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FeTiO3 doped TiO2/Ti eletrode synthesized through a sol-gel and dip-coating methods for Reactive Green 19 (RG-19) degradation under UV-Visible irradiation. The electrode was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), and Multi Pulse Amperometry (MPA). The electrodesurface show that a FeTiO3 layer is quite thin and evenly distributed on the surface of the TiO2/Ti electrode. The photocurrent responses of TiO2/Ti and FeTiO3 doped TiO2/Ti showed the TiO2/Ti electrode was active in UV light, while FeTiO3 doped TiO2/Ti was active in the visible light. The optimum condition show that the TiO2/Ti dopedFeTiO3provided RG-19 degradation activity of 95%.

This study reports the processing and separation of gum rosin from pine gum (Pinusmerkusii). The research method was carried out with several stages, namely the process of tapping pine gum, the process of separation and purification. After the refining process, the gum rosin and turpentine oil are separated using a simple distillation technique. The results of gum rosin separation obtained from the distillation process were 86.67 with a soft point of 78.8°C, a vaporizing component of 0.976%, an acid number of 175.3125 and a saponification number of 178.81875. In addition to knowing the components of the gum rosin samples obtained, the identification of compounds was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of FTIR identification showed the presence of sp2C-H,-OH, sp3C-H, C=O,-CH2 and - CH3 groups, while GC-MS identification showed the presence components of Caryophyllene, Pimaric acid, Dehydroabietic acid, Abieticacid, and á-Pinene. The identification results indicate that the residue from the simple distillation is gum rosin.

Decomposition of lignin compounds into monomers from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB)has been successfully carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of ilmenite as a lignin decomposerof OPEFB and to analyze the compounds produced using GC-MS method. The stages of the study consisted of preparation of ilmenite, pretreatment process of OPEFB, characterization of lignin isolates using FTIR, analysis of lignin content by UV-Vis, and photodegradation of lignin by GC-MS. Ilmenitewas known to have a potential for decomposing the lignin compound through a photodegradation reaction, in the presence of ultraviolet light. The results of this study indicated that a time of five hours decomposition could have degraded lignin up to 50%. The longer the degradation time, the more lignin was degraded to produce materials in the form of phenolic compounds, furan compounds, benzene derivatives and carbon compound derivatives from lignin monomers. One of the benzene derivatives obtained was 3,4-di (methoxycarbonyl) benzoic acid (C11H10O6).

Preparation of Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Cu/TiO2) as antifungal Phytophthorapalmivorahas been carried out. In this study, we did a synthesis of Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles by the sol-gel method and determine the performance of the modification of Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles as antifungal agents P. palmivora. The stages of this research include synthesis of Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles using the sol-gel method, characterization of Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles using UV-Vis DRS and characterization of Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles using SEM-EDX, and P. palmivora antifungal activity test. TiO2 is known to be used as an antifungal agent and to increase photocatalyticactivity, TiO2 is doped with Cu metal ions to be active in visible light. The results showed that Cu/TiO2 has a band gap energy of 3.12 eV. Based on the results of SEM-EDX analysis of TiO2-Cu nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elements Cu (2.16%), Ti (28.74%) and O (69.10%) with morphological shapes such as irregular spheres. Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles have a strong ability at concentrations of 0.05% and 2.5% in inhibiting the growth of the fungus P. palmivora. Percent inhibition respectively 60.41% and 75% and at concentrations>3% have activities that can kill P. palmivora fungus.

Cu-TiO2 doped Ti thin layer was prepared by anodizing and electrodeposition. Characterization electrode using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and activity test using Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) under UV and visible light to degrade methylene orange. The result of electrode surface characterization using EDX showed that the Cu peak at 0.992 keV indicated the precious metal Cu on the TiO2/Ti electrode. The activity test of Cu-TiO2/Ti electrode by Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) showed the electrode activities on the visible light. The TiO2/Ti electrode has activities on the UV light. Degradation test Cu-TiO2/Ti electrode by photoelectrocatalyst against methylene orange showed the percentage of degradation produced was 92.88%.

Preparation of TiO2/Ti and Mn-TiO2/Ti electrodes was successfully carried out. The purpose of this study was to effect the addition of manganese (Mn) to TiO2 which will be used to degrade congo red organic compounds by photocatalysis. TiO2 is made through an anodic oxidation process. Mn coating is done by doping using the electrodeposition method. The results of the characterization using XRD showed that the TiO2/Ti electrodes were produced in the form of anatase crystals. SEM results show that nanotubes formed on the surface of the thin layer of TiO2/Ti. EDX results show the presence of manganese metal on the surface of TiO2/Ti of 6.58%. The characterization results using LSV showed that the TiO2/Ti electrode was active in UV light at a concentration of 1 ppm with 51.23% degradation and the Mn-TiO2/Ti electrode was active at Visible light at a concentration of 1 ppm with 75.48% degradation.

Fabrication of FeTiO3-TiO2/Ti composite electrodes has been successfully carried out by the hydrothermal method and dip coating. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of Ilmenite (FeTiO3) on TiO2/Ti plates which will be applied to degrade Reactive Red 141 by photoelectrocatalytic. The characterization results using XRD showed the success of FeTiO3 support on TiO2/Ti produced in the form of anatase crystals with peaks of 2θ = 39.88°, 52.71°, 62.71°, 64.51° and 67.54°. The SEM results show that the thin films are 10 μm, 5 μm and 2 μm while the EDX results show that the FeTiO3 dopant on the TiO2/ Ti plate is marked by marked peaks of Fe, Ti and O each with an elemental composition of 0.17%, 74.73%, and 25.10%. Characterization using FTIR showed the emergence of O-H, Ti-O, and Fe-O groups respectively with wave number absorption 3383 cm−1, 1132 cm−1, and 474 cm−1. Characterization using LSV showed that the TiO2/Ti electrode was active in UV light, while the FeTiO3-TiO2/Ti electrode was active in visible light. The degradation test against Reactive Red 141 using TiO2/Ti electrodes under UV light showed maximum performance at a concentration of 0.5 ppm with a percent degradation of 89.21% while using FeTiO3-TiO2/Ti electrodes under visible light showed maximum performance at a concentration of 0.5 ppm with 96.65% degradation.

The design of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) flow system using TiO2/Ti and N-TiO2 /Ti electrodes has been carried out. TiO2/Ti electrodes were synthesized from the anodizing process followed by the sol-gel method as nitrogen doping (N) to obtain N-TiO2/Ti electrodes. The test results obtained that TiO2/Ti electrodes are only active in UV light and N-TiO2/Ti electrodes can be active in visible light. Determination of the COD value of the flow system for glucose and potassium hydrogen phthalate at various concentrations respectively of 5, 10, 20, and 30 ppm was carried out using the Multi Pulse Amperommetry (MPA) technique. The results of the COD sensor measurement of the flow system on the potassium hydrogen phthalate and glucose obtained light currents increase in proportion to the increase in concentration, which is also significantly proportional to the increase in COD value. The highest COD values for glucose and potassium hydrogen phthalate were at concentrations of 30 ppm respectively of 29.73 and 31.34 mg/L O2 using TiO2/Ti electrodes and for N-TiO2/Ti electrodes respectively 30.91 and 29.20 mg / L O2.

Electrochemical studies in detecting persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have attracted a lot of interest from researchers, especially the carbon paste electrode (CPE). The research objectives were to determine the electrochemical characteristics of TiO2/Ag-Li on the CPE in the system Fe2+/Fe3+ and determine the fipronil in solution. TiO2/Ag-Li preparation was carried out by using the sol-gel method. Electrochemical performance of CPE was applied by cyclic voltammetry. The system developed was a reversible redox reaction and have peaks Ipa 110 µA and Ipc 105 µA. We also found that the composition of the best modifier addition to CPE was using TiO2/Ag-Li with a mass of 0.005 g. The optimum scan rate for the measurement of the fipronil test solution was obtained at 0.2 V/s with an Ipa value of 15 µA and an Epa value of 0.40 V. Based on the plot between the root scan rate and the oxidation current of the solution containing fipronil, the obtained R2 value was 0.9806. This research provides the development of modifier CPE material with the well electrochemically performance and considered as a very effective monitored system for the environment contaminated by POPs waste.

Exploration of lichen natural compounds has attracted a lot of attention from researchers as potential medicinal raw materials because chemical compounds contained in lichen have many properties. The potential for developing secondary metabolite compounds of lichen has become a trend for various benefits, for example, in cosmetics, agriculture, health, and food. Lichen Teloschistes flavicans was a concern to study because there were not many reports of secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial activity. The research objective was to examine antimicrobial activity using 3-[1’-(2”,3”-dihydroxy-phenyl)-propyl]-7hydroxy-chroman-4-one compound from lichen Teloschistes flavicans. The antimicrobial activity test was a well diffusion method. Bioactivity was determined by calculating the clear zone formed around the well. Antimicrobial activity testing indicated the inhibition of bacterial growth at a concentration of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm with the respective inhibition zones namely E. coli (10-11 mm), S. Typhi (2-5 mm), K. pneumoniae (11-13 mm), and S. aureus (10-13 mm). Also, B. cereus bacteria and C. albicans fungi were only inhibited at a concentration of 1000 ppm with an inhibition zone of 6 mm each. This research provides scientific knowledge about the potential development of lichen T. Flavicans as an antimicrobial.

In this work, TiO2-Ag composites have been synthesized through the Ultrasonic Batch Cleaning technique and applied as an antifungal candidate against Phytophthora palmivora. P. palmivora is a pod rot fungus on cacao plants. Physically, the successful synthesis of TiO2-Ag has been characterized by a change in the color of the precipitate from white to grey. This success was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, where the presence of Ag+ ions made the TiO2 surface more regular. The Ag+ ion was evenly distributed on the TiO2 surface and covers the large TiO2 particles. The results of EDX analysis have shown that the % composition of TiO2-Ag was 93.22%, each consisting of Ti of 50.37%, O of 37.57%, and Ag of 5.25%. Based on the antifungal activity test, TiO2-Ag has good antifungal activity against P. palmivora. The minimum inhibitory level occurred at a concentration of 2.50%, while the minimum lethal rate occurred at a concentration of 4.88%.

The TiO2/Ti and S-TiO2/Ti electrodes are effectively prepared using the anodizing process. The objective of this analysis is to determine the characteristics of the S-TiO2/Ti electrode and its efficiency as a photoelectrocatalytic sensor device. The composite electrode of S-TiO2/Ti was prepared using the Ti plate anodizing method in glycerol and NH4F 0.27 M with a bias potential of 25 V for 4 h followed by calcination at 500 °C for 90 minutes. Doping S to the TiO2/Ti electrode was carried out in sol-gel containing sulfur by the dip-coating process and then calcined for 10 minutes at 150 °C. The obtained TiO2/Ti and S-TiO2/Ti electrodes are characterized by UV-Vis DRS, XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR techniques. TiO2/Ti was shown to be active under UV light, while S-TiO2/Ti was active under visible light. We also observed that the best composition of the S-TiO2/Ti electrode was 1 M with a current value of 5.71x10−5 A in the visible area. The S-doped TiO2/Ti electrode photoelectrocatalytic activity was stronger than the undoped electrodes under visible light area irradiation.

The unique of coral-needle nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared via a liquid chemical reaction and mediation technique to develop the eco-synthesis of Au-TiO2. Based on this study, Au-TiO2 has a high-performance compared with TiO2 for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) organic compound under visible light irradiation which evidenced by the optical properties of each product. Au-TiO2 CNPs has high-response of absorption activity in the visible light area in a range of 555–600 nm, whereas the activity of TiO2 remains a low-level absorption. Also, the successful decoration of Au exhibits that the Au-TiO2 CNPs has gives the sparkling morphologically effect and dramatically for plasmonic photocatalytic with the CNPs structure. We also testing photocatalytic activity that the increase of repetition the Au coated onto TiO2 is rationalized for high-sensitivity degradation of MO organic compound under visible light irradiation with % degradation of ∼36 % for 120 min. This study can provide useful new information about the design for the Au-TiO2 plasmonic photocatalysts for solar-to-chemical transformations.

Ketersedian lahan untuk perkebunan dan persawahan yang mencapai 34% dari keseluruhan luas Kelurahan Sungai Lulut menjadikan sebagai masyarakatnya bergelut dengan mata pencaharian sebagai petani, khususnya pada RT 08 yang menggantungkan sebagian pendapatannya dari usaha perkebunan. Pemanfaatan lahan sebagai perkebunan tidak hanya berisi kegiatan masyarakat yang terikat dengan lingkungannya tetapi kegiatan masyarakat tersebut dapat mendukung terjadinya proses pembelajaran pada mata pelajaran IPS melalui pemanfaatannya sebagai sumber belajar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan kegiatan ekonomi pada kebun rambutan rakyat Kelurahan Sungai Lulut sebagai sumber belajar IPS. Penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan melakukan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pengujian keabsahan data dilakukan dengan perpanjangan pengamatan dan triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di kebun rambutan rakyat kelurahan sungai lulut terdapat kegiatan ekonomi yang meliputi kegiatan produksi, kegiatan distribusi, dan kegiatan konsumsi. Kegiatan ekonomi di kebun rambutan rakyat Kelurahan Sungai Lulut dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber belajar IPS karena relevan dengan materi pada kegiatan ekonomi kelas VII.

Konsep suhu berasal dari perasaan kita tentang kepanasan ( kegerahan ) dan kedinginan. Karena itu, secara alamiah kita menyatakan suatu benda itu panas atau dingin dengan menyetuhnya dengan tangan. Ketika kamu menyentuh dua benda, misalnya ember berisi air hangat dan ember berisi air es, dengan telapak tanganmu maka berdasarkan perasaanmu kamu dapat menyatakan air mana yang suhunya lebih tinggi.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pemanfaatan ekstrak etanol biji jintan hitam untuk pencegahan bakteri Vibrio harveyi penyebab penyakit pada udang vaname(Litopenaeus vannamei) sebagai penghambat tumbuh bakteri V. harveyi secara in vitro. Hasil yang diperoleh pada uji in vitro menunukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol biji jintan hitam mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri V. harveyi dan bersifat antibakterial terutama pada konsentrasi 2500, 5000, 7500 ppm. Kata Kunci : ektrak jintan hitam, Vibrio harveyi, in vitro, udang vaname

This study describes about the use of Big Book to teach English for Young Learners. This study focused to how the Big Book is the one of interesting media or not to apply for Young Learners. This study also describes about the problems of learning English in young learners and how to solve the problems. The topic of Big Book that used to teach is about the kinds of occupation. The students is the third grade of elementary school.

The objective of this research to synthesize the Selenium (Se) doped TiO2/Ti electrode as a novel chalcogenide material by anodizing and dip-coating method. The electrode was applied for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation test in high-photoelectrochatalytic (PEC) performance. It is found out that the morphology and element containing on Se-TiO2/Ti electrode has honeycomb structure with the element composition of Ti (51.09%), O (36.91%), and Se (12.00%), respectively. In addition, the PEC response test using Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) showed that the optical properties of Se-TiO2/Ti electrode was active under visible light, meanwhile the TiO2/Ti was active under ultraviolet (UV) light. The PEC test using Multi Pulse Amperometry (MPA) technique was exhibited that the 5 ppm RhB corresponded to the degradation of 73.27%.

Lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) has been degraded using ilmenite mineral (FeO.TiO2). The FeO.TiO2 was examined for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae. It was extracted from iron sands by a magnetic separator and pre-oxidized at 800ºC for 5 hours. Meanwhile, OPEFB was prepared with a pretreatment process using 10% NaOH solution to damage ester bonds between lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Furthermore, the lignin was degraded by using FeO.TiO2 catalyst with the study of catalyst mass, degradation time, and lignin concentration variation. Based on XRF and XRD data indicated that the pre-oxidation result of iron sand was contained Fe2O3 (hematite) and FeO.TiO2 minerals with the highest dominant of Fe content in the sample. The result of lignin photodegradation using FeO.TiO2 catalyst showed that the lignin-derived compound obtained was Coniveryl Alcohol (C10H12O3). Antibacterial activity test against 4 bacterial samples i.e E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae showed that each test has good activity in inhibiting bacteria with a range of inhibiting diameter zone between ±20 nm. Based on this study provides that lignin-derived compounds from OPEFB can be used as a natural antibacterial.

Photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2/Ti electrode was investigated by using organic compounds. The TiO2/Ti electrode was prepared by anodic oxidation at a potential bias of 25 V for 4 h then calcined for 450 °C to obtain the anatase polymorph. Subsequently, it was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The XRD pattern showed that TiO2 has anatase phase as confirmed by 2θ peaks at 37.93°; 63.00°, and 83.00°. Using SEM-EDX data the TiO2 layer was formed on Ti plate with the composition of Ti (4.5 keV) and O (0.5 keV) elements. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical sensing on the three organic compounds (ascorbic acid, glucose, and titan yellow) with the electrolyte addition showed that the linearity of TiO2/Ti electrode were 0.937, 0.968, and 0.938, meanwhile without the electrolyte were 0.998, 0.989, and 0.923, respectively.