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A market is the place for the sale and purchase of goods with more than one merchant. It includes shopping centers, traditional markets, shops, malls, palazas, trade centers or other designations. Sanitation conditions are among the important factors in the running of market and poor hygiene may result in a wide range of unfavorable consequences, such as transmission of diseases and vector development. The purpose of the present study was to assess conditions of sanitary facilities, including locations, buildings, sanitation, clean and healthy behavior (CHB), security and other facilities of Wonokromo Market Surabaya. The study was a descriptive research. Data were collected by observations, interviews and measurements using a healthy market form. Variables included location, buildings, clean water bathrooms and toilets, waste management, drainage, sinks, animal-borne diseases of vectors, CHB of the merchants and market management, market disinfections, security and other facilities. Data were calculated for percentage and assingned to healthy, less healthy and unhealthy categories. In overall, conditions of sanitation facilities of Wonokromo Market Surabaya were categorized as unhealthy with a score of 5698 out of a variables, the variables locations and security were categorized as less healthy (66%, 60% and 64%, respectivety) and the variable other facilities was categorized as unhealthy (56%). It is recommended to check, improve and add sanitation facilities or other facilities in accordance with Regulation of the Health Minister No.519/Menkes/SK/VI/2008 on Guidelines for Implementation of Health Markets.

This paper presents first concepts and insights on an International Carbon Asset Reserve. In particular, it explores how different design options can support a range of networked carbon pricing efforts. The report provides an overview of key risks in carbon markets, highlights the benefits of pooling risks on an aggregated scale, and identifies potential design options and structures for an international carbon asset reserve. The paper contributes to the wide effort to promote a long-term price on carbon and carbon market stabilization, comparability, and networking.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to shed light on the procurement process of consulting services within the public sector and to benchmark the obtained results with practices in the private sector.Design/methodology/approachA two‐stage research design has been used. First, in‐depth personal interviews were conducted with six users of consulting services. The second stage involved a cross‐sectional survey of purchasers of a broad range of business advisory services. This included private as well as public purchasers.FindingsIt was found that the procurement process of consulting services in the public sector differs significantly from that of private companies. Further analyses indicate that purchasers from public and private organizations are equally satisfied with the results of consulting services.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the study indicate that public sector organizations may need to develop new buying skills in market management, specification, competitive process, negotiation regulation and monitoring.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests that a more high‐level management involvement is needed, recognizing the importance of the procurement function within the public sector and supporting highly trained staff in implementing strategic procurement initiatives.Originality/valueThe study provides unique insights on how consulting services are purchased in the public sector as well as in the private sector. Furthermore, the paper illustrates which purchase practices explain the satisfaction level of purchasers of consulting services.

Eighty-nine percent of organic fertilized or certified vegetables from the markets or provided from the prefectural or national agricultural stations showed values of δ^15N higher than +4‰, while 37% of the vegetables which were not organic fertilized or certified vegetables showed values of δ^15N higher than +4‰ (29 kinds of vegetable, 235 samples). These results suggested the possibility to apply δ^15N values as an indicator for certification of vegetables grown only with organic fertilizer.

This paper examines the extent to which the human resource development (HRD) and labour market dynamics of a US multinational subsidiary in Ireland are influenced by global and local factors. Specifically the study examines the dynamic between central control and subsidiary autonomy in relation to HRD and labour market management. Using a single case study, the author explores the extent to which the subsidiary is constrained or enabled by virtue of its US heritage, and the relative impact of the Irish environment on its operation. The findings indicate that the subsidiary possesses considerable autonomy in relation to content aspects of HRD interventions while corporate interest was primarily focused on budgetary issues. Turning to labour market management, it is argued that the subsidiary’s long‐term focus is characteristic of the welfare capitalist approach to HR management. The main manifestations of this approach in the case company are outlined, while also acknowledging the impact of sectoral and company specific factors in shaping HRD and labour market management in the subsidiary.

The aim was to test the link between the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) criteria and organizational quality performance. Specifically, this paper focuses on the role of quality information and analysis in quality performance among Korean manufacturing firms. This study also reviews prior research on MBNQA and examines the impact of customer and market management on quality. A survey instrument was developed based on specific criteria of MBNQA. Results suggest that quality information and analysis has a strong, positive impact on strategic quality planning and process management, and quality results are affected by human resource management and process management.

The farmers' market is one of the channels that enable farmers to distribute their products. If the healthy and nutritional regional agricultural products can be integrated into the market as well as select the best marketing strategy and promotions after market research and consumer analysis, consumers can be stimulated to buy the products, instead of always demanding for healthy food, as well as interact face to face with producers. This paper designed different questionnaires for administrators, farmers and consumers of 27 farmers' markets in Taiwan. With the aid of grey relational analysis, the important promotional campaigns are determined. Based on answers of questionnaires, the important way to combine regional agricultural products and farmer's market and the important promotional campaigns are determined. The important promotional campaigns can help governments in establishing indexes to assess the performance of markets and can facilitate communication with the farmers' market. Based on results, this paper forwarded four suggestions concerning market management and policy making in the future for both the market administrators and the agricultural affair authorities.

Although direct marketing is a good method for banks to utilize in the face of global competition and the financial crisis, it has been shown to exhibit poor performance. However, there are some drawbacks to direct campaigns, such as those related to improving the negative attributes that customers ascribe to banks. To overcome these problems, attractive long-term deposit campaigns should be organized and managed more effectively. The aim of this study is to develop an Intelligent Bank Market Management System (IBMMS) for bank managers who want to manage efficient marketing campaigns. IBMMS is the first system developed by combining the power of data mining with the capabilities of expert systems in this area. Moreover, IBMMS includes important features that enable it to be intelligent: a knowledge base, an inference engine and an advisor. Using this system, a manager can successfully direct marketing campaigns and follow the decision schemas of customers both as individuals and as a group; moreover, a manager can make decisions that lead to the desired response by customers., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, journal in International Journal of Database Management Systems, Vol.7, No.5, October 2015

This study aims to determine the response of Sagerat commnuity towartd the existence of Pinasungkulan Market at Bitung City. The determination of the sample is determined by accidental sampling technique. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by questionnaires filled by community members as respondents of this study who are live around the market. The research used Likert Scale method. Secondary data obtained from Market Office and Market Management Agency Pinasungkulan at Bitung City. Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis based on the answers that given in the questionnaire respondents. The result of the research shows that from 4 variables which is measured Pinasungkulan market is pleased by the sorrounding community; it can be seen from the total number of scores obtained in 3,815, where in the scale of measuring the variable number of score 2801-4200, means the market is pleased by its the surrounding community.

In this paper we consider the application of tabu search to the field of market management. We describe the background and fundamentals of the technique and give, following a literature review, a list of relevant marketing areas to which tabu search can be applied. We present two worked examples; one in site location and the other in segmentation. These indicate how tabu search can be applied beneficially to market management optimisation problems.

The major purpose of this paper is to analyze the actual exchange rate policies followed by Egypt since the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) announced its adoption of a floating ER regime in January 2003. Based on our analytical and empirical approaches to analyzing the actual degree of flexibility of exchange rate policies we concluded the following. First, the de jure “Free Floating” ER Regime that the CBE announced in January, 2003 was not preserved during the period of the study. Second, the changes in the IMF’s de facto classifications of Egypt’s actual exchange rate policies were broadly accurate. Third, the move from light to heavy exchange market management in 2011 leads to what has been called a one way speculative option. Fourth, too much attention has been paid to the US dollar in setting exchange rate policies. Since the dollar exchange rate sometimes moves substantially against some of these other currencies such as the Euro, it is important that such fluctuations should also be taken into account.

Raziskava trga lesne biomase je usmerjena v tržno poslovanje na ravni gospodinjstev. Posveča se definiranju ključnih vprašanj, segmentaciji tržišča ter tržnemu potencialu. Vir podatkov je 909 anketiranih prejemnikov finančnih vzpodbud za nakup kotla na lesno biomaso v letih od 2003 do vključno 2006. Vzorec anketiranih gospodinjstev kaže velik in nedosežen potencial pri plasiranju dodatnih količin sekancev in polen na trg. Lasten gozd je še vedno najpomembnejši vir goriva. Prehajanje na ogrevanje z lesno biomaso je največjepri potrošnikih kurilnega olja. Ker je bil potrošnik postavljen v središče raziskave, smo podali temeljne ugotovitve o ustvarjanju in razvoju proizvoda, ceni, prodaji, promociji in kontroli poslovanja. Ugotovitve kažejo,da pravilne poslovne odločitve in sposobnost prilagajanja gibanju trga odpirajo dobre razvojne možnosti. The research of wood fuel trade is market management oriented at household level. We devoted our attention to determine the key questions, market segmentation and market potentials. 909 households, which took part in the questionnaire and received financial support to purchase a wood biomass boilerfrom 2003 until 2006, represented our data source. The analysed pattern of questionnaired households indicates a vast unrealized developmental potential at placing additional quantities of chunkwood and forest chips on the market. Own forests still represent the most important heating source in households. Switching to wood biomass heating is practiced particularly by fuel oil consumers. Since the consumer has been placed into the centre of our research, we present some fundamental findings on product making and product development, its price, sale, promotion and management control. Our findings indicate that right business decisions and the ability to adjust to the marketfluctuation enable us good developmental possibilities.

This essay presents a framework for thinking about public economic policy. The argument is that the prevailing theory of competitive markets serves a useful public purpose but creates problems when made into an ideology. The core theory and philosophy suffers from oversights and illusions. Fundamentalist thinking found in it can be dangerous for the long run well-being of humanity. These insights lead to the conclusion that the fundamental task of an economics for public policy should be to develop a theory of workable markets.

Although progress has been made in understanding market‐driven businesses from a theoretical perspective, relatively few empirical studies have addressed the capabilities needed to become market‐driven and the performance advantages accruing to firms possessing these capabilities. One of the barriers faced has been in defining what is meant by the term “market‐driven”. Develops a multi‐dimensional measure useful for assessing the degree to which a firm is market‐driven. Presents evidence that market‐driven business units developed higher levels of six vital marketing capabilities (in the areas of market research, pricing, product development, channels, promotion, and market management) than their less market‐driven rivals and significantly outperformed these rival business units on four measures of organizational performance.

The paper entails the statistical correlation of the investigations carried out for the sales and profit prediction and analysis by persons of different mindsets in case of strategic uncertainty . The paper by virtue of statistical and fuzzy logic based justifications has pointed out certain discovered facts in this perspective. The normal , optimistic , pessimistic and fickle-minded based individual mindsets significantly contribute to varying external analysis of business statistics.

In this paper, we address the recently established regulatory framework for the management of the Greek Non-Interconnected Islands (NII) power systems. We present the recent initiatives for the development of Energy Control Centers, including Energy and Market Management Systems, and we provide an overview of the proposed systems architecture. In addition, we list a formulation of the basic market process for the implementation of a NII electricity market, i.e., the Rolling Day-Ahead Scheduling, which captures key features of the regulatory framework. To illustrate the model, we use as a test case a particular NII.

This article identifies the potential of contracting to secure changes in the management and organization of community services for people with learning disabilities. Practical and theoretical arguments are deployed to identify how contract and related market factors can be used to deliver more effective and higher quality services. Possibilities for enhancing the contracting process are examined from a number of perspectives with suggestions for more proactive contracting and market management: specifying more radical and effective services and promoting quality by enabling user-centred approaches. In so doing, the article challenges many of the assumptions underlying the performance of the market in community and social care and a case is made for establishing better ac countability and more rational service planning and co-ordination based on public control. Considerations for policy, and its implementation by commissioners and devolved purchasers, are also identified.

The paper aims to review the constraints hindering the effectiveness of the existing conditions of aquaculture production, and to examine the government intervention and policy reform necessary for aquaculture development in the developing countries. There are at least three constraints hindering the development of aquaculture, namely: natural environmental, socio‐economic and institutional constraints. Strategies for the development of aquaculture will need not only to overcome the constraints which hinder the development, but also to search for development opportunities and incentives. Some constraints for the development could be overcome by structural adjustment, better market management and effective institutional programmes as intervened by the government. The development opportunities and incentives in aquaculture could be made by the expansion of foreign markets and the increased demand for aquatic products.

This Case Study sets out to show how one local personal social services authority, the city of Sunderland, approached the task of developing a mixed economy of social care through contracts and market management. It starts with an outline of the historic and policy background and the Sunderland context. It then explains how the task was given a strategic framework. The Case Study continues by setting out what Sunderland has done in achieving contracts for residential and nursing care and concludes with a brief review of how contracts are being developed for other social care services.

At present, during the process of architecture market management information, it is necessary to use the difference supervision theory, which can improve the efficiency of the supervision, save the supervision resource and reduce the supervision cost. According to the research status of the difference supervision theory, Bayesian inference theory is proposed to verify an engineering registration worker whether an affiliated worker or not. And a example is presented.

The architecture market management information is the basis of improving the administration efficiency and the supervision ability, and reduce the manage cost. In the design of the inspection module, zml xmlhttp is limited to the environmental and cost, so it is necessary to use the remoted access database synchronization. This article discusses various advantages and disadvantages of the access database synchronization method, and propose using the XMLHttp + XML to give the flow chart and key code.

In this paper, I explore the ‘International Market’, a unique initiative designed by the management of the Halifax Seaport Farmers Market, and Immigrant Settlement and Integration Services in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The public space of the market provides the opportunity to study the interactions between cosmopolitan consumers and immigrant vendors, while examining the larger question of immigrant integration into the community of a mid-sized Canadian city as well. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the market management, the business development team at ISIS, and with vendors and consumers participating in the International Market to ascertain the social and/or economic benefits to each participant. The research reveals the opportunities for, and limits to intercultural exchange between newcomers and long-term citizens in a public market space.

A tanulmány a marketing-erőforrások és a vállalatok versenyképessége közötti összefüggéseket elemzi és hasonlítja össze az öt évvel korábbi felmérés eredményeivel. A háromszáz hazai vállalatra kiterjedő kutatás során a szerzők azt állapították meg, hogy a vizsgált marketing-erőforrások mindegyike hatással van a vállalati teljesítményre. Ez annyiban jelent változást az öt évvel korábbi eredményekhez képest, hogy akkor a marketingképességek szerepe még nem volt egyértelmű. Az elemzés során kimutatták, hogy a vállalatok által birtokolt marketing-erőforrások hasonló struktúrát mutatnak, mint korábban. Ezek közül kiemelkedik a marketingfunkcióhoz leginkább köthető piacszervezési dimenzió, amely a legszorosabb összefüggést mutatja a versenyképességgel. A vizsgált vállalatok egy kis csoportjának (12%) sikerült a versenyképes termékkínálat és árak fenntartása mellett e képesség kifejlesztésében és birtoklásában előre lépniük. Körükben a sikeres vállalatok aránya kiemelkedő. --------- The study aimed to analyse the association between marketing resources and corporate competitiveness and it compared the results to the ones of a similar research conducted five years before. Based on the survey of 300 domestic organisations the authors found that all the marketing resources investigated have a significant effect on marketing performance. These results differ from the previous ones only in terms of marketing capabilities, as their role was ambiguous at that time. They revealed the same structure of marketing resources owned by the companies as last time. Among them the most marketing related resource-dimension called market management excels regarding the strength of the association with competitiveness. A small group of the companies investigated (12%) managed to advance in development and possession of this dimension of marketing resources whilst maintaining competitive product supply and price. The proportion of successful companies among them is highly significant

Performance of e-commerce activities can decide success or failure; the internal factors affect the performance of e-commerce activities need to be found out. By regulating factors into four categories including supply chain management, market management, additional value of the customer experience, utilization of human resource, a common solution can be founded that is to each enterprise need to set a matched model of different power coefficient.

Based on the science of consumer behavior, and with the help of the research on information searching, in this paper, the behavior of webpage redirection in subject collections is researched. By experimental method, the factors affecting the webpage redirection are generalized, and the behavioral model of webpage redirection is built, finally the enlightenment to the market management is discussed. The research reveals the behavior rules of the network users in searching information and provides scientific guidance for enterprise for developing online marketing

In China, more and more building safety problems and disputes about the quality of buildings have occurred. It's important to enhance the management of the building design enterprises. Connecting "Bad Record" to the level of building design enterprises, we construct the management system of survey and design market and a new dynamic management mode, and stochastic frontier analysis(SFA) method is used to evaluate building design enterprises based on the result of stepwise regression. By using it, technique efficiencies of building design enterprises in Tianjin are calculated, and it supplies theoretical basis to the management of building design enterprises. It is useful to solve building safety problems.

Market power refers to the ability of suppliers to alter prices above competitive levels. Market power problems are more complicated in reactive power markets than those in other markets due to the specific properties of this ancillary service. This paper analyzes and investigates market power in reactive markets. A new index for assessment of the potential of reactive suppliers to exercise market power is presented in this paper. Reactive Must Procurement (RMP) is the minimum capacity which must be provided by a reactive resource (whether in generation or absorption mode) to supply reactive requirements of system considering generation and transmission constraints. At another section of this paper some methods for management of reactive power markets are proposed and are compared with each other. The IEEE 57-bus system is analyzed to illustrate the proposed index and suggested market management methods.

Agriculture in Western Europe enjoys a degree of diversity that reflects a wide variety of soils and climatic conditions ranging from the arid Mediterranean regions to the Arctic Circle. Superimposed on this natural diversity is the complexity of different social, economic and political conditions in the eighteen countries that are the subject of this chapter. History has played a major part in creating this patchwork, particularly the different paths that countries took from feudalism to independent farming units and the inheritance laws that influenced the extent to which land ownership was transmitted from generation to generation. Average farm size varies considerably in the countries of Western Europe, in turn reflecting the relative political and social importance of landowners and small farmers. By the late nineteenth century, these various factors had determined a structure of farming in the Western European region that is still visible today. Productivity growth in Western Europe's agricultural sector compared favorably with that in the manufacturing sector in the immediate post-war period. Over the period 1949 to 1959, by which time the economy had largely recovered from the war-time disruptions, output per person in agriculture had increased by more than that in manufacturing in most of the countries in Western Europe. The productivity growth was a combination of output increases as a result of mechanization and modernization, and the outflow of labor as other sectors absorbed rural workers.

This paper discusses a modern market management system architecture that was developed from the ground up with a view to being open, service oriented, standards based, and using commercially available components wherever possible. The design principles that were used in developing this modern MMS system and experiences gained from many years of commercial operation around the world. The resulting market management system (MMS) became the very first integrated web based multi-tiered system that supported both market participant transaction processing as well as the execution of advanced market scheduling applications such as security constrained unit commitment (SCUC). This modern MMS embraces standards such as XML, JMS, and Web services. It has the native features necessary to provide a meaningful service oriented platform, readily adopt new technological innovations and standards, and conform to directions set by the electric energy industry.

According to statistics, every day there is lots of private slaughtered meat into the market in China, which has threatened customerspsila health seriously. According to analyzing the operational processes of pig transaction markets and slaughterhouses, this paper finds the main problems in pork circulation management and proposes a meat supply chain surveillance scheme based on RFID technology. This scheme is divided into two parts, which are pig transaction market management and pork circulation management, and elaborates the specific applications of RFID in pig transaction market, pig slaughterhouse, pork retail process and pork quarantine management. With this scheme, industrial and commercial bureau can stop private slaughtered pork into the market to protect customerspsila legitimate rights and interests by thoroughly mastering the source and whereabouts of pork.

The research of wood fuel trade is market management oriented at household level. We devoted our attention to determine the key questions, market segmentation and market potentials. 909 households, which took part in the questionnaire and received financial support to purchase a wood biomass boilerfrom 2003 until 2006, represented our data source. The analysed pattern of questionnaired households indicates a vast unrealized developmental potential at placing additional quantities of chunkwood and forest chips on the market. Own forests still represent the most important heating source in households. Switching to wood biomass heating is practiced particularly by fuel oil consumers. Since the consumer has been placed into the centre of our research, we present some fundamental findings on product making and product development, its price, sale, promotion and management control. Our findings indicate that right business decisions and the ability to adjust to the marketfluctuation enable us good developmental possibilities. Raziskava trga lesne biomase je usmerjena v tržno poslovanje na ravni gospodinjstev. Posveča se definiranju ključnih vprašanj, segmentaciji tržišča ter tržnemu potencialu. Vir podatkov je 909 anketiranih prejemnikov finančnih vzpodbud za nakup kotla na lesno biomaso v letih od 2003 do vključno 2006. Vzorec anketiranih gospodinjstev kaže velik in nedosežen potencial pri plasiranju dodatnih količin sekancev in polen na trg. Lasten gozd je še vedno najpomembnejši vir goriva. Prehajanje na ogrevanje z lesno biomaso je največjepri potrošnikih kurilnega olja. Ker je bil potrošnik postavljen v središče raziskave, smo podali temeljne ugotovitve o ustvarjanju in razvoju proizvoda, ceni, prodaji, promociji in kontroli poslovanja. Ugotovitve kažejo,da pravilne poslovne odločitve in sposobnost prilagajanja gibanju trga odpirajo dobre razvojne možnosti.

The Euro Area is unique in its structure, whereby a single, federal monetary system coexists with separate national fiscal and labour market management. Central federal competences in Brussels in these latter fields are much weaker than in other federal systems, such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany,and so on.

This research was conducted in Mei to July 2014 in Palapa Tradional Market,Durian Street, East Labuhbaru, Payung Sekaki Sub-district, Pekanbaru. The purpose of thisresearch is to analyze the government policy in drainage market management of Palapatraditional market in pekanbaru, to identify strength, weakness, opportunity and threat ofPalapa traditional market management in Pekanbaru. Formulate drainage managementstrategy of Palapa Traditional Market in Pekanbaru. The data was collected qualitatively byusing interview, observation and survey. The data was analyzed by using SWOT analysis. Thestrategy of Palapa Traditional Market management is to increase the drainage infrastructuresystem of Palapa market activity the efforts to improve drainage quality of Palapa TraditionalMarket. the efforts to improve performance quality of market UPTD toward drainage toevaluate the government policy in drainage management. The efforts to increase drainageservice system by establishing new drainage or widening old drainage to evoke the traderparticipation in maintenance operation of market drainage canals. To make a drainage planaccurately based on the drainage technique to establish the regulation and institution thatoversee the drainage management system and to punish drainage destroyer. Key words: Strategy, Drainage, Market

Background: To provide an increased understanding of avian influenza A(H7N9) activity in live-poultry market in space and time and hence improve H7N9 epidemic control, an ongoing environmental sampling program in multiple live-poultry markets across Guangdong, China was conducted during March 2013–June 2014. Methods: A total of 625 live-poultry markets throughout 21 prefecture areas took part in the study. A total of 10 environmental sites in markets for sampling were identified to represent 4 different poultry-related activity areas. At least 10 environmental samples were collected from each market every month. The real time RT-PCR was performed to detect the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Field survey was conducted to investigate the sanitation status of live-poultry markets. Results: There were 109 human infections with H7N9 avian influenza in Guangdong, of which 37 (34%) died. A total of 18741 environmental swabs were collected and subjected to real-time RT-PCR test, of which 905(4.83%) were found positive for H7N9 virus. There were 201 (32.16%) markets affected by H7N9 in 16 prefecture areas. The detection of H7N9 virus in markets spiked in winter months. 63.33% markets (38/60) had no physical segregation for poultry holding, slaughter or sale zones. Closing live-poultry market significantly decreased the H7N9 detection rate from 14.83% (112/755) to 1.67% (5/300). Conclusions: This study indicates the importance of live-poultry market surveillance based on environmental sampling for H7N9 Avian Influenza control. Improving live-poultry market management and sanitation and changing consumer practices are critical to reduce the risk of H7N9 infection.

Публикацията има за цел да представи проучване относно удовлетвореността на пациентите и лекарите - специалисти в диагностично консултативен център (ДКЦ) “Св. Иван Рилски” Варна и възможностите за развитие на маркетинговият мениджмънт в ДКЦ «Св.Иван Рилски» Варна. Информацията е събрана чрез провеждане на анкетни проучвания сред пациенти и работещи в лечебното заведение (ЛЗ). Преобладава мнението за удовлетвореност и сред двете групи респонденти. Развитието на маркетинговият мениджмънт в ДКЦ “Св.Иван Рилски” ЕООД Варна е свързано с разработване на маркетингова стратеия за предлагане на нови продукти, чиито пазарни позиции бележат висок пазарен ръст и възможности за реинвестиране на финансови средства към тях.

With the appearance of new scenery in the commercial relationships, where the people have several possibilities to get the products and services that they need, a new one is born was, the era of the knowledge society or the new economy or digital economy. The businesses world has been trying a scenery of mutations every time growing and of more agile and efficient informational and communitional technologies, offering answers to the companies and their respctive costomers. Accordmg to Sallim (2004), to understand of the market, the model of the Five Forces aids the understanding of the main competitive pressures and it evaluates the intensity and fhe importance of each one of them. This work treats of an analysis of the applicability of the Game Theory in the negotiation in electronic markets, in the purchase and sale of goods and products. The relevance of this study is covered of the possibitity of identifying the similarities or identities of the elements of the Game Theory with the e-commerce characteristics to conquer new customers. For so much, we used as iIIustration two examples that demonstrate as the negotiations are acocomplished at eletronic markets. The first was the purchase of a brand new Uno- Mille car and the second the acquisition of an automobile, by the MercadoLivre auction. After the analysis of the results, we observed two different situations: the first is ralative to the modality B2C, where the Game Theory was shown Iittle appropriatte; the second is in the modality C2C, in which the Game Theory was shown appropriate. Com o surgimento de um novo cenário nas relações comerciais, onde as pessoas têm várias possibilidades de conseguir os produtos e serviços de que necessitam, surge uma nova era, a era da sociedade do conhecimento ou era da nova economia ou economia digital. O mundo dos negócios tem experimentado um cenário de mutações cada vez crescente e de tecnologias de informação e comunicação mais ágeis e eficientes, oferecendo respostas às empresas e seus respectivos clientes. Conforme Salim (2004, p.22), para se entender o mercado, o modelo das Cinco Forças auxilia o entendimento das principais pressões competitivas e avalia a intensidade e importância de cada uma delas. Esse trabalho trata de uma análise da aplicabilidade da teoria dos jogos na negociação em mercados eletrônicos na compra e venda de bens e produtos. A relevância desse estudo se reveste da possibilidade de identificar as semelhanças ou identidades dos elementos da teoria dos jogos com as características do e-commerce para conquistar novos clientes. Para tanto, utilizamos como ilustração dois exemplos que demonstram como são realizadas as negociações em mercados eletrônicos. O primeiro foi a compra de um carro Mille Uno novo e o segundo a aquisição de um automóvel, mediante a Leilão MercadoLivre. Após a análise dos resultados observamos duas situações distintas: a primeira é relativa a modalidade B2C, onde a teoria dos jogos mostrou-se pouco adequada. A segunda é na modalidade C2C, na qual a teoria dos jogos se mostrou adequada.

A new decentralized risk-based congestion management method is proposed, in which the object function is represented by utility value in electricity market. Centralized optimization approaches are primarily employed in congestion management study, however, decentralized optimizations are used to make decisions in real regional markets. In this paper, participants in different regions are allowed to pursue their own profits and utility functions are defined to synthesize the profit and the congestion risk. The system operator with more priority coordinates the relations between the decentralized schemes. It is evident that the decentralized scheme is more realistic in regional market management. Congestion management with thermal rating risk assessment will coordinate the security and efficiency of transmission network and obey the rules of market operation. The utility function is based on optimal power flow (OPF) coupled with short-term transmission line thermal overload risk assessment. Simulation tests on IEEE 30-bus system demonstrate that the predicted risk of thermal overload is useful for online decision making and the decentralized risk based congestion management approach is transparent and efficient to the market participants.

The MMAPPS project is researching the use of techniques from economics and social science to tackle some of the fundamental difficulties in creating well-founded, sustainable, P2P applications. The project's central approach is to extend market management techniques to improve cooperation between peers while enhancing the community-oriented structure of P2P architectures.

Since the Hanoverian succession in the British Monarchy at the beginning of the eighteenth century, Germany and England have to a certain extent, walked in step. Through the nineteenth century onwards there were many admiring voices in England about German technological progress and efficiency and the strong German institutions that underpinned them. The Germans, on the other hand, were admirers of the stability of English political structures, the monarchy, parliament, liberal accommodation of dissent and the flexibilities in labour market management, sometimes contrasting so painfully with the rigidities of their own.

Focuses on the shortcomings of the new approach to market integration, and the reform efforts to make the single market a finished reality. Highlighting both recent EU proposals for further regulatory reform and industry reactions to them, the chapter provides key insights into the complex and contested nature of market integration. The chapter focuses on the challenges governing the market, not only in terms of legislative and institutional design but also its implementation and evaluation. The problems that remain indicate that the effectiveness and efficiency of the regulatory strategy to address trade barriers, by using both the public and private sector to set down the rules for market access, has undermined the completion of the single market. Market management and regulatory reform have increased in importance in an effort to address the political commitment to the single market, and growing concerns about the efficiency and efficacy of the efforts to reconcile regulation and free trade among divergent national economies.

Autumn Session of State Duma announced the key questions concerning current agriculture. «The agriculture sector development and market management for agriculture products, raw materials, foodstuffs in 2008-2009 and realization of federal special proposals and programs in 2009» is a main subject to be progressively considered.

Last month, Britain's Guardian newspaper ran two articles about financial problems in the NHS. The first reported that chief executives of NHS hospital trusts had met the secretary of state for health, Stephen Dorrell, and warned of severe financial difficulties facing trusts, including the prospect of financial “meltdown.”1 A second reported that the Department of Health had found £25 million to ease financial pressures in nine health authorities: four inner city authorities undergoing “reconfiguration” of services, three undergoing “structural change,” and two experiencing “market management changes.”2 More recently, three letters in the BMJ made headlines as consultants warned that the drive for efficiency was in danger of harming patients.3 4 5 But is this all a familiar exercise in shroud waving by doctors and managers or is there a new problem? If so what should be done about it? The reasons for these apparent problems are complex and are likely to vary …

Contributors Preface 1. Markets, Market Culture and Popular Protest in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland - Adrian Randall, Andrew Charlesworth, Richard Sheldon and David Walsh 2. Popular Protest and the Persistence of Customary Corn Measures: Resistance to the Winchester Bushel in the English West - Richard Sheldon, Adrian Randall, Andrew Charlesworth, and David Walsh 3. The Jack-a-Lent Riots and Opposition to Turnpikes in the Bristol Region in 1749 - Andrew Charlesworth, Richard Sheldon, Adrian Randall, and David Walsh 4. The Cider Tax, Popular Symbolism and Opposition in Mid-Hanoverian England - David Walsh, Adrian Randall, Richard Sheldon, and Andrew Charlesworth 5. Scarcity and the Civic Tradition: Market Management in Bristol, 1709-1815 - Steve Poole 6. The Moral Economy of the English Middling Sort in the Eighteenth Century: the Case of Norwich in 1766 and 1767 - Simon Renton 7. Oxford Food Riots: a Community and its Markets - Wendy Thwaites 8. The Irish Famine of 1709-1801: Market Culture, Moral Economies and Social Protest - Roger Wells Index