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New digital technologies, originally introduced to enhance productivity, not always live up to expectations when being introduced in organizations. To gain a better understanding of the contingenci...

A substantial portion of innovation projects are terminated before their successful completion. However, how specifically innovators can be supported given the experience of a project termination is not well understood. Innovator resilience potential (IRP) has been proposed to be important for future innovative behavior and coping and is suspected to be influenced by project terminations and their characteristics. Building on these assumptions, three sources of social support are examined, as such the support from family and friends, from the leader, from the organization, and their relationship with IRP. Moreover, it is argued that IRP, in turn, is an important facilitator of the project commitment of innovators, who have experienced an innovation project termination. The authors examine these theoretical expectations based on two empirical studies. After probing the newly developed measure of IRP based on a sample of 146 software developers from a European software company, the authors test the hypotheses on a survey-based sample of 238 innovators, of whom 180 had experienced an innovation project termination. The results indicate that IRP positively relates to innovators' current project commitment, particularly when they had experienced an innovation project termination before. Moreover, it is found that experiencing social support from the leader and the organization in the context of the termination positively relates to IRP, while no such a relationship was found for social support from family and friends. This hints at ways as to how to support innovators during and after an innovation project termination, showing that social support from work-related sources is most important in such situations.

Tube hydroforming is an innovative forming process in which the tube is pressurized by a fluid medium and formed into a complex shape. There are two types, low and high pressure hydroforming. In the high pressure process, the tube is expanded by an internal pressure to fill the die cavity. In the low pressure approach a constant pressure is maintained inside the tube which is crushed to shape by the action of a punch or an upper die movement. It is known that in low pressure hydroforming the required pressure and die closing force are much lower compared to the high pressure process. Implementation of advanced high strength steel tubes in tube hydroforming is a promising way to lower weight by reducing the material thickness. Using high strength materials increases buckling tendency in low pressure tube hydroforming. In the current study, a method using a plastic energy principle is proposed for estimating the minimum pressure required for the low pressure hydroforming of a buckle free component. The present investigation addresses the side wall of the tube as a vertical column pinned at each end. The proposed model shows that the method can predict the minimum pressure required with sufficient accuracy. The model also reveals that the minimum pressure required depends on the yield stress of the tube material, the tube material thickness and the straight length of the tube section that is in contact with the die. Applying sensitivity analysis it is determined that the required pressure is strongly affected by the yield stress of the tube material.

This paper is an extension to previous work that dealt with the development of a strain path dependent constitutive model to describe the inelastic behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature based on the homogenous yield function combined with the anisotropic hardening characteristics, the so-called HAH model. The present work is to apply and verify the accuracy of the proposed model in the finite element (FE) analysis of springback in bending dominated forming processes such as the V-die bending and the roll forming process. In addition, the model is applied to develop a greater insight into the nature of springback in the roll forming process where springback is generally lower compared to that found for simple bending. For this the hardening characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V were identified applying an inverse analysis approach in Abaqus Standard and the model used to describe the evolution of the anisotropic yield surface during non-proportional strain path deformation; this included the cyclic pure bending and cyclic tension–compression tests to generate experimental target curves. The constitutive model parameters were optimised to capture the cyclic behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in both the pure bending and tension—compression and incorporated into the numerical models of a V-die bending test and a roll forming procedure to analyse springback. The model achieved good agreement with experimental results and reproduced the lower springback observed in roll forming compared to simple bending. In contrast to this a conventional isotropic hardening model significantly overestimated springback for the roll forming process. This suggests that the lower level of springback observed in roll forming compared to V-die bending may be due to kinematic hardening effects. In addition, a lower level of accumulated effective stress and the presence of redundant shear strain was numerically observed in the bending regions of the roll formed section which also may have contributed to the reduction of springback. The results of this study suggest that for the accurate numerical prediction of springback in roll forming kinematic hardening effects need to be accounted for. For this the study presents an effective numerical approach and prove its applicability by numerical roll forming and V-die bending studies performed on high strength Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature and verified with experimental results.

Asymmetric inheritance of cell organelles determines the fate of daughter cells. Böckler et al. use yeast as a model to demonstrate that the dynamics of mitochondrial fusion, fission, and transport determine partitioning of mitochondria and cytosolic protein aggregates, which is critical for rejuvenation of daughter cells., Partitioning of cell organelles and cytoplasmic components determines the fate of daughter cells upon asymmetric division. We studied the role of mitochondria in this process using budding yeast as a model. Anterograde mitochondrial transport is mediated by the myosin motor, Myo2. A genetic screen revealed an unexpected interaction of MYO2 and genes required for mitochondrial fusion. Genetic analyses, live-cell microscopy, and simulations in silico showed that fused mitochondria become critical for inheritance and transport across the bud neck in myo2 mutants. Similarly, fused mitochondria are essential for retention in the mother when bud-directed transport is enforced. Inheritance of a less than critical mitochondrial quantity causes a severe decline of replicative life span of daughter cells. Myo2-dependent mitochondrial distribution also is critical for the capture of heat stress–induced cytosolic protein aggregates and their retention in the mother cell. Together, these data suggest that coordination of mitochondrial transport, fusion, and fission is critical for asymmetric division and rejuvenation of daughter cells.

The elastic recovery in dual-phase (DP) steels is not a linear process and changes with plastic deformation. The level of change in the apparent Young’s modulus has been reported to depend on material composition and microstructure, but most previous experimental studies were limited to industrial DP steels and led to contradicting results. This work represents a first fundamental study that investigates the separate and combined effect of phase volume fraction and hardness on the change in apparent Young’s modulus in DP steel. A common automotive DP steel (DP780) is heat treated to obtain seven different combinations of martensite and ferrite volume fraction and hardness while keeping the chemical composition as well as the shape of the martensite and ferrite phases unchanged. Loading-unloading tests were performed to analyze the chord modulus at various levels of pre-strain. The results suggest that the point of saturation of the chord modulus with pre-strain depends on the morphology of the microstructure, occurring earlier for microstructures consisting of ferrite grains surrounded by martensite laths. It is further revealed that the reduction of the apparent Young’s modulus, which is the difference between the material’s initial Young’s modulus and the chord modulus, increases with martensite hardness if the martensite volume fraction is kept constant. A higher martensite volume fraction initially elevates the reduction of the apparent Young’s modulus. After a critical volume fraction of martensite phase of 35%, a decrease in apparent Young’s modulus reduction was observed. A comparison of the plastic unloading strain suggests that the mechanisms leading to a reduction in apparent Young’s modulus are strongest for the microstructure consisting of 35% martensite volume fraction.

Roll forming has been used traditionally in the construction and housing industry for the production of longitudinal components but is now increasingly applied in the automotive industry for the manufacture of structural and crash components from ultra high-strength steel (UHSS); the incremental nature of this process allows these hard-to-form materials to be shaped with higher efficiency and less shape defects than observed in common sheet forming processes such as stamping. Tight dimensional tolerances are imposed on automotive components, and this can lead to problems when roll forming UHSS where the high material strength results in shape defect and forming problems. Recent work has therefore increasingly focused on developing process monitoring and control routines for roll forming to improve process robustness and part quality. In roll forming, the longitudinal edge strain is considered to be related to product defects such as bow, twist and end flare. Process and part shape parameters have been shown to significantly influence peak longitudinal edge strain, and the link between process and product parameters, longitudinal edge strain and shape defects needs to be understood for the roll forming of UHSS if routines for process monitoring and control are to be established. Previous studies were mainly focused on traditional roll forming materials used for building products and the like. In this paper, the effect of process and part shape parameters on the peak longitudinal edge strain, longitudinal bow and springback is experimentally and statistically investigated for three different advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) and UHSS commonly used in automotive manufacturing. The results show that there are significant differences in behaviour when forming UHSS and that forming trends differ from those reported for softer steel grades. The experimental data presented in this paper should contribute to the further development of advanced process monitoring and part shape quality control routines in the roll forming AHSS and UHSS.

The shape of kinetoplastids, such as Trypanosoma brucei, is precisely defined during the stages of the life cycle and governed by a stable subpellicular microtubule cytoskeleton. During the cell cycle and transitions between life cycle stages this stability has to transiently give way to a dynamic behaviour to enable cell division and morphological rearrangements. How these opposing requirements of the cytoskeleton are regulated is poorly understood. Two possible levels of regulation are activities of cytoskeleton-associated proteins and microtubule posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Here, we investigate the functions of two putative tubulin polyglutamylases in T. brucei, TTLL6A and TTLL12B. Depletion of both proteins leads to a reduction in tubulin polyglutamylation in situ and is associated with disintegration of the posterior cell pole, loss of the microtubule plus end-binding protein EB1 and alterations of microtubule dynamics. We also observe a reduced polyglutamylation of the flagellar axoneme. Quantitative motility analysis reveals that the PTM disbalance correlates with a transition from directional to diffusive cell movement. These data show, that microtubule polyglutamylation has an important role in regulating cytoskeletal architecture and motility in this parasite.

The present study employs in situ X-ray microtomography to characterize the impact of grain size on void nucleation, growth and linkage during tensile loading of magnesium alloy AZ31. It was found that the tensile strain to failure increased almost threefold when the grain size was reduced from 60 to 3 μm. Grain refinement led to reduced twin formation and reduced void growth rates but did not impact markedly on the relationship between strain and the detected void number density. Because the finer grained samples experienced higher strains to failure, greater void number densities were thus detected at failure in these samples. The void volume fraction at failure remained constant despite changing grain size, within error. Final failure occurs via a shear localization and there appears to be a role of void formation in triggering the final shear instability. We thus favour ascribing failure to a void-sheeting type mechanism. Failure is seen to follow rapidly after a critical void volume fraction is attained and this is broadly consistent with predictions made via the application of a simple McClintock model. The higher strains to failure in the present fine-grained samples are thus ascribed chiefly to the lower rates of void growth. The suppression of void growth by grain refinement seen here may explain why finer grain magnesium alloys often display higher tensile ductility.

PURPOSE Observation is the current standard of care for smoldering multiple myeloma. We hypothesized that early intervention with lenalidomide could delay progression to symptomatic multiple myeloma. METHODS We conducted a randomized trial that assessed the efficacy of single-agent lenalidomide compared with observation in patients with intermediate- or high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. Lenalidomide was administered orally at a dose of 25 mg on days 1 to 21 of a 28-day cycle. The primary end point was progression-free survival, with disease progression requiring the development of end-organ damage attributable to multiple myeloma and biochemical progression. RESULTS One hundred eighty-two patients were randomly assigned—92 patients to the lenalidomide arm and 90 to the observation arm. Median follow-up is 35 months. Response to therapy was observed in 50% (95% CI, 39% to 61%) of patients in the lenalidomide arm, with no responses in the observation arm. Progression-free survival was significantly longer with lenalidomide compared with observation (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.62; P = .002). One-, 2-, and 3-year progression-free survival was 98%, 93%, and 91% for the lenalidomide arm versus 89%, 76%, and 66% for the observation arm, respectively. Only six deaths have been reported, two in the lenalidomide arm versus four in the observation arm (hazard ratio for death, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.08 to 2.53). Grade 3 or 4 nonhematologic adverse events occurred in 25 patients (28%) on lenalidomide. CONCLUSION Early intervention with lenalidomide in smoldering multiple myeloma significantly delays progression to symptomatic multiple myeloma and the development of end-organ damage.

Single-particle tracking (SPT) is a versatile tool for quantifying diffusional motion in complex soft-matter systems, e.g., in biological specimen. Evaluating SPT data often invokes the fitting of a trajectory's time-averaged mean-square displacement (TA-MSD) with a simple power law, 〈r^{2}(τ)〉_{t}∼τ^{α}, where the scaling exponent α can yield important insights into the nature of the transport process. Biological specimen, for example, frequently feature a diffusion anomaly, i.e., an exponent α

In this paper a comparison between several external timebase references for clock synchronization and phase coherency between the transmitter and receiver of a bistatic complex transfer function measurement setup is presented. In order to derive rural environmental clutter models, the complex transfer function (amplitude and phase response) of rural environments e.g. forests or farmland is estimated from measurement data. The transmitter and receiver are separated to be able to measure the rural scenes at different spatial points. For the estimation of the phase response, a phase coherency between the transmitter and receiver clocks is required. Therefore, the internal transmitter and receiver clocks must be synchronized to an external timebase reference signal. One possibility of achieving this is to distribute an external 10 MHz clock signal, which replaces the internal timebase references. We have investigated several methods for generating and distributing the 10 MHz signal between the transmitter and receiver of the measurement system and present the resulting phase error distributions.

Today, surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and bulk acoustic waves are already two of the very few phononic technologies of industrial relevance and can been found in a myriad of devices employing these nanoscale earthquakes on a chip. Acoustic radio frequency filters, for instance, are integral parts of wireless devices. SAWs in particular find applications in life sciences and microfluidics for sensing and mixing of tiny amounts of liquids. In addition to this continuously growing number of applications, SAWs are ideally suited to probe and control elementary excitations in condensed matter at the limit of single quantum excitations. Even collective excitations, classical or quantum are nowadays coherently interfaced by SAWs. This wide, highly diverse, interdisciplinary and continuously expanding spectrum literally unites advanced sensing and manipulation applications. Remarkably, SAW technology is inherently multiscale and spans from single atomic or nanoscopic units up even to the millimeter scale. The aim of this Roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of surface acoustic wave science and technology in 2019 and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds from a group of renown experts, covering the interdisciplinary key areas, ranging from fundamental quantum effects to practical applications of acoustic devices in life science.

In fundamental research, surface acoustic waves (SAWs), nanoscale earthquakes on a chip are an extremely versatile tool to dynamically probe and manipulate charge and spin excitations condensed matter systems. When excited on piezoelectric materials both the oscillating mechanical stress of the SAW and its accompanying electric fields can be harnessed to establish strong interactions between single quantum emitters and sound on the nanoscale [1–4]. Here, we report on the integration of single quantum emitters in suspended phononic waveguides. Figure 1 (a) shows an electron micrograph of a 50 μm long and 2 μm wide suspended beam patterned on an approximately 150 nm thick (Al)GaAs heterostructure containing a single layer of GaAs quantum dots (QDs). In our experiment a Rayleigh SAW is excited by a multiharmonic frequency-chirped transducer [5] excited on the unpatterned region and coupled into the suspended beam where it propagates as a Lamb mode of identical frequency [6]. Figure 1 (b) and (c) compare the optomechanical response of a single QD in the unpatterend region and in the suspended beam, respectively. Clearly, the optomechanical of the quantum emitter inside the suspended phononic waveguide is enhanced by a factor of 3.5, compared to that of the emitter strained by the Rayleigh SAW. This finding may arise from an enhancement of the optomechanical coupling between the emitter and the elastic wave in the one-dimensional phononic waveguide. Employing phase resolved spectroscopy on an ensemble of quantum emitters we can unambiguously show, that the observed optomechanical response arises from the coupling between the low phase velocity, anti-symmetric (flexural) Lamb-Mode and the QD. Moreover, our fabricated phononic waveguides exhibit low propagation losses.

This study investigates the forming limits of cryo-rolled Ultrafine Grained (UFG) aluminium sheet for loading conditions relevant to sheet metal forming. It is shown that a combination of nano-particle strengthening with an annealing heat treatment enables the production of cryo-rolled UFG aluminium with up to 12 % higher material strength and 20 % higher formability compared with the unreinforced UFG condition. While nano-particle strengthening does not significantly influence the tensile ductility, it reduces the bend fracture limit by over 50 % due to an increased dislocation density and a diffuse sub-grain structure. The level of the forming limit curves (FLD) of all UFG materials was up to 5 times higher than their uniform tensile elongation and hardening index; this is attributed to a high strain-rate sensitivity, which increased with annealing heat treatment. In roll forming, the UFG aluminium showed similar material behaviour and shape defects as observed for conventional sheet metals in previous studies. However, given the reduced bend fracture limits observed with nano-particle addition, this study suggests that roll forming may not be a suitable manufacturing solution for nano-particle strengthened UFG sheet metal.

Does productivity decline with age? Does population aging harm economic growth? We exploit process-generated data from a large and typical service-sector company. We find no decline in average productivity in the age range of 20–60. This result is precisely measured. Our innovative identification strategy corrects for sample selection, endogeneity of age composition and age-cohort confounding. Our big data are essential to extract the signal from the noise that has marred many previous studies. While average productivity stays flat, we find variation according to task complexity. Productivity increases with age in teams with more demanding tasks and decreases in routine tasks.

TPS8052 Background: The monoclonal antibody (MoAb) daratumumab (dara) has been approved for treatment of newly diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM) in combination with lenalidomide (len) and dexamethasone (DRd) in patients who are not eligible to undergo stem cell transplantation (SCT). Ongoing trials are examining the role of adding bortezomib (Btz) to DRd, but it remains unclear if all patients benefit from a quadruplet regimen. Availability of sensitive assays to detect measurable/minimal residual disease (MRD) in MM and emerging data demonstrating significant prognostic value for attaining MRD negativity, offers an unprecedented opportunity to develop individualized treatment approaches. An important question is to identify who benefits from adding a fourth drug to the MoAb-IMiD triplet, thus individualizing therapy based on depth of response. We hypothesize that prolonged intensive therapy with the addition of Btz for consolidation and maintenance after DRd induction therapy for NDMM will improve survival outcomes with a more pronounced effect when used in MRD positive patients. Methods: Patients with NDMM, R-ISS Stage I or II, who are not eligible to undergo SCT or those willing to defer SCT to first relapse and have not received more than 1 cycle of any NDMM therapy will be enrolled, provided they have measurable disease, adequate organ and marrow function, have received no more than once cycle of therapy for MM and significant peripheral neuropathy or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Importantly, a dominant clone should be identified by lymphotrack assay for future MRD monitoring. Once enrolled, induction therapy will be in 28 day cycles consisting of daraSC (1800 mg) weekly for 2 cycles, every other week for cycles 3-6 and then every 4 weeks for 9 cycles, along with len 25 mg days 1-21 of each cycle and dex 40 mg (20 mg for those > 75 years) weekly. At end of 9 cycles (induction), patients will undergo MRD testing by next generation sequencing and will be classified into MRD positive or negative subgroups. Using MRD as an integral biomarker, the trial employs a randomized biomarker-stratified design as proposed by Freidlin et al. to determine efficacy for each MRD subgroup. Patients will be stratified by MRD status and R-ISS stage and randomized to receive 9 cycles of consolidation with DRd, without (control arm) or with (experimental arm) Btz (1.3 mg/m2 weekly for 3 of 4 weeks), followed by DR maintenance until progression The primary endpoint is consolidation OS. Sample size considerations rest on estimates of MRD subgroup prevalence at the end of induction and operating characteristics establishing the treatment effect within the MRD positive subgroup as primary and MRD negative subgroup as key secondary. The total accrual goal is 1450 patients. Clinical trial information: NCT04566328.

The 5xxx-series Al–Mg alloys are susceptible to the Portevin Le Chatelier (PLC) effect which manifests itself as stress serrations and is visible as stretcher strain markings on the surface of deformed sheets during uniaxial testing. This limits the application of 5xxx-series Al–Mg alloys in the automotive industry. Here we show that trace additions of Sc and Zr can reduce the intensity of such instabilities in Al–Mg alloys with varying Mg levels. The PLC behaviour is quantitatively examined in tensile tests for three different strain rates. It is shown that the PLC effect intensified and evolved from continuous type A to random type C bands with increasing Mg content. The addition of Sc and Zr reduced the intensity of the PLC bands and led to the occurrence of mostly continuous type A bands and a decreased intensity of stress drops at all strain rates. For all test conditions, the severity of PLC instabilities decreased with increasing strain rate. The reduction of the PLC effect with Sc and Zr addition is related to the presence of fine L12 dispersoids which trap vacancies and reduce the mobility of the Mg atoms.

Most European temperate woodlands are managed as high forests by clear-cutting or selective cutting. Such forests are shady environments, providing limited opportunities for light-demanding woodland associated organisms. Coppicing has been identified as a suitable tool for biodiversity conservation, because it leads to a spatially and temporally dynamic mosaic of open and closed-canopy successional stages. However, the number of studies on insects is still limited in this respect, and cross-taxon comparisons are needed. We analysed the effect of the successional stage of coppice (time since last felling of coppice layer) on butterflies, moths, and saproxylic beetles, in floodplain coppice-with-standards woods dominated by oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) in Lower Austria. We compared species richness, community composition, and life-history traits of the target groups among four stages of coppice: (i) Freshly cut: stands in the first season after felling; (ii) Young coppice: stands 3–7 years after felling; (iii) Mid-aged: advanced stage in 10–15 years after felling with dense undergrowth and high canopy closure; and (iv) Mature: latest stage of coppice, 30–40 years old. We found differences in species richness of butterflies and moths among the stages. Butterfly richness peaked in young coppice and was lowest in dense mid-aged stage. Moth richness was higher in late stages (mid-aged and mature) than in early ones (freshly cut and young). There was no effect on richness of saproxylic beetles. Species compositions of moths and beetles, however, differed among the stages, with the most pronounced difference between early and late stages. The successional stage affected composition of life-history traits of all study groups, showing that the particular stages are exploited by species with different functional/ecological associations to their habitat or by different trophic guilds. The results show that the diversity of all three target groups profited from coppicing. The small-scale mosaic of successional stages created by coppicing supports the existence of diversified communities of insects with both light-demanding and shade-tolerant species. Conservation managers may set variable rotation lengths in order to support threatened species associated with particular stages. In order to further support diversity of saproxylic beetles, conservation management should prioritize maintaining coppice-with-standards woods over simple coppices, some of the standards should be retained to become potential veteran trees in the future, coppice stools should be kept relatively high, and some of the felled trees or larger branches may be left in place on the ground for decay.

Predicting springback in the bending of magnesium sheet is difficult because it has high mechanical anisotropy leading to significant differences in the material behaviour in tension and compression. The tension/compression yield mismatch in magnesium is affected by the twinning behaviour which depends on the grain size and the direction of loading in regard to the crystal (C-axis) orientation. In this study the C-axis orientation of magnesium sheet was controlled by cutting sheets from a hot rolled block. Combined with heat treatment to produce different conditions for grain size and material strength this enabled for the first time to separately analyse the effect of material strength, grain size and C-axis orientation on the springback of AZ31 sheet metal. Pure and V-bending tests were performed and combined with advanced Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to experimentally determine the neutral layer shift for different levels of outer fibre bending strain before and after springback. Our study shows that springback in AZ31 reduces with increasing grain size but that it does not change with the C-axis orientation despite a reversal in the neutral layer position. The variation of springback shows more correlation with the bending yield strength measured directly from the pure bend test rather than the tensile yield strength and strongly correlates with the change in neutral layer shift in relation to grain size. Based on the experimental results analytical equations were developed to account for the effect of grain size on springback in magnesium. The model assumes the fully plastic, plane strain bending of strip and takes into account the effect of the tension/compression yield mismatch on the neutral layer position to determine the resulting bending moment. The developed equations provide, for the first time, a simple and clear mathematical explanation for the effect of material anisotropy (Yield strength mismatch) on the bending behaviour and springback of magnesium. If tuned with experiments, the model enables the estimation of springback as a function of the microstructure (grain size) in industrial practice.

The link between material resource adequacy and the performance of innovation projects is one of the most basic and managerially rewarding relationships in innovation management to study, and yet it has remained unclear. Some argue that adequate material resources foster innovation, whereas others suggest the exact opposite: constrained material resources stimulate creativity and innovation. Complementing previous work that focused on project-level contingencies of the relationship between material resource adequacy and innovation project performance, the objective of this meta-analysis is to develop a contingency framework involving study-level and context-level boundary conditions in an attempt to clarify this relationship. The results show that material resource adequacy is basically positively related to innovation project performance. Testing whether the focus on different dimensions of innovation project performance alters this basic relationship results in the same positive relationship for all examined innovation project outcomes (i.e., general performance, project efficiency, product quality, speed, and market success), except new-product novelty that did not show a significant relationship with material resource adequacy. Moreover, while the relationship between material resource adequacy and innovation project outcomes turns out to be generalizable across different types of material resources (financial resources vs. equipment) and different product types (tangible vs. intangible products), it is contingent upon the national culture of the countries, in which the projects have been carried out. Specifically, studies in countries scoring high on the cultural dimension of power distance show significantly stronger positive correlations between adequacy of material resources and innovation project performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

In roll forming a wide flat channel, problems were experienced with wrinkling, or ‘oil canning’ in the web. This is a common shape problem in roll forming wide panels that have flat regions in the profile. Coils from four different suppliers were used in production; with three of these, wrinkling could be controlled, but one coil had to be discarded. Tensile tests performed on all materials did not identify major differences in the coils although one material showed a slight indication of ageing. Free bending tests were performed with a new stand-alone bend tester specifically developed for material characterisation on the shop floor. The bending tests performed on strips cut in the longitudinal direction showed a greater difference between coils; the material giving unacceptable wrinkling had a significantly higher moment curvature characteristic indicating substantial ageing. All materials showed some coil set and the bending properties depended on the direction in which the specimen was bent, i.e. in the same or opposite direction to the coil set. A finite element analysis was performed on the process which indicated significant plastic deformation in the flange, but very little in the web. Possible links between the unusual bending behaviour and oil canning in the web are suggested and the work indicates the desirability of performing free bending tests in addition to the customary tensile testing in roll forming applications.

There is a significant demand on flexibility in production processes, regarding freedom of part design and freedom of process design. The forming process linear flow splitting satisfies these demands by enriching the semi-finished product sheet metal with geometric features. Additional flanges and bifurcations in integral style expand the range of component applications. By the further development of flexible flow splitting, these flanges can now be produced along a non-linear bifurcation line and the application can be expanded on products with varying cross-section. The continuous steady-state process linear flow splitting is transferred into a flexible forming process that is characterized by non-steady states and measurands. Methods of materials characterization are applied to investigate, if those non-steady properties, that are visible in process characteristics and part geometry, can also be identified in the mechanical behavior.

Coil set is a phenomenon occurring in industrial sheet metal in which the strip retains a residual curvature as it comes off the coil. The roll forming of two coils exhibiting coil set is studied; each coil has similar tensile and bending properties. It is shown that there are significant differences in shape defects in the industrial roll forming of a particular channel section depending on whether the strip is fed in with the convex side upwards or downwards. The properties in bending in the longitudinal direction were determined using a free bending test and found to depend on the direction of bending; when bending so that the curvature increased in the direction of the residual curvature, the bending yield stress was almost 50% lower compared with bending in the direction opposite to the residual curvature, i.e. in straightening the strip. In the transverse direction, bending properties were independent of the direction of bending. The defects measured in the roll formed product were twist and flare and the magnitude of both were greatest when the strip was formed with the residual curvature convex upwards in the roll forming line. The process was simulated using the commercial software package Copra FEA; two sets of material property data were used − both were derived by an inverse method from the bending tests. One case used bend test data from tests in which the curvature increased in the same direction as the residual curvature, and the other set for curvature in the opposite direction. The defects predicted by the numerical analyses reproduced the trends observed in the industrial trials regarding twist and end flare even though the levels predicted were too high. Comparison of the bending test results with other work suggests that the strip is subjected to plastic deformation (straightening) as it comes off the coil resulting in an asymmetric longitudinal residual stress distribution through the thickness. Both the experiments and the results of the simulation strengthen the view that differences in the mechanical behaviour in bending near the elastic plastic transition indicate the presence of residual stresses that influence final shape in the roll forming process.

Wie hat es ein Konzept aus der Ökologie geschafft, die Grenzen zwischen den akademischen Disziplinen und zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft zu überwinden und zugleich zu einem buzzword mit dem Potenzial zu werden, das Konzept Nachhaltigkeit abzulösen sowie Natur- und Gesellschaftsforscher(innen) zusammenzubringen? Der Beitrag zeigt, dass die Wissenschaft insgesamt vom Resilienzdiskurs profitiert und dass dieser Diskurs Entscheidungsträger(inne)n in Wirtschaft und Politik hilft, die Verantwortung für ein resilientes Verhalten auf das Individuum zu verlagern.Using Foucault’s toolbox for discourse analysis and key texts from both academic research and the general media, this study asks what has led the term “resilience” to become popular so far beyond its original context. To answer this question, the article first examines definitions from ecology, psychology, geography, and other scientifically oriented disciplines and their implications. The study then proceeds to show how the term is used in management research, corporate communications and mass media. The results are twofold: on the one hand, science as a whole benefits from the resilience perspective since research is required for the threats, strengths, and weaknesses of social systems to be known. On the other hand, resilience fits in with the discourse of individualism and personal responsibility driven by political and economic players. This is made possible because the differentiations of academic discourse disappear within the arena of the general public.

Temperate open woodlands are recognized as biodiversity hotspots. They are characterised by the presence of scattered, open-grown, often old and large trees (hereafter referred to as “solitary trees”). Such trees are considered keystone ecological features for biodiversity. However, the ecological role of solitary trees and their importance for woodland communities are still not fully understood. Communities of arthropods in temperate forests are often structured not only by the horizontal openness of the stand, but also by vertical stratification. Thus there is a need for comparisons among communities associated with solitary trees and different forest strata. In this study, we analysed the diversity, conservation value, and nestedness of four taxonomic groups (beetles (Coleoptera), bees and wasps (aculeate Hymenoptera), ants (Formicidae), and spiders (Araneae)) on (i) solitary trees in open woodlands, and four habitat types in adjacent closed-canopy forests: (ii) edge-canopy , (iii) edge-understorey , (iv) interior-canopy , and (v) interior-understorey . Across the focal insect groups, solitary trees harboured the greatest number of species, whilst spider communities were also equally rich in forest edge canopies. The conservation value of communities was highest in solitary trees for beetles, and in solitary trees and edge-canopy habitats for bees and wasps. For spiders, the conservation value was similar across all habitat types, but ordination analysis revealed general preferences for solitary trees among threatened species. We also found that communities from the forest interior were mostly only nested subsets of the communities found on solitary trees. Our results show an important and irreplaceable role that open-grown trees have in maintaining temperate woodland biodiversity. Therefore, preservation and maintenance of open-grown trees should be a primary concern in biological conservation.

A large body of research accumulated on the consequences that absolute team size (i.e., team headcount) entails for the performance of teams working on innovative tasks. However, there is a dearth of research on team size in relation to a team’s assignments and objectives (i.e., relative team size). How this relative team size might influence innovation teams is therefore poorly understood. To stimulate theorizing on relative team size, we derive propositions from understaffing theory on how varying levels of relative team size affect teams with innovative tasks. We provide a more fine-grained analysis by differentiating between different dimensions of these teams’ performance (i.e., team creativity, output quality, and team efficiency) and develop an input-mediator-output model. Implications of our theoretical considerations and avenues for future research are discussed.

In a previous paper, a simple model was developed to extend the application of the traditional flower pattern diagram as a design tool for roll forming. The position of a point on the strip as it passes through each set of rolls can be identified as a series of points in the two-dimensional flower pattern diagram. In three dimensions, these points will lie on a non-circular cylindrical surface having its axis parallel to the machine axis. Assuming that these points are joined by a smooth curve, the forming path of a point on the strip as it passes through the roll forming process can be obtained as a plane curve on the plane development of this surface. It was shown in previous work that the longitudinal membrane strain and, in certain cases, local curvature of the sheet are functions of the slope of this plane curve. In this work, the strains on both surfaces at the edge of a strip in the forming of a simple V-channel are measured using strain gauges. It is shown that near the point of contact with the rolls, the strains differ by nearly an order of magnitude from those determined from the simple model which assumes that the trajectory is a smooth curve. A modification of the forming path is obtained from the measured bending strains. Although the changes in displacement are small, the peak values of strain near the point of roll contact are large and a consequence of highly localised changes in the forming path as the strip passes over each roll. Measurement of this perturbation in the forming path is difficult as the region is obscured by the forming rolls. The technique described here permits the reconstruction of this path and identifies a new area of investigation of longitudinal strains in roll forming. These are often associated with shape defects such as bow, warping and end flare.

Roll forming is a continuous process in which a flat strip is incrementally bent to a desired profile. This process is increasingly used in automotive industry to form High Strength Steel (HSS) and Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) for structural components. Because of the large variety of applications of roll forming in the industry, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is increasingly employed for roll forming process design. Formability and springback are two major concerns in the roll forming AHSS materials. Previous studies have shown that the elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) of AHSS materials can change when the material undergoes plastic deformation and the main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of a change in elastic modulus during forming on springback in roll forming. FEA has been applied for the roll forming simulation of a V-section using material data determined by experimental loading-unloading tests performed on mild, XF400, and DP780 steel. The results show that the reduction of the elastic modulus with pre-strain significantly influences springback in the roll forming of high strength steel while its effect is less when a softer steel is formed.

The authors study the relation between workers’ age and their productivity in work teams, based on a new and unique data set that combines data on errors occurring in the production process of a large car manufacturer with detailed information on the personal characteristics of workers related to the errors. The authors correct for non-random sample selection and the potential endogeneity of the age-composition in work teams. The results suggest that productivity in this plant which is typical for large-scale manufacturing does not decline at least up to age 60.

Piezoelectric surface acoustic waves are employed to induce radio frequency spatiotemporal dynamics of photogenerated electrons and holes in the GaAs core of individual GaAs/AlGaAs core/shell semiconductor nanowires. Comparison of the time-dependent interband optical recombination to numerical simulations allow to determine the charge carrier transport mobilities of electrons, μe = 500–250+500 cm2/(V s), holes, μh = 50–30+50 cm2/(V s) and their ratio μe:μh = (20 ± 5):1. Our method probes carrier transport at low carrier density. Thus, the obtained values represent the native material limit of these nanowires, determined by their structural properties. We show that for near-pristine nanowires, individual twin defects do not significantly affect electrical transport, in strong contrast to polytypic nanowires. In the acoustoelectrically modulated emission, we observe unambiguous signatures of (i) hole localization within long wurtzite-rich segments and (ii) electrons in zinc blende regions being reflected at...

Bendamustine + rituximab (BR) has demonstrated high response rates in relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). However, progression-free survival (PFS) after BR is

Research and development (R&D) professionals play a key role in companies' innovation performance. Whereas prior research has indicated the potential benefits of dual ladder career systems to retain and motivate R&D professionals, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the design properties of dual ladders that facilitate such positive effects. The purpose of this study is to address this research gap by exploring how organizations can design dual ladders to enhance R&D professionals' organizational commitment and career satisfaction. Drawing on contemporary justice theory, we point to two factors integral for the successful application of dual ladders: the perceived equality of the technical ladder and the transparency of the dual ladder. These factors are related to R&D professionals' organizational commitment and career satisfaction. Furthermore, this study investigates whether these relationships are moderated by R&D professionals' age and self-directedness in career management as well as firm size. The hypotheses are tested in a cross-level study with 9 heads of R&D departments, 32 human resource managers, and 382 R&D professionals from 32 organizations. Based on the analyses, this study finds positive relationships between the perceived equality and the transparency of the dual ladder with R&D professionals' organizational commitment and career satisfaction. In addition, the findings show that the effects of the perceived equality of the technical ladder on R&D professionals' career satisfaction are weaker at high levels of self-directed career management. The study contributes by developing theory on the consequences of dual ladders' design properties and moderating influences thereon. Thus, this research has implications for the literature on innovation management by expanding the knowledge on the interplay between career management and the human side of innovation.

To enable the design and optimisation of forming processes at room temperature the material behaviour of Ti-6Al-4 V needs to be accurately represented in numerical analysis and this requires an advanced material model. In particular, an accurate representation of the shape and size of the yield locus as well as its evolution during forming is important. In this study a rigorous set of experiments on the quasi-static deformation behaviour of a Ti-6Al-4 V alloy sheet sample at room temperature was conducted for various loading conditions and a constitutive material model developed. To quantify the anisotropy and asymmetry properties, tensile and compression tests were carried out for different specimen orientations. To examine the Bauschinger effect and the transient hardening behaviour in – plane tensile – compression and compression – tensile tests were performed. Balanced biaxial and plane strain tension tests were conducted to construct and validate the yield surface of the Ti-6Al-4 V alloy sheet sample at room temperature. A recently proposed anisotropic elastic-plastic constitutive material model, so-called HAH, was employed to describe the behaviour, in particular for load reversals. The HAH yield surface is composed of a stable component, which includes plastic anisotropy and is distorted by a fluctuating component. The key of the formulation is the use of a suitable yield function that reproduces the experimental observations well for the stable component. Meanwhile, the rapid evolution of the material structure must be captured at the macro - scale level by the fluctuating component embedded in the HAH model. Compared to conventional hardening equations, the proposed model leads to higher accuracy in predicting the Bauschinger effect and the transient hardening behaviour for the Ti-6Al-4 V sheet sample tested at room temperature.

Flexible roll forming enables the forming of complex automotive components from Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) and Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) but common shape defects such as end flare and springback occur and need to be compensated. In flexible roll forming a pre-cut blank is fed through a set of rolls which are computer numerically controlled (CNC) to follow the 3D contour of the part. The company, dataM Sheet Metal Solutions, have established a new 3D flexible roll forming facility at Deakin University which allows the manufacture of flexible roll formed prototypes. In this study, Deakin’s flexible roll forming facility is employed to implement an approach to overcome springback and end flare defects in a flexible roll formed automotive component of variable width. To do this, the flexible roll forming process is simulated using the commercial software package Copra FEA. Non-uniform springback due to end flare is observed and a variable overbending approach developed and implemented to overcome this defect. Experimental validation is performed on Deakin’s flexible roll forming facility and the results suggest that the flexible overbending approach can be used to control final shape in flexibly roll formed components.

The analysis of bend fracture limits of sheet metals is important for the automotive industry. For high and mid-ductility materials, current methods are often unreliable due to the difficultly of detecting the initiation of a crack on the outer surface of the bend. Sophisticated techniques that rely on the strain evolution in the material are capable to detect the cracks and establish the bend limits using digital image correlation (DIC) strain measurement systems. However, these techniques are complex and sometimes impractical for industrial use. This study uses a simplified bend test technique that uses optical image processing to detect crack initiation to then determine the bend limits of aluminum alloys using a modified angled line method (MALM). The findings of this study indicate that the optical method is inconsistent in detecting the crack initiation and likely to result in a large deviation in detected the bend limits.

Organizations more than ever demand their employees to be creative to ensure organizational performance and growth. Therefore, knowledge about the determinants of employee creativity is of substant...

Existing research suggests that boundary spanning can greatly advance team performance; yet, realizing boundary spanning’s benefits is notoriously difficult. Our meta-analysis develops and empirica...

Team resilience research has burst onto the scene in recent years, and for good reason: today’s organizations are predominantly structured in teams, and these teams frequently face adversity and ex...

LBA3 Background: Bortezomib (btz) combined with lenalidomide (len) and dexamethasone (dex) (VRd) is a standard initial therapy for NDMM. Carfilzomib (cfz), a next-generation proteasome inhibitor, in combination with len-dex (KRd) has shown higher efficacy in phase II trials. This randomized phase III trial was designed to examine if KRd improves progression free survival (PFS) compared to VRd in NDMM (current results), and whether indefinite maintenance with len improves OS compared with two-year maintenance (to be analyzed once data matures). Methods: Patients (Pts) with NDMM, were randomized to receive VRd or KRd in a 1:1 fashion for 36 weeks followed by a second randomization (1:1) to indefinite versus two years of len maintenance. Pts without del17p, t (14;16), t(14;20), plasma cell leukemia or high-risk GEP70 profile, were enrolled. VRd arm included btz 1.3 mg/m2 on days(d) 1, 4, 8, and 11 (d 1, 8 for cycles 9-12), len 25 mg d 1-14, and dex 40 mg d 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 of a 3-week (wk) cycle for 12 cycles, while pts in the KRd arm received cfz 36 mg/m2 d 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16 with len 25 mg daily on d 1-21 and dex 40 mg wkly, in 4 wk cycles for 9 cycles. Maintenance included len 15mg d 1-21 every 4 wks. The study was designed to detect a hazard ratio (HR)=0.75 with 80% power at 1-sided 2.5% alpha and 399 PFS events (progression or death regardless of intervening therapy). Results: The study accrued 1087 pts (VRd=542, KRd=545). The median age was 65y. Treatment, efficacy, and toxicity data are in the table. At the second of 3 planned interim analyses, with PFS HR=1.04 (95% CI, 0.8 to 1.3, p=0.74), futility was met. Median PFS was VRd=34.4m and KRd=34.6m; no differences were seen based on age (

Major steps in embryonic development, e.g. body axes formation or asymmetric cell divisions, rely on symmetry-breaking events and gradient formation. Using three-dimensional time-resolved lightsheet microscopy, we have studied a prototypical example for self-organized gradient formation in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In particular, we have monitored in detail the formation of a concentration and mobility gradient of PIE-1 proteins as well as the partitioning behavior of vital organelles prior to the first, asymmetric cell division. Our data confirm the emergence of a concentration gradient of PIE-1 along the embryo’s anterior–posterior (AP) axis but they also reveal a previously unseen depletion zone near to the cell cortex that is not present for MEX-5 proteins. Time-resolved spatial diffusion maps, acquired with SPIM-FCS, highlight the successive emergence of a mobility gradient of PIE-1 along the AP axis and suggest an almost linear decrease of fast diffusing PIE-1 proteins along the AP axis. Quantifying the subordinated dissemination of vital organelles prior to the first cell division, i.e. gradient formation on larger length scales, we find a significant asymmetry in the partitioning of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to the anterior and posterior part of the cell, respectively. Altogether, our spatiotemporally resolved data indicate that current one-dimensional model descriptions for gradient formation during C. elegans embryogenesis, i.e. a mere projection to the AP axis, might need an extension to a full three-dimensional description. Our data also advocate the use of lightsheet microscopy techniques to capture the actual three-dimensional nature of embryonic self-organization events.

e19132 Background: The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General has an item about patient tolerability of treatment: “I am bothered by side effects of treatment” (GP5). We examined the predictive value of this single item for early treatment discontinuation in clinical trials. Methods: GP5 level prior to protocol therapy (rated using a 5-point Likert scale) and treatment start/end dates and off treatment reason data at each treatment phase were drawn from five phase III clinical trials conducted by ECOG-ACRIN. In the present analysis, GP5 was dichotomized as 0 = “Not at all”/“A little bit” and 1 = “Somewhat”/“Quite a bit”/“Very Much”. Early treatment discontinuation was defined either as receiving less than protocol specified cycles of treatment when maximum cycles specified in the protocol (E1A06 induction, E1912 induction, E1609 induction, E1105 induction, E5103 adjuvant), analyzed using logistic regression via odds ratio [OR]), or treatment cessation for reasons other than progressive disease or death when treatment continued until progression or intolerability (E1A06 maintenance, E1912 maintenance, E1609 maintenance, E1105 maintenance), analyzed using Cox proportional hazard model via hazard ratio [HR]. Results: GP5 prior to treatment was significantly associated with early discontinuation of E1A06 maintenance, E1609 maintenance, E1912 maintenance, and E1912 induction. No significant association was found for other therapies examined in the study. Conclusions: High GP5 level prior to treatment is associated with higher likelihood of early treatment discontinuation in patients who have received previous treatment. The limited predictive value of GP5 for treatment naïve patients is more limited, serial on-treatment assessment should be considered in this setting. Clinical trial information: NCT00602641 . [Table: see text]

Mammalian cells are crowded with macromolecules, supramolecular complexes, and organelles, all of which equip intracellular fluids, e.g., the cytoplasm, with a dynamic and spatially heterogeneous occupied volume fraction. Diffusion in such fluids has been reported to be heterogeneous, i.e., even individual single-particle trajectories feature spatiotemporally varying transport characteristics. Complementing diffusion-based experiments, we have used here an imaging approach to assess the spatial heterogeneity of the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm in living interphase cells. As a result, we find that the cytoplasm is more crowded and more heterogeneous than the nucleoplasm on several length scales. This phenomenon even persists in dividing cells, where the mitotic spindle region and its periphery form a contiguous fluid but remain nucleoplasmlike and cytoplasmlike, respectively.