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Carbon dioxide is one of the most abundant ices present in comets and is therefore important for understanding cometary composition and activity. We present analysis of observations of CO 2 and [O I] emission in three comets to measure the CO 2 abundance and evaluate the possibility of employing observations of [O I] emission in comets as a proxy for CO 2 . We obtained NIR imaging sensitive to CO 2 of comets C/2012 K1 (PanSTARRS), C/2012 K5 (LINEAR), and 290P/Jäger with the IRAC instrument on Spitzer . We acquired observations of [O I] emission in these comets with the ARCES echelle spectrometer mounted on the 3.5-m telescope at Apache Point Observatory and observations of OH with the Swift observatory (PanSTARRS) and with Keck HIRES (Jäger). The CO 2 /H 2 O ratios derived from the Spitzer images are 12.6 ± 1.3% (PanSTARRS), 28.9 ± 3.6% (LINEAR), and 31.3 ± 4.2% (Jäger). These abundances are derived under the assumption that contamination from CO emission is negligible. The CO 2 abundance for PanSTARRS is close to the average abundance measured in comets at similar heliocentric distance to date, while the abundances measured for LINEAR and Jäger are significantly larger than the average abundance. From the coma morphology observed in PanSTARRS and the assumed gas expansion velocity, we derive a rotation period for the nucleus of about 9.2 h. Comparison of H 2 O production rates derived from ARCES and Swift data, as well as other observations, suggest the possibility of sublimation from icy grains in the inner coma. We evaluate the possibility that the [O I] emission can be employed as a proxy for CO 2 by comparing CO 2 /H 2 O ratios inferred from the [O I] lines to those measured directly by Spitzer . We find that for PanSTARRS we can reproduce the observed CO 2 abundance to an accuracy of ∼20%. For LINEAR and Jäger, we were only able to obtain upper limits on the CO 2 abundance inferred from the [O I] lines. These upper limits are consistent with the CO 2 abundances measured by Spitzer . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between the nature of feedback provided by close-others and self-awareness in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using a cross-sectional design, 69 individuals with mild-to-severe TBI and their close-others completed the Awareness Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Trail Making Test–Part B and Feedback about Cognitive Difficulties Questionnaire, between 3 months and 20 years post-injury. Results showed cognitive and/or behavioural issues post-injury were identified in 97% of individuals with TBI and over 80% of these were provided with feedback by close-others at least sometimes after making errors. Close-others reported two main reasons for not providing feedback about problems: (1) not wanting to hurt the feelings of the injured individual and (2) pointing out errors would be detrimental to the injured individual's rehabilitation. Whilst nearly 60% of the individuals with TBI were reported to detect an error once they received feedback, they showed low levels of acceptance/acknowledgement in response to feedback. Analyses including injury-related and emotional variables failed to identify any mediated or moderated relations between frequency of feedback and self-awareness. The high rates of feedback by close-others but low acceptance/acknowledgement of that feedback by individuals with TBI suggests that clinicians may need to work in partnership with close-others to facilitate supportive relationships for effective delivery of feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present analysis of high spectral resolution NIR spectra of CO and H 2 O in Comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd) taken during its 2011–2012 apparition with the CSHELL instrument on NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). We also present analysis of observations of atomic oxygen in Comet Garradd obtained with the ARCES echelle spectrometer mounted on the ARC 3.5-m telescope at Apache Point Observatory and the Tull Coude spectrograph on the Harlan J. Smith 2.7-m telescope at McDonald Observatory. The observations of atomic oxygen serve as a proxy for H 2 O and CO 2 . We confirm the high CO abundance in Comet Garradd and the asymmetry in the CO/H 2 O ratio with respect to perihelion reported by previous studies. From the oxygen observations, we infer that the CO 2 /H 2 O ratio decreased as the comet moved towards the Sun, which is expected based on current sublimation models. We also infer that the CO 2 /H 2 O ratio was higher pre-perihelion than post-perihelion. We observe evidence for the icy grain source of H 2 O reported by several studies pre-perihelion, and argue that this source is significantly less abundant post-perihelion. Since H 2 O, CO 2 , and CO are the primary ices in comets, they drive the activity. We use our measurements of these important volatiles in an attempt to explain the evolution of Garradd’s activity over the apparition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In a pilot randomized controlled trial, we investigated the effectiveness of a 12-weekly anxiety treatment programme adapted for individuals with moderate-severe TBI, based on cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI). The current study explored the variables associated with treatment response and group differences in change expectancy and working alliance. Methods: Twenty-seven participants recruited from a brain injury rehabilitation hospital were randomly assigned to MI ++ CBT, non-directive counselling (NDC) ++ CBT and treatment-as-usual and assessors were blinded to treatment conditions. Correlation and multiple regression were used to examine the association between reduction in anxiety ratings and a number of clinical, injury and cognitive variables. Random effects regression was used to examine group difference in changes in working alliance and expectancy. Results: There was a trend suggesting that greater injury severity may be predictive of poorer response to CBT and injury severity was significantly related to memory functioning. Participants receiving MI pre-treatment showed a greater increase in change expectancy at the end of CBT and at follow-up, but not at the end of MI. Conclusions: There is a need to further investigate the effectiveness of treatment for individuals with different injury severity and to explore the relationship between change expectancy and treatment outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on comparing the Escherichia coli (E. coli) enolase and ribonuclease (RNase) E in terms of their molecular presence. Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme that is part of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) degradosome, a molecular group that functions in RNA development and degradation. The article concludes that the molecular presence of E. coli enolase contributes to its association with RNase to enhance metabolisms that produce energy and reactions to phosphosugar stress.

Ribosomes are universal translators of the genetic code into protein and represent macromolecular structures that are asym- metric, often heterogeneous, and contain dynamic regions. These properties pose considerable challenges for modern-day structural biology. Despite these obstacles, high-resolution x-ray structures of the 30S and 505 subunits have revealed the RNA architecture and its interactions with proteins for ribosomes from Thermus thermophilus, Deinococcus rariiodurans, and Haloarcula marismor- tui. Some regions, however, remain inaccessible to these high- resolution approaches because of their high conformational dy- namics and potential heterogeneity, specifically the so-called L7/ 112 stalk complex. This region plays a vital role in protein synthesis by interacting with GTPase factors in translation. Here, we apply tandem MS, an approach widely applied to peptide sequencing for proteomic applications but not previously applied to MDa complexes. Isolation and activation of ions assigned to intact 305 and 505 subunits releases proteins S6 and 112, respectively. Importantly, this process reveals, exclusively while attached to ribosomes, a phosphorylation of 112, the protein located in multiple copies at the tip of the stalk complex. Moreover, through tandem MS we discovered a stoichiometry for the stalk protuberance on Thermus thermophilus and other thermophiles and contrast this assembly with the analogous one on ribosomes from mesophiles. Together with evidence for a potential interaction with the degradosome, these results show that important findings on ribosome structure, interactions, and modifications can be discovered by tandem MS, even on well studied ribosomes from Thermus thermophilus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The ability to maintain intact ribosomes in the mass spectrometer has enabled research into their changes in conformation and interactions. In the mass spectrometer, it is possible to induce dissociation of proteins from the intact ribosome and, in conjunction with atomic structures, to understand the factors governing their release. We have applied this knowledge to interpret the structural basis for release of proteins from ribosomes for which no high resolution structures are available, such as complexes with elongation factor G and ribosomes from yeast. We also describe how improvements in technology and understanding have widened the scope of our research and lead to dramatic improvements in quality and information available from spectra of intact ribosomes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Sleep disturbance and fatigue are highly prevalent after acquired brain injury. • Cognitive behavioural therapy improves sleep disturbance and fatigue after injury. • This 8-week treatment is adapted to support individuals with cognitive impairments. • Benefits of cognitive behavioural therapy extend over and above health education. • Additional treatment benefits include improved self-efficacy and quality of life. Sleep disturbance and fatigue are highly prevalent after acquired brain injury (ABI) and are associated with poor functional outcomes. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a promising treatment for sleep and fatigue problems after ABI, although comparison with an active control is needed to establish efficacy. We compared CBT for sleep disturbance and fatigue (CBT-SF) with a health education (HE) intervention to control for non-specific therapy effects. In a parallel-group, pilot randomised controlled trial, 51 individuals with traumatic brain injury (n = 22) and stroke (n = 29) and clinically significant sleep and/or fatigue problems were randomised 2:1 to 8 weeks of a CBT-SF (n = 34) or HE intervention (n = 17), both adapted for cognitive impairments. Participants were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 2 and 4 months post-treatment. The primary outcome was the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; secondary outcomes included measures of fatigue, sleepiness, mood, quality of life, activity levels, self-efficacy and actigraphy sleep measures. The CBT-SF led to significantly greater improvements in sleep quality as compared with HE, during treatment and at 2 months [95% confidence interval (CI) -24.83; -7.71], as well as significant reductions in fatigue maintained at all time points, which were not evident with HE (95% CI -1.86; 0.23). HE led to delayed improvement in sleep quality at 4 months post-treatment and in depression (95% CI -1.37; -0.09) at 2 months post-treatment. CBT-SF led to significant gains in self-efficacy (95% CI 0.15; 0.53) and mental health (95% CI 1.82; 65.06). CBT-SF can be an effective treatment option for sleep disturbance and fatigue after ABI, over and above HE. HE may provide delayed benefit for sleep, possibly by improving mood. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12617000879369 (registered 15/06/2017) and ACTRN12617000878370 (registered 15/06/2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many factors contribute to persisting post-concussion symptoms (PPCSs), necessitating multi-modal treatment. Quantitative investigations have shown the potential of interdisciplinary intervention to reduce the burden of PPCSs and facilitate return to activities. There are often varied responses to intervention, warranting further investigation of potential factors underlying treatment response. This study aimed to explore participant experiences of i-RECOveR, an interdisciplinary intervention for PPCSs and its impact on symptoms, daily function, and concussion beliefs. Materials and Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted 1-month post-treatment via videoconferencing with 13 individuals (61% female) with mild traumatic brain injury (Mage=39.77 years, SD = 16.27) who participated in i-RECOveR. Interview transcripts were analysed thematically. Results: Three themes reflected participants' treatment journeys from concussion to life after treatment: (1) Dissatisfaction with Previous Consultations, reflected personal experiences prior to commencing treatment; (2) Perceived Active Ingredients of Intervention, reflected participant experiences of i-RECOveR; and (3) Impact of Interdisciplinary Intervention, reflected a range of positive changes after completing i-RECOveR. Conclusions: Findings highlight current gaps in the acute management of concussion and provide end-user insights into the facilitators and barriers of treatment engagement and response. Responses also highlight the potential positive impact of interdisciplinary treatments. Clinician perspectives should be explored in future research. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Access to additional training in concussion care and referral pathways may help medical practitioners manage patients after concussion. Clinicians working with individuals with persisting post-concussion symptoms should develop an understanding of the individual's perceived control over their symptoms, and work with them toward increasing autonomy and control and recognition that symptoms are often multifactorial in nature. Persisting post-concussion symptom rehabilitation may be improved by taking an interdisciplinary approach that is integrated individualised, and is specialised for concussion. Telehealth and hybrid treatment models are well tolerated by individuals with persisting post-concussion symptoms and may facilitate treatment engagement, especially for individuals with mild traumatic brain injury who report disabling symptoms made worse by travelling to in-person treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competency-based assessment on placement ideally involves evaluation of a trainee performing clinical skills using fit-for-purpose tools that are simple for clinical supervisors to use and informative to the trainee. The current study examined the potential utility of a new tool, the Psychology Competency Evaluation Tool – Summative (PsyCET-S), designed to assess the attainment of professional competencies in clinical psychology trainees. Twelve experts tested the inter-rater reliability of the vignette ordering, before the tool was used to assess performance of clinical psychology trainees on placement by both supervisors and trainees. Ninety-nine placement reviews of 45 trainees at different stages of training were analysed. Strong inter-rater reliability in the rank ordering of vignettes within each domain indicated their ability to capture competence development. Supervisor and trainee ratings showed a gradual increase in competence from early to later stages of training in all domains, with performance plateauing for the final placement. Evidence of both the leniency bias and halo effect were evident, with supervisors appearing more lenient than the trainees themselves. The PsyCET-S encourages supervisors to evaluate the development of professional competencies in their trainees in a way that can optimise trainee learning and future practice as a Psychologist. What is already known about this topic: Board-approved supervisors of professional psychology trainees are required to "effectively monitor, assess and evaluate the competencies of a supervisee", yet simple and effective methods for how to do this are limited. Effective competency-based assessment can optimise students' learning and is essential to regulating the profession. Tools that measure the performance of clinical skills and their development over time are needed. What this topic adds: We present a new evaluation tool that describes expected student performance of professional competencies on placement at the beginning of clinical training through to entry-to-practice that is designed to capture both supervisor and trainee ratings. Data from 99 placement reviews indicate that the tool captures the progression of competency attainment over time from both the trainee and supervisor perspective. The tool provides trainees with meaningful feedback on their competency development while preserving the normative function of supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]