, the brighter the tissue on CT images, and vice versa. The only drawback is the potentially harmful radiation that is measured according to the amount of radiation received by the whole body. Simply, the amount of radiation from a chest CT is equivalent to 400 X-rays. Standard CT usually takes the image of the whole lung and compresses thick slices of about 7-10 mm into images and contrast can be given to highlight structures. High resolution (HRCT) has excellent spatial resolution and very useful for assessing the architecture of the lung. It does not involve IV contrast, acquires thin, non-contiguous slices, at 10-15 mm intervals with thin slices of lung tissues at regular intervals. This reduces the radiation dose by up to 90% compared to standard CT. The axial images are most commonly viewed using lung, mediastinal and bone window. The pulmonary window is specially used for the interpretation of lung parenchyma, airways and interstitial tissues but the mediastinal window is for the interpretation of mediastinal structures. CT interpretation needs a structured and logical approach. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(1) : 63-69

An experimental study was designed to formulate ready to eat cookies by incorporating banana and banana peel flour which is normally unused in Bangladesh but contains excellent amount of nutrients especially dietary fiber, essential vitamins and minerals. Cookies were prepared by replacing 5 % (sample-1), 10 % (sample-2) and 15% (sample-3) of wheat flour with banana and banana peel flour. The proximate analysis and sensory parameters of those cookies were compared with control cookies where no banana and banana peel flour were added and designated as normal cookies (0% substitution). Functional properties were also evaluated and a significant difference found (P

Seaweed as a source of functionally bioactive components has been well recognized due to its beneficial effects for human health. However, beneficial health effects of seaweeds vary with the different aspects especially geographical location of the seaweed. In the present study, two seaweeds (Sargassum coriifolium, Hypnea pannosa) were collected from Bangladesh and crude extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol and water as extraction solvent. Here, we determined preliminary phytochemical composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of crude extracts using different qualitative and quantitative in vitro assays. Overall, screening of phytochemicals revealed that both the seaweeds contain diverse type bioactive compounds including terpenoid, saponin, phlobatannin, cardiac glycosides, phenolic and flavonoid depending on the seaweed species and extraction solvents used. FT-IR spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of phenols, carboxylic acid, ketones, ethers, aromatics, amides and sulfonates at varying degree. Methanol extract of S. coriifolium and H. pannosa showed highest activity followed by ethanol and water extracts. Here, methanolic extract of S. coriifolium showed highest amount of TPC (128.56 mg of GA/g), TFC (58.29 mg of quercetin/g), DPPH (75.01%, IC50 = 1.03 mg/ml), ABTS (72.24%, IC50 = 1.55 mg/ml), hydrogen peroxide (71.64%, IC50 = 1.98 mg/ml), phosphomolybdenum (28.08 mg of ASE/g) and reducing power assays (938.5208 mg of ASE/g). A positive correlation was found among TPC and different antioxidant assays. These results confirmed the presence of diverse type of chemical composition with its antioxidant activity which will be useful for pharmacological as well as in functional food application.

The present study examined optimized anodic electrode materials microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with Jashore Municipal Wastewater (JMW) as substrate in series and parallel connections. Three anodic mat...

Background: Speech and Language Therapy is an established profession in many countries of the world but still very new in Bangladesh. There is no culturally appropriate adult assessment tool for assessing patient with Apraxia in Bangladesh and has no alternative tool in own language to assess and diagnose patient with apraxia. Objectives: The aim of the study was cultural adaptation of Apraxia Battery for assessing the patient with Apraxia. Methodology: A total of nineteen people diagnosed with apraxia of speech, within the age from 37 to 80 years, participated in this study. The investigator was used quantitative (item analysis, validity determination and reliability determination) and qualitative (observation and focus group discussion) method for the adaptation procedure. After observation and focus group discussion the investigator received concern from the panel of expert for conducting the pilot study. After find out the pilot study result the investigator conducted test and retest. The result was discussed changing forward translation, changing pilot study and test retest findings. The pilot study was examined in a sample of eight apraxia patients. The interval between five days the test and retest reliability was examined in a sample of eleven apraxia patients. Using the Cronbach’s alpha, examined the internal consistency and intra-class correlation for test retest reliability. Results: After modification of ABA-2 tool, the pilot study showed that the ABA-2 tool was in culturally appropriate in Bangladesh for apraxia patient. The test reliability for Diadochokinetic Rate, Increasing word length (Part A), Increasing word length (Part B), Limb Apraxia, Oral Apraxia, Latency Time for polysyllabic word, Utterance Time for polysyllabic word and Repeated Trials sub-tests appear to be satisfactory as researchers claim that Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging between .8143 and 0.9006 indicate good to excellent reliability. And the retest reliability for these subtests Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging between 0.7898 and 0.9095 indicate acceptable to excellent reliability. The intra-class consistency for all subtest of the test and retest was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha =0.9478 to 0.9917). Conclusion: This study suggests that valid assessment of apraxia patient using the ABA-2 assessment tool. The modified ABA-2 assessment tool is feasible for assessing the patient with apraxia in content of Bangladesh. The test retest result also showed that the ABA-2 assessment tool was reliable in culturally. ABA-2 is reliable and valid instrument for evaluating the patients with apraxia. This assessment tools also help Speech and Language Therapists to assess and diagnose the patient with apraxia.

Leaf morphology of crop plants has significant value in agronomy. Leaf rolling in rice plays a vital role to increase grain yield. However, collective information on the rolling leaf (RL) genes reported to date and different comparative bioinformatics studies of their sequences are still incomplete. This bioinformatics study was designed to investigate structures, functions and diversifications of the RL related genes reported till now through several studies. We performed different comparative and functional analyses of the selected 42 RL genes among 103 RL genes using different bioinformatics techniques including gene structure, conserved domain, phylogenetic, gene ontology (GO), transcription factor (TF), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein–protein network. Exon-intron organization and conserved domain analysis showed diversity in structures and conserved domains of RL genes. Phylogenetic analysis classified the proteins into five major groups. GO and TF analyses revealed that regulation-related genes were remarkably enriched in biological process and 10 different TF families were involved in rice leaf rolling. KEGG analysis demonstrated that 14 RL genes were involved in the KEGG pathways, among which 50% were involved in the metabolism pathways. Of the selected RL proteins, 55% proteins were non-interacting with other RL proteins and OsRL9 was the most interacting RL protein. These results provide important information regarding structures, conserved domains, phylogenetic revolution, protein–protein interactions and other genetic bases of RL genes which might be helpful to the researchers for functional analysis of new candidate RL genes to explore their characteristics and molecular mechanisms for high yield rice breeding.

Most pituitary adenomas are slow-growing and benign, which means they are not cancer and do not spread to other parts of the body. They generally have a slow but severe impact on vision due to compression of the optic nerves, optic chiasm, and cavernous sinus. However, as they grow big they can put pressure on nearby structures, such as the nerves that connect the eyes to the brain and cause symptoms. Pituitary adenomas are the third most common intracranial tumor and arise from the pituitary gland. An individual case is presented in this paper with radiological evidence (MRI) of a large lobulated intrasellar mass (3.0 cm transversely, 3.5 cm craniocaudally and 2 cm anteroposteriorly) with supra-sellar extension is causing elevation of the floor of the 3rd ventricle of the brain. Pituitary macroadenoma and hemorrhagic foei, pituitary apoplexy, and pituitary adenomas were founded by different CT scan and MRI reports in different laboratories. The patient was treated with constitutional homoeopathic medicines – Natrum muriticum-m/1, 16 doses up to Natrum muriticum-m/20, 16 doses each from 26/04/2014 to 07/08/2017. Before treatment imaging was done several times from 6/04/2011 to 12/01/2012showed complete resolution of the pituitary adenoma and during treatment3 follow-up imaging was done on 25/07/2015 and 06/08/2017. This case report reviews the clinical presentation, homoeopathic management, and treatment of the major classification of pituitary adenomas and call attention to the need for repertorization in individualized homoeopathic prescription. It is hoped that if this type of clinical research continues in the future, homeopathy will have a breakthrough result and it’s symptomatic medical treatment will play a beneficial role in the near future from the deadly evils of various types of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or combined therapy.