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Pairing of the X and Y chromosomes during meiotic prophase and the G- and C-banding patterns were analysed in Microtus sikimensis. The karyotype of M. sikimensis from central Nepal, has 2n = 48 and FNa = 56. It has been derived from the all single-armed karyotype of M. carruthersi through a unique course of evolution. There is a synapsis between the X and Y chromosomes at pachytene and end-to-end association from diakinesis to metaphase I. Microtus sikimensis has no close karyological or morphological relationship to the other synaptic species studied so far. These data confirm that several species or lineages with synaptic condition exist in the genus Microtus, and that the ancestor of Microtus had synaptic sex chromosomes.

Few studies have ever dealt with Japanese male gay and bisexual identity. This exploratory study investigated gay and bisexual identity through interviews of 34 Japanese gay and bisexual men. Though Japan has unique cultural aspects that are different from Western countries, it can be shown that Western concepts or models of homosexual identity are applicable to a considerable extent to Japanese gay and bisexual men. The results of this study suggest that there are two distinct types of Japanese men sexually interested in men, which the author will call "bisexual" and "gay." These two types are compared in terms of three aspects: self-identity, sexual preference, and social identity and role. A significant number of respondents have careers or vocations in the arts. This study touches on the correlation between art and male-male sexual orientation in Japan.

Epitaxial heterostructures of ZnO/AlN have been fabricated on both sapphire (0001) and Si (111) substrates with a 3C-SiC buffer. AlN underlayers with heterostructures were epitaxially grown by radio-frequency (RF) plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). ZnO top layers were grown by direct-current (DC) sputtering using a Zn target and oxygen atmosphere. Analysis using X-ray diffraction, reflection highenergy electron diffraction (RHEED), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that both ZnO and AlN films have a monocrystalline wurtzite structure with epitaxial relationships of ZnO[0001]//AlN [0001]//sapphire[0001] and ZnO[0001]//AlN[0001]//3C-SiC[111]//Si[111] along the growth direction, ZnO[1120]//AlN[1120]//sapphire[1120] and ZnO[1120]//AlN[1120]//3C-SiC[110]//Si[110] within the growth plane, respectively. The successful growth of epitaxial ZnO/AlN films on sapphire and Si substrates demonstrates the feasibility of integrated devices consisting of these substrates.

Le caryotype de la taupe de Siberie Talpa altaica (32 autosomes dont 13 paires de metacentriques et submetacentriques et 3 paires de subtelocentriques, selon les etudes precedentes) a ete etudie en detail. Le chromosome 1 est le plus grand element de ce caryotype: il porte un bloc heterochromatique riche en GC sur tout son bras court. Ce segment montre un heteromorphisme entre les bivalents. Chez certaines taupes nord-americaines et asiatiques, la structure caryotypique, qui comprend seulement un chromosome beaucoup plus grand, est comparable; ces chromosomes ont ete consideres comme homologues par les auteurs precedents. Nous concluons cependant que le chromosome 1 de T. altaica est derive du chromosome subtelocentrique 16 de la taupe espagnole T. occidentalis, qui a ete etudiee par banding et par duplication heterochromatique C. Nous pensons qu'il n'y a la qu'une ressemblance superficielle avec les especes nord-americaines et asiatiques de Talpidae. Cette observation nous incite a suggerer une homogeneite caryologique des especes europeennes et siberienne du genre Talpa.

Background Immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease characterized by immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cell-rich tubulointerstitial nephritis has distinctive serological and radiological findings. Renal prognosis is good because of a good response to glucocorticoids. Here we report a case of successful treatment of highly advanced immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease presenting renal mass-like regions with end-stage kidney failure. Case Presentation A 59-year-old Japanese man was referred to our hospital because of uremia with a creatinine level of 12.36 mg/dL. Urinalysis revealed mild proteinuria and hyperβ2microglobulinuria, and blood tests showed hyperglobulinemia with an IgG level of 3243 mg/dL and an IgG4 level of 621 mg/dL. Non-contrast computed tomography revealed renal mass-like regions. Based on the findings, immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease was suspected, however, further radiological examination showed unexpected results. Ga-67 scintigraphy showed no kidney uptake. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed high-intensity signals which corresponded to mass-like regions and multiple patchy low-intensity signals in kidney cortex. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease by renal pathology of severe immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cell-rich tubulointerstitial nephritis and characteristic fibrosis. He received 50 mg oral prednisolone, which was tapered with a subsequent decrease of serum creatinine and IgG4 levels. One year after initiation of treatment, he achieved normalization of serum IgG4 level and proteinuria, and remained off dialysis with a creatinine level of 3.50 mg/dL. After treatment with steroids, repeat imaging suggested bilateral severe focal atrophy. However, mass-like regions did not show atrophic change although renal atrophy was evident in patchy low-intensity lesions on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. These findings suggest that multiple patchy low-intensity signals and high-intensity mass-like regions were mildly atrophic lesions of immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease due to severe fibrosis and normal parts of kidney, respectively. Conclusions In immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease with severe kidney failure, radiological findings should be carefully examined. In addition, renal prognosis may be good despite highly advanced tubulointerstitial nephritis and fibrosis.

The electroencephalographic finding of periodic synchronous discharges (PSDs) is a basic clue for the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD). We proposed grading of PSDs. We defined grade A as typical PSDs, grade B as PSDs of relatively longer periodic intervals, grade C as PSDs of relatively rare appearance, grade D as PSDs of rudimentary appearance, and grade E as absent PSDs. The occurrence rate of PSDs in Japanese CJD surveillance was 62% in total CJD (490/794), 72% in sporadic CJD (441/610), 24% in genetic CJD (41/171), and 61% in dura CJD patients (8/13). Among 171 genetic CJD patients, the occurrence rate of PSDs was 0% in P105L mutation CJD (0/2), 3% in V180I mutation CJD (3/90), 14% in P102L mutation CJD (4/29), 70% in E200K mutation CJD (16/23), and 71% in M232R mutation CJD patients (17/24). The occurrence rate of MRI changes in both cortical and basal ganglia was significantly higher in the s-CJD group with PSDs than in the s-CJD group without PSDs. The occurrence rate of PSDs in non-CJD patients who needed differential diagnosis of CJD was 10% (37/355). Non-CJD diseases associated with PSDs were status epilepticus, diffuse Lewy disease, Hashimoto encephalopathy, Wernicke encephalopathy and uremic encephalopathy.

To investigate the microscopic magnetic nature of phospho-olivines, we have measured positive muon-spin rotation and relaxation (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR) spectra for ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, using powder samples in the temperature range between 2 and 200 K. For ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.7}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR measurements under zero external field (ZF) showed the appearance of static magnetic order below ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}\ensuremath{\sim}61$ K, at which the susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ exhibits a sharp maximum due to an antiferromagnetic (AF) transition. The wide distribution found for the internal magnetic field (${H}_{\mathrm{int}}$) was reasonably explained by the formation of AF order with the spread in ${H}_{\mathrm{int}}$ due to a random distribution of Na vacancies. On the other hand, the ZF spectra for FePO${}_{4}$ suggested the formation of the canted AF order below ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=113$ K, as proposed by neutron diffraction (ND), but the ratio between the $y$ and $x$ components of the ordered moment (${M}_{y}/{M}_{x}$) was determined as 0.6 by ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR, whereas 0.22 was measured by ND, probably indicating anisotropic spin fluctuations in $\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$.

In order to investigate the microscopic magnetic nature of a sodium phospho- olivine, we have measured μ+SR spectra for NaxFePO4 using a powder sample in the temperature range between 2 and 500 K. ZF-μ+ SR measurements below 200 K at TRIUMF showed the appearance of static magnetic order below TN ~ 61 K, where the susceptibility-vs.- temperature curve exhibits a sharp maximum due to an antiferromagnetic (AF) transition. The wide distribution found for the internal magnetic field (Hint) was explained by the formation of AF order with the spread in Hint due to random distribution of Na vacancies. At higher temperatures, the ZF-spectrum for Na0.7FePO4, obtained at J-PARC, is found to change from a low-T static behavior to a high-T dynamic behavior above ~ 300 K. This is consistent with the fact that Na+ ions are reversibly extracted from and intercalated into the NaxFePO4 lattice, while there is no NMR study on Na-diffusion in NaxFePO4 due to large Fe moments.

In order to study the phase diagram from a microscopic viewpoint, we have measured wTF- and ZF-$\mu^+$SR spectra for the Sr$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$Co$_2$P$_2$ powder samples with $x=0$, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, and 1. Due to a characteristic time window and spatial resolution of $\mu^+$SR, the obtained phase diagram was found to be rather different from that determined by magnetization measurements. That is, as $x$ increases from 0, a Pauli-paramagnetic phase is observed even at the lowest $T$ measured (1.8~K) until $x=0.4$, then, a spin-glass like phase appears at $0.5\leq x\leq0.6$, and then, a phase with wide field distribution probably due to incommensurate AF order is detected for $x=0.8$, and finally, a commensurate $A$-type AF ordered phase (for $x=1$) is stabilized below $T_{\rm N}\sim80~$K. Such change is most likely reasonable and connected to the shrink of the $c$-axis length with $x$, which naturally enhances the magnetic interaction between the two adjacent Co planes., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, conference paper of muSR2014 (accepted for publication)

A detailed analysis was done on the karyotypes of four species of mole in the genera Euroscaptor and Mogera using a G-banding technique. All four species examined had a chromosome number of 2n = 36, as reported previously. Euroscaptor mizura and M. wogura from Aichi Prefecture had almost the same chromosome constitution and G-banding patterns. These common karyotypes were considered to be equivalent to the hypothetical ancestral karyotype of Mogera, since two distinct genera derived from an ancestor share G-banding homologies. According to this hypothesis, the karyotype of M. imaizumii might have been derived from the ancestral karyotype through pericentric inversion in one pair of acrocentrics, chromosome 11. Two geographically isolated populations of M. tokudae had different karyotypes: the Echigo population had the same karyotype as M. imaizumii, whereas the Sado population had a derivative karyotype that was able to be explained by pericentric inversions in three pairs of acrocentrics, remain...

The taxonomic status of the Senkaku mole, Nesoscaptor uchidai Abe, Shiraishi et Arai, 1991 (Mammalia: Insectivora: Talpidae), described from Uotsurijima in the Senkaku Group, Ryukyu Archipelago, was re-evaluated. Morphological analyses suggest that N. uchidai is most similar to Mogera insularis from Taiwan, although several morphological characters, such as the number of premolars and the shapes of the anterior portion of the palate, zygomatic arch, auditory bulla, and coronoid process, differentiate N. uchidai from M. insularis. Therefore, we synonymize the monotypic genus Nesoscaptor Abe, Shiraishi et Arai, 1991 with the genus Mogera Pomel, 1848, and define Mogera uchidai (Abe, Shiraishi et Arai, 1991) as a valid species endemic to Uotsurijima. In addition, we analyzed morphological variation within M. insularis, such as variation in the second upper premolar pair, overall cranial size, and the breadth of the rostrum and palate. Some of this variation may be associated with topographical and environmental factors in its habitat.

Karyotypes of the greater Japanese shrew-mole, Urotrichus talpoides (Talpidae), collected from 57 localities in Japan were studied by conventional, G- and C-band staining techniques to elucidate geographical chromosomal variations, the mechanism of changes in chromosomes, and the distribution patterns of karyotypic races. Shrew-mole samples examined could be divided geographically into two slightly divergent chromosomal forms designated as the western and eastern races. These two karyotypic races had the same diploid number (34) and fundamental number (64), but they had autosomes with different makeups. A comparison of conventional karyotypes showed a distinct intraspecific variation in shape of autosomal pair no. 14 which was classified as subtelocentric in the western race and as metacentric in the eastern race. G- and C-banding analyses revealed that karyotypic variation found in no. 14 pair was involved in pericentric inversion and quantitative changes in constitutive heterochromatin. Intrasp...

This paper describes a view-based wearable personal navigation system. We have been developing a view-based outdoor localization method which has been proven to be robust to changes of weather and seasons and can be operational even when sufficient GPS signals is not available. The system is composed of a fish-eye camera, an accelerometer, and a mobile PC. The camera is worn in a pendant-like manner and its wide view is effective in coping with the swinging motion of the camera during walking. The accelerometer is used for estimating the walking speed, based on which the user location can be predicted on-line. A Markov localization method repeatedly estimates the user location and generates navigational voice guidance. The system has been tested in our campus to show its effectiveness.

Phylogenetic relationships among the East Asian species of the genus Crocidura (Mammalia, Insectivora, Soricidae) were inferred from the partial sequences (402 base pairs) of the mitochondrial cyto-chrome b gene. Six species of Crocidura and one representative of another insectivoran genus Suncus were examined. In the neighbor joining tree, four distinct lineages were recognized: C. lasiura from northeastern China and Korea, and C. dsinezumi from the main-islands of Japan; C. attenuata from Taiwan; C. watasei from the Amami and Okinawa Groups, and S. murinus from the Miyako Group; and C. suaveolens from Tsushima and Taiwan, and C. sibirica from Central Asia in Russian territory. All these lineages excluding C. lasiura and C. dsinezumi were also recognized by the maximum parsimony analysis. Clustering of C. watasei with S. murinus suggested the non-monophyly of the genus Crocidura as of the present definition. Biogeo-graphical implications of the present results were also discussed.

We compared partial sequences (402 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in 68 individuals of martens (Martes), weasels (Mustela) and their relatives from the Northern Hemisphere to identify the modes of geographic differentiation in each species. We then compared complete sequences (1140 bp) of the gene in 17 species of the family Mustelidae to know the spatial and temporal modes of speciation, constructing linearized trees with transversional substitutions for deeper lineage divergences and with transversions and transitions for younger lineages. Our data suggested that these lineages of Martes and Mustela differentiated in a stepwise fashion with five radiation stages from the generic divergences (stage I) to the intraspecific divergences (stage V), during the last 10 or 20 million years as the fossil evidence suggests. In the lineage of Martes, the first offshoots are of Martes flavigula, M. pennanti, and Gulo gulo (stage II), the second is M. foina (stage III), and the third are M. americana, M. martes, M. melampus, and M. zibellina (stage IV). The divergence of the lineages of Mustela is likely to have taken place concurrently with the radiations of the Martes. These divergence processes are attributable in part to the geographic allocation along the two continents, North America and Eurasia, as well as among peripheral insular domains, such as Taiwan and the Japanese Islands. In addition, the Eurasian continent itself was shown to have been involved in the species diversification in the martens and weasels.

In order to clarify the mechanism of high proton conductivity ( σ H+ ) for superprotonic ionic conductors, M H X O 4 , where M =Cs and Rb, X =S and Se, muon-spin rotation and relaxation ( μ + SR) and quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements have been performed at temperatures mainly in the vicinity of T c , at which M H X O 4 undergoes a structural phase transition from a low- T orthorhombic phase (Phase II) to a high- T tetragonal phase (Phase I). The μ + SR experiment shows the presence of muonium (Mu) state even in Phase I only for CsHSO 4 (CHS), while no Mu state was found in Phase I of CsHSeO 4 (CHSe). Considering the fact that the σ H+ in Phase I of CHS is more than 10 times larger that of CHSe, this implies a relationship between the presence of the atomic hydrogen (Mu) state and high σ H+ in Phase I of CHS. According to the QENS measurements using a single crystal of CHSe, line shapes of the energy spectra along three crystallographic directions are found to be slightly anisotropic in Phase I, in contrast to the isotropic conductivity reported by AC conductivity measurements.

We have investigated the electronic structures of C60 molecules adsorbed on the Si(111)-(7×7) and Si(001)-(2×1) surfaces using photoelectron spectroscopy. The coverage-dependent valence band spectra show that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a C60 molecule splits into two peaks on both surfaces at a coverage of less than 0.25 monolayer. These split peaks are assigned to be the shifted HOMO and the bonding state with the polarization-dependent measurements. The binding energies of the molecular orbitals and the C 1s core level show a small shift on the Si(001)-(2×1) surface and no shift on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface with decreasing the coverage. These results indicate that the strong interaction between C60 molecules and the surfaces have a covalent character on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface, and both covalent and ionic characters on the Si(001)-(2×1) surface. We attribute the difference in the charge states of C60 molecules to the different surface structures.

We report here the temperature-dependent measurements of the valence spectra, the C 1s and the Si 2p core level spectra of the one monolayer ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ film adsorbed on Si(001)-$(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ and Si(111)-$(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ surfaces, using photoelectron spectroscopy. At 300 K, most ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules are physisorbed with the coexistence of minority chemisorbed species on both Si(001)-$(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ and Si(111)-$(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ surfaces. After annealing the samples at 670 K, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules change the bonding nature to a chemisorption that has both covalent and ionic characters. The covalent bonding orbital is observed at a binding energy of 2.10 eV on both Si surfaces. The amount of charge transfer is estimated to be 0.19 electrons per ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecule on the Si(001) surface, and to be 0.21 electrons per molecule on the Si(111) surface. We consider the origin of the change in bonding nature to the different distance between two dangling bonds that results from the rearrangement of the surface Si atoms. After annealing at 1070 K, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules decompose and the SiC formation takes progress at the interface. On the Si(001) surface, the molecular orbitals (MO's) disappear at 1120 K and the binding energies of peaks observed in the valence spectra indicate the formation of SiC islands at this temperature. On the Si(111) surface, the disappearance of MO's and the formation of SiC islands are verified at 1170 K. The difference in formation temperature is attributed to the different surface structure.

We have investigated the electronic structure and the thermal dependence of C 60 molecules adsorbed on a Si(111)–(7×7) surface using photoelectron spectroscopy. At room temperature, the binding energies of the molecular orbitals and the C 1 s core level of the 1.0 monolayer (ML) film are the same as those of the 5.0 ML C 60 film. This result indicates that most of C 60 molecules interact with the Si surface by van der Waals force at a coverage of 1.0 ML. After annealing the 1.0 ML C 60 film at 500 K, the full-width at half maximum of the molecular orbitals becomes broader indicating the chemisorption at this temperature. Moreover, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a C 60 molecule splits into two peaks that are assigned to be the shifted HOMO and the bonding state with the polarization-dependent measurements and the Si 2 p core level spectrum. The molecular orbitals and the C 1 s core level shift to lower binding energies. These results indicate that the chemisorption between C 60 molecules and the surfaces has both covalent and ionic characters at 500 K. We attribute the transition in the bonding nature of C 60 molecules to the thermal induced change in surface structure during the annealing process.

Phylogenetic relationships among various species of red-backed voles (Clethrionomys and Eothenomys) from areas surrounding the Sea of Japan were assessed by examining variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The rDNA data indicated at least six phylogenetically distinct lineages represented by C. rufocanus, C. rex, C. rutilus, E. andersoni, E. smithii, and E. melanogaster. Lineages of rufocanus-rex and andersoni-smithii can be regarded as sister species, respectively. The mtDNA data generally were congruent but also suggested the splitting of two additional species lineages, C. regulus from C. rufocanus and E. imaizumii from E. andersoni-smithii. Our data revealed that these species have a complex evolutionary history, which includes interspecific gene flow.

A GTG-banding was used for a detailed comparative analysis of two 40-chromosome Crocidura species, Crocidura gueldenstaedtii and Crocidura dsinezumi. A high level of chromosomal homology was detected. A complex 520-bp EcoRI tandem repeat was isolated from C. dsinezumi. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), this repeat was localized to centromeric regions of chromosomes in both Crocidura species.

We report here the measurements of the valence spectra, the C $1s$ and the Si $2p$ core-level spectra of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules adsorbed on a $\mathrm{Si}(111)\ensuremath{-}(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ surface, using photoelectron spectroscopy. In the valence spectra, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ splits into two peaks at a coverage lower than 0.25 ML. The binding energies of the split peaks are 1.8 and 2.4 eV. Taking into account the polarization-dependence of the valence spectra and the binding energy of the C $1s$ core-level spectra, it is found that the 2.4-eV peak observed in the valence spectra is the covalent bonding state between a ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecule and the Si substrate, and that the 1.8-eV peak is the shifted HOMO. The Si $2p$ core-level spectra suggest that the bonding site is localized at the interface. We also present the energy-level scheme of the bonding state in terms of the symmetry of the HOMO.

A new species and one known species of the genus Vampirolepis and a new species of the genus Hymenolepis were obtained through the examination of 56 specimens of bats of eight species belonging to six genera in four families collected at eight sites of Sichuan, the People's Republic of China during the period between 21 and 29 August 1996. The following cestodes are recovered: Vampirolepis sichuanensis n.sp. from Rhinolophus cornutus; V. isensis Sawada 1966 from R. pearsoni ; and Hymenolepis kagurakoumori n.sp. from Hipposideros armiger. Vampirolepis sichuanensis closely resembles V. brevihamata , but differs from it in the larger blade and the larger number of rostellar hooks. Hymenolepis kagurakoumori n.sp. closely resembles H. rhinopomae , but differs from it in the larger strobila, the smaller scolex and the thicker outermost chorion of eggs.

We report here the measurements of vibrational excitation spectra of C 60 molecules adsorbed on Si(111 )-(7 x 7) and H-terminated Si(11 1)-δ(7 x7) surfaces using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Upon adsorption of C 60 on Si( 111)-(7 x7), a shift to a lower energy is measured for the v 1 and v 4 vibrational modes, but no indication of softening is observed on the H-terminated Si(111)-δ(7 x7) surface. These results show that the C 60 molecules interact strongly with the dangling bonds of adatom on the (7 x 7) structure. From the softening of the vibrational modes, the amount of charge transfer is estimated to be (3±1) electrons per C 60 molecule on the Si(111)-(7 x 7).

We report here measurements of temperature-dependent vibrational excitations of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules adsorbed on a Si(111)-(7$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$7) surface, and the formation of a SiC film by thermal reaction using high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The interactions of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules with the Si surface are judged from the charge states of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules, determined quantitatively by the energy shifts of the vibrational modes. Most ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules interact weakly by van der Waals force at room temperature. At 670 K, two adsorption states, i.e., ionic and covalent bonds, are formed under the rearrangement of surface Si atoms. The amount of charge transfer is estimated to be (4$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$1) electrons per ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecule for the ionic bond. At 1070 K, covalent bonds between ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules are formed, and at 1170 K $3C$-SiC(111) islands are formed. The formation of $3C$-SiC(111) is verified by the observation of the surface-optical-phonon Fuchs-Kliewer mode. We have grown the $3C$-SiC(111) film, repeating the adsorption of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules, and annealing the sample. Well-oriented films with low step density are obtained. The lower-energy shift of the Fuchs-Kliewer mode, observed for $3C$-SiC(111) films thinner than 30 nm, indicates the softening of the Si-C bond caused by the buffer layer.

We have investigated the formation processes and characteristics of SiC islands grown on the Si(111)-(7 × 7) and Si(001)-(2 × 1) surfaces by C 60 precursor using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The SiC islands are prepared by heating the C 60 adsorbed Si surfaces and confirmed by the observation of the optical surface phonon, Fucks-Kliewer mode. We found that SiC islands are formed at 1170 K and 1120 K on the Si(111)-(7 × 7) and Si(001)-(2 × 1) surfaces, respectively. We attribute the difference in the formation temperature to the different amount of charge which is transferred from Si surface to C 60 molecule at 500 K. The difference in the scattering cross-section of the Fucks-Kliewer mode indicates the different shape of SiC islands on each surface.

Le caryotype conventionnel de deux especes de Soriculus endemiques de Taiwan, S. fumidus Thomas, 1913 et S. sodalis (Thomas, 1913) a ete obtenu. Les autosomes de S. fumidus consistent en 18 paires meta ou submetacentriques, 7 paires subtelocentriques et 5 paires acrocentriques. Le chromosome X est un grand submetacentrique et le Y un petit acrocentrique. Le nombre diploide est de 64, et le nombre fondamental de 116. Le caryotype de S. sodalis consiste en 20 paires meta ou submetacentriques, et paires subtelocentriques, soit un nombre diploide de 44 un nombre fondamental de 88. Les chromosomes sexuels de cette espece n'ont pas identifies. Les 2 especes de Soriculus de Taiwan sont donc clairement differentes quant a leur nombre de chromosomes et leur nombre fondamental. Une precedente mention d'un caryotype de S. caudatus fumidus (= S. fumidus) de Taiwan a 2n = 40 et FN = 56 est en fait basee sur des specimens de Crocidura attenuata mal identifies.

We present the photonic band schemes of colloidal crystals with rhombohedral structures that are compressed along the [111] direction of a close-packed face-centered structure while maintaining the shapes of the colloidal particles. The compressed colloidal crystals transform from an A10 structure to an Ai structure through a simple cubic structure. The photonic band schemes reveal that, as the colloidal crystals are compressed, the stop-band frequencies increase for A10 structures and decrease for Ai structures upon becoming simple cubic structures. This transition can be explained by the change of the lattice plane responsible for Bragg diffraction.

Flight simulation tests of a fire helicopter for high buildings are conducted under the cooperative research between the National Aerospace Laboratory and the Tokyo Fire Department. One of the most important factors to realize a fire helicopter is the heavily turbulent wind around buildings which may adversely affect the safety and efficiency during fire fighting. In simulating the mission of the fire helicopter, it is required to generate the wind in real time depending on both time and location of the measuring point. When the height of the building is assumed to be infinite, it is feasible to make such wind by using two dimensional discrete vortex method. It is also shown that this method is applicable to the building whose height is not so longer than its width.

Acanthocheilonema delicata n. sp. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae: Onchocercinae) is described based on adult filarioids and microfilariae obtained from subcutaneous connective tissues and skin, respectively, of Japanese badgers (Meles anakuma) in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. No endemic species of the genus had been found in Japan. Recently, some filarioids (e.g., Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Dirofilaria spp., and Onchocerca spp.) have come to light as causative agents of zoonosis worldwide. The new species was readily distinguished from its congeners by morphologic characteristics such as body length, body width, esophagus length, spicule length, and the length of microfilariae. Based on the molecular data of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, A. delicata n. sp. was included in the clade of the genus Acanthocheilonema but differed from two other congeneric species available for study, A. viteae and A. reconditum. Acanthocheilonema delicata n. sp. did not harbor Wolbachia. It is likely that the fauna of filarioids from mammals on the Japanese islands is characterized by a high level of endemicity.

In order to elucidate the antiferromagnetic (AF) spin structure below ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}\ensuremath{\sim}35$ K and to clarify the diffusive behavior of Li${}^{+}$ ions in the layered compound Li${}_{2}$MnO${}_{3}$, we have performed a muon-spin rotation and relaxation (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR) experiment using a powder sample in the temperature range between 2 and 500 K. Below ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$, the zero-field (ZF-) ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR spectrum showed a clear oscillation that consists of two muon-spin precession signals with different frequencies. Combining with the dipole field calculations, it was found that the most probable spin structure for Li${}_{2}$MnO${}_{3}$ is the ${C}_{x}$-type AF order in which Mn moments align parallel or antiparallel to the $a$ axis in the [Li${}_{1/3}$Mn${}_{2/3}$]O${}_{2}$ layer, and a ferromagnetic chain along the $a$ axis aligns antiferromagnetically along both the $b$ and $c$ axes. The ordered Mn moment was estimated as $2.62{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ at 2 K. In the paramagnetic state, ZF- and longitudinal-field ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR spectra exhibited a dynamic nuclear field relaxation. From the temperature dependence of the field distribution width, the Li${}^{+}$ ions were found to diffuse mainly along the $c$ axis through the Li ion in the [Li${}_{1/3}$Mn${}_{2/3}$]O${}_{2}$ layer. Also, based on the field fluctuation rate, a self-diffusion coefficient of Li${}^{+}$ ions (${D}_{\mathrm{Li}}$) at 300 K was estimated as $4.7(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ cm${}^{2}$/s with the thermal activation energy ${E}_{a}=0.156(3)$ eV.

The six species and three subspecies in the genus Chimarrogale (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) are commonly referred to as Asiatic water shrews. The Chimarrogale are the most widely distributed group of Nectogaline shrews, extending throughout the Oriental region and Japan. Because of the limited numbers of specimens available for study, the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of this genus have not been comprehensively discussed. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to estimate phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among four Chimarrogale species, including all three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica. We also conducted a species delimitation analysis and tested two alternative migration scenarios in Asia through species distribution modeling and a reconstruction of the ancestral distribution. Here, we present the first proposed hypothesis regarding the Asiatic water shrew phylogeny and reveal ten putative species within the four recognized species. Distinct phylogenetic statuses of Chimarrogale phaeura, Chimarrogale platycephala, and Chimarrogale styani were confirmed. Chimarrogale himalayica was strongly supported as paraphyletic. We suggest that three subspecies of Chimarrogale himalayica should be reconsidered as distinct species. However, these suggestions must be considered with caution because only a single locus of a mtDNA gene was used. Four additional putative species, possibly distributed in central southwestern China and Taiwan, are currently undescribed; therefore, comprehensive morphological analyses are warranted to test their taxonomic statuses. The estimated molecular divergence times indicated that rapid speciation occurred during the early Pliocene, and current distribution patterns may have been affected by global cooling during the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Reconstruction of the ancestral distribution and species distribution modeling for Asiatic water shrews revealed a low-latitude migration route over which ancestral Chimarrogale migrated from Europe via Central Asia to their current distribution. Our results demonstrated that Asiatic water shrews could have evolved throughout the low-latitude migration route from Europe to East and Southeast Asia.

Proteins involved in the formation of desmosomes and simpler adherens junctions were studied in three types of non-immune acantholytic diseases ; specifically, four cases of Grover's disease (GD), one case of Hailey-Hailey's disease (HHD) and one case of Darier's disease (DD), and these were compared to two cases of immune-mediated acantholytic disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). The proteins studied included : 1. The intracellular desmosomal proteins, desmoplakin I and II and plakoglobin ; 2. The intercellular desmosomal proteins, desmoglein and CD44 ; and 3. vinculin, which is a major intracellular protein of the simpler aherens junctions. In GD, HHD and DD, immunostaining showed a loss of desmoplakin I and II and plakoglobin from the desmosomes, and a diffuse staining in the cytoplasm. In contrast, in pemphigus vulgaris, these proteins seemed intact and were localized to dot-like spots on the cell surface. Also, desmoglein, and CD44 were slightly affected in GD, and moderately affected in HHD and DD. Absence of desmosomal attachment plaques, the lack of labeling with desmoglein in the affected desmosomes and a diffusion of the labels into cytoplasm were demonstrated with electron microscopy using an immunogold technique. In PV, desmoglein III is one of the target antigens for the autoanti-bodies in this disease and was only partially preserved in a small number of lesional cells, while CD44 was mostly preserved. Vin-culin was intact in GD, HHD and DD, but was lost in PV. This study, our previous work, and that of others, suggest that : 1. In GD, HHD and DD, the proteins of the desmosomal attachment plaque are primarily affected ; 2. In PV, the intercellular glycoproteins are primarily involved ; and 3. Simple adherens junctions are intact in GD, HHD and DD, but are damaged in PV.

Experiments on fixed-bed adsorption of 1-butanol vapor, p -xylene vapor and their mixtures with high silica zeolites (HSZ) were conducted. For the cases of single-component adsorption, the adsorption equilibria obey the Langmuir equation, and the presence of water vapor was found to reduce the amount of adsorption. On the other hand, water vapor showed no effect on adsorption kinetics. For binary adsorption of 1-butanol and p -xylene with HSZ of Y- and Mordenite-type, depending upon the relative concentration of the two species, either species may be preferentially adsorbed. No simple expression was found to represent the equilibrium data. In contrast, the Langmuir equation was found to represent the binary equilibrium data of HSZ of the ZSM-5 type. Further, the dynamics of the fixed-bed adsorption may be predicted with use of the extended mass-transfer-zone method.

Based on 203 specimens belonging to the Rhinolophus “pusillus group” (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae), univariate and multivariate morphometric analyses using 19 characters were performed to assess the confused species taxonomy. The results indicated that R. pusillus (including calidus, parcus, and szechuanus) in the continental region and Hainan Island of China and “R. cornutus” in Japan are morphologically divergent species. Rhinolophus cornutus should be further split into R. cornutus (including orii, pumilus, and miyakonis) in the main islands of Japan, the Amami and Okinawa Group of the central Ryukyu Archipelago, and Miyako Group of the southern Ryukyus; and R. perditus and R. imaizumii from the Yaeyama Group in the southern Ryukyus. Rhinolophus monoceros from Taiwan is morphologically more similar to species in Japan than to R. pusillus. In addition to R. pusillus, another form that is morphologically similar to species in Japan was recognized from Langzhong in Sichuan Province; this may represent an undescribed species, and further examination is necessary to determine its taxonomic status. Specimens from Guang’an in Sichuan Province, China, are also different from the others, and are characterized by the smallest skull size. Although further studies are required, these specimens were tentatively identified as R. subbadius.

In order to study the diffusive nature of lithium transition-metal phospho-olivines, we measured muon-spin relaxation (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR) spectra for the polycrystalline Li$M$PO${}_{4}$ samples with $M=\text{Mn}$, Fe, Co, or Ni in the temperature range between 50 and 500 K. The ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR spectra under zero applied field are strongly affected by the magnetic moments of the 3$d$ electrons in the ${M}^{2+}$ ions so that, for LiMnPO${}_{4}$, it was difficult to detect the relaxation change caused by the diffusion due to the large Mn${}^{2+}(S=5/2)$ moments. However, diffusive behavior was clearly observed via the relaxation due to nuclear dipolar fields above $\ensuremath{\sim}$150 K for LiFePO${}_{4}$, LiCoPO${}_{4}$, and LiNiPO${}_{4}$ as $S$ decreased from 2 to 1. From the temperature dependence of the nuclear field fluctuation rate, self-diffusion coefficients of Li${}^{+}$ ions (${D}_{\mathrm{Li}}$) at 300 K and its activation energy (${E}_{a}$) were estimated, respectively, as $\ensuremath{\sim}$$3.6(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ cm${}^{2}$/s and ${E}_{a}=0.10(2)$ eV for LiFePO${}_{4}$, $\ensuremath{\sim}$$1.6(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ cm${}^{2}$/s and ${E}_{a}=0.10(1)$ eV for LiCoPO${}_{4}$, and $\ensuremath{\sim}$$2.7(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ cm${}^{2}$/s and ${E}_{a}=0.17(2)$ eV for LiNiPO${}_{4}$, assuming that the diffusing Li${}^{+}$ ions jump between the regular site and interstitial sites.

In order to obtain a flat SiC surface, both the Si(0001) and the C(000) faces of 6H–SiC were annealed in vacuum at temperatures above 1700°C for 2 h. After removing graphite films grown on the Si face, scratches due to polishing vanished, and a smooth surface with atomically flat crystal terraces of width ranging from 200 to 400 nm and step height ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 nm appeared. On the other hand, a rough surface with many holes and particles was observed on the C face when using the same procedures as for the Si face. The etching technique for the Si face is useful for preparing SiC substrates for epitaxial growth, although there were some small pits on the surface due to the native defects in the crystal.

The presence of antiferromagnetic (AF) order seems to be a common feature for the parent compounds of cuprate as well as some pnictide high-temperature superconductors. In order to search for antiferromagnetic order in the closely related rare-earth cobalt arsenic oxides ($R$CoAsO), we have measured muon-spin rotation and relaxation (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$SR) spectra on a series of powder samples with $R=\text{La}$, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd. It was found that, besides GdCoAsO, all the other five compounds enter into a static ferromagnetic ordered phase below around 70 K ($=\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}{T}_{\mathrm{C}}$), while additional transitions into a static AF ordered phase were found for NdCoAsO and SmCoAsO. For GdCoAsO, a static ferrimagnetic phase appeared below 60.5 K and then an incommensurate spin-density-wave ordered phase followed below 3.2 K. The AF spin structure was also found to strongly depend on $R$.

The trans-sylvian approach is one of the most frequently employed neurosurgical procedures, but it is difficult for medical students to understand the approach stereoscopically. A three-dimensional model equipped with an arachnoid membrane and sylvian vein was developed which can be repeatedly used to simulate surgery for the education of medical students and residents in the trans-sylvian approach. The model was prepared using existing models of the skull bone, brain, and cerebral artery. Polyvinylidene chloride film, commonly used as plastic wrap for food, was adopted for the arachnoid membrane, and wetted water-insoluble tissue paper for the arachnoid trabeculae. The sylvian vein was prepared by ligating woolen yarn with cotton lace thread at several sites. Students and residents performed the trans-sylvian approach under a microscope, and answered a questionnaire survey. Using this model, simulation of division of the arachnoid membrane and arachnoid trabeculae, and dissection of the sylvian vein was possible. In the questionnaire, the subjects answered 8 questions concerning understanding of the stereoscopic anatomy of the sylvian fissure, usefulness of the simulation, and interest in neurosurgical operation using the following ratings: yes, very much; yes; somewhat; not very much; or not at all. All items rated as ‘yes, very much’ and ‘yes’ accounted for more than 70% of answers. This model was useful for medical students to learn the trans-sylvian approach. In addition, repeated practice is possible using cheap materials, which is advantageous for an educational model.