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This article is the result of the research project: "Interactive System as a Virtual Learning Object Applied Communication Techniques in Distant Communities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo," customized and based on the final user's specific requirements (Missionaries of the Consolata living in this country). The system is a prototype of software oriented by the processes of the cycle of life (planning, analysis of requirements, design, development and implementation), performed to apply strategies established by the Theory of Blended Learning, which uses face-to-face classrooms, live e-learning, and self-paced learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following article the results obtained when applying a technique of Agglomerative Hierarchic Clustering based on the frequencies of the modes, to three databases constituted with information referring to five aspects considered important in the education of students in adult's age. The conformation of the three data bases came from a survey of the student populations of the institute of Comfenalco education. The algorithm applied extracted groups in each one of the three databases, based on the similarities of the registries and the modes of the groups that were being formed. The objective of this application was to characterize the student population of the Institute of Comfenalco Education to obtain models of students. Although the final results show a selection of few characteristics for each one of the groups, the difference between the groups is significant. This paper shows the results obtained from a research project made by the University of Medellín and the Institute of Education of Comfenalco Antioquia, the project is titled: "Construcción de modelos de estudiantes en edad-extraescolar y asignación de estrategias pedagógicas con técnicas de aprendizaje de máquinas". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article defines what is a Virtual World and the qualities of the entities that populate it, proposing some practical uses of this abstraction in the engineering field and an abstract framework in which the simulation is controlled by Action Selector modules of different kinds that are assigned to each Actor. It also shows the structure of the virtual world in the Guardian Angel Project, including the physical world generation process based on random midpoint displacement fractals and the social model which using different factoring methods creates societies of collaborative independent actors with different assignable roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antigen presenting cells (APC) of the mononuclear phagocytic system include dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Macs) which are essential mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Many of the biological functions attributed to these cell subsets have been elucidated using models that utilize in vitro-matured cells derived from common progenitors. However, it has recently been shown that monocyte culture systems generate heterogeneous populations of cells, DCs, and Macs. In light of these findings, we analyzed the most commonly used bovine in vitro-derived APC models and compared them to bona fide DCs. Here, we show that bovine monocyte-derived DCs and Macs can be differentiated on the basis of CD11c and MHC class II (MHCII) expression and that in vitro conditions generate a heterologous group of both DCs and Macs with defined and specific biological activities. In addition, skin-migrating macrophages present in the bovine afferent lymph were identified and phenotyped for the first time. RNA sequencing analyses showed that these monophagocytic cells have distinct transcriptomic profiles similar to those described in other species. These results have important implications for the interpretation of data obtained using in vitro systems.

Seroprevalence rates and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) prevalent in the Lithuanian human population has not yet been evaluated. Immunosuppressed individuals have been recognized as a risk group for chronic hepatitis due to HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) infections. The objectives of the present study were to determine prevalence rates of anti-HEV antibodies among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, to isolate and characterize HEV strain present in the Lithuanian human population, and to investigate its capacity to infect non-human primate (MARC-145 and Vero), swine (PK-15) and murine (Neuro-2a) cells in vitro. In the present study, the significant difference of anti-HEV IgG prevalence between healthy (3.0% (95% CI 0–6.3)) and immunosuppressed individuals (12.0% [95% CI 8.1–15.9]) was described. Moreover, our findings showed that anti-HEV IgG seropositivity can be significantly predicted by increasing age (OR = 1.032, p < 0.01), diagnosis of IBD (OR = 4.541, p < 0.01) and reception of SOT (OR = 4.042,

By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity.

There is increasing evidence that induction of local immune responses is a key component of effective vaccines. For respiratory pathogens, for example tuberculosis and influenza, aerosol delivery is being actively explored as a method to administer vaccine antigens. Current animal models used to study respiratory pathogens suffer from anatomical disparity with humans. The pig is a natural and important host of influenza viruses and is physiologically more comparable to humans than other animal models in terms of size, respiratory tract biology and volume. It may also be an important vector in the birds to human infection cycle. A major drawback of the current pig model is the inability to analyze antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, which are critical to respiratory immunity. Here we address this knowledge gap using an established in-bred pig model with a high degree of genetic identity between individuals, including the MHC (Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA)) locus. We developed a toolset that included long-term in vitro pig T-cell culture and cloning and identification of novel immunodominant influenza-derived T-cell epitopes. We also generated structures of the two SLA class I molecules found in these animals presenting the immunodominant epitopes. These structures allowed definition of the primary anchor points for epitopes in the SLA binding groove and established SLA binding motifs that were used to successfully predict other influenza-derived peptide sequences capable of stimulating T-cells. Peptide-SLA tetramers were constructed and used to track influenza-specific T-cells ex vivo in blood, the lungs and draining lymph nodes. Aerosol immunization with attenuated single cycle influenza viruses (S-FLU) induced large numbers of CD8+ T-cells specific for conserved NP peptides in the respiratory tract. Collectively, these data substantially increase the utility of pigs as an effective model for studying protective local cellular immunity against respiratory pathogens.

African swine fever is a devastating hemorrhagic infectious disease, which affects domestic and wild swines (Sus scrofa) of all breeds and ages, with a high lethality of up to 90−100% in naïve animals. The causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large and complex double-stranded DNA arbovirus which is currently spreading worldwide, with serious socioeconomic consequences. There is no treatment or effective vaccine commercially available, and most of the current research is focused on attenuated viral models, with limited success so far. Thus, new strategies are under investigation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have proven to be a promising new vaccination platform for veterinary diseases in situations in which conventional approaches have not been completely successful. Here, serum extracellular vesicles from infected pigs using two different ASFV viruses (OURT 88/3 and Benin ΔMGF), corresponding to a naturally attenuated virus and a deletion mutant, respectively, were characterized in order to determine possible differences in the content of swine and viral proteins in EV-enriched fractions. Firstly, EVs were characterized by their CD5, CD63, CD81 and CD163 surface expression. Secondly, ASFV proteins were detected on the surface of EVs from ASFV-infected pig serum. Finally, proteomic analysis revealed few specific proteins from ASFV in the EVs, but 942 swine proteins were detected in all EV preparations (negative controls, and OURT 88/3 and Benin ΔMGF-infected preparations). However, in samples from OURT 88/3-infected animals, only a small number of proteins were differentially identified compared to control uninfected animals. Fifty-six swine proteins (Group Benin) and seven proteins (Group OURT 88/3) were differentially detected on EVs when compared to the EV control group. Most of these were related to coagulation cascades. The results presented here could contribute to a better understanding of ASFV pathogenesis and immune/protective responses in the host.

Animal diseases constitute a continuing threat to animal health, food safety, national economy, and the environment. Among those, African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most devastating viruses affecting pigs and wild suids due to the lack of vaccine or effective treatment. ASF is endemic in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, but since its introduction to the Caucasus region in 2007, a highly virulent strain of ASF virus (ASFV) has continued to circulate and spread into Eastern Europe and Russia, and most recently into Western Europe, China, and various countries of Southeast Asia. Given the importance of this disease, this review will highlight recent discoveries in basic virology with special focus on proteomic analysis, replication cycle, and some recent data on genes involved in cycle progression and viral−host interactions, such as I215L (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), EP402R (CD2v), A104R (histone-like protein), QP509L, and Q706L (RNA helicases) or P1192R (Topoisomerase II). Taking into consideration the large DNA genome of ASFV and its complex interactions with the host, more studies and new approaches are to be taken to understand the basic virus−host interaction for ASFV. Proteomic studies are just paving the way for future research.

Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a polymicrobial syndrome that results from a combination of infectious agents, such as environmental stressors, population size, management strategies, age, and genetics. PRDC results in reduced performance as well as increased mortality rates and production costs in the pig industry worldwide. This review focuses on the interactions of two enveloped RNA viruses—porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SwIV)—as major etiological agents that contribute to PRDC within the porcine cellular innate immunity during infection. The innate immune system of the porcine lung includes alveolar and parenchymal/interstitial macrophages, neutrophils (PMN), conventional dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells, thus the in vitro and in vivo interactions between those cells and PRRSV and SwIV are reviewed. Likewise, the few studies regarding PRRSV-SwIV co-infection are illustrated together with the different modulation mechanisms that are induced by the two viruses. Alterations in responses by natural killer (NK), PMN, or γδ T cells have not received much attention within the scientific community as their counterpart antigen-presenting cells and there are numerous gaps in the knowledge regarding the role of those cells in both infections. This review will help in paving the way for future directions in PRRSV and SwIV research and enhancing the understanding of the innate mechanisms that are involved during infection with these viruses.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals. A synthetic vaccine candidate consisting of dendrimeric peptides harbouring two copies of a B-epitope [VP1(136-154)] linked to a T-cell epitope [3A(21-35)] of FMDV confers protection to type O FMDV challenge in pigs. Herein we show in cattle that novel dendrimeric peptides bearing a T-cell epitope [VP1(21-40] and two or four copies of a B-cell epitope [VP1(135-160)] from type O1 Campos FMDV (termed B2T and B4T, respectively) elicited FMDV specific immune responses to similar levels to a commercial vaccine. Animals were challenged with FMDV and 100% of vaccinated cattle with B2T or B4T were protected to podal generalization. Moreover, bovines immunized with B4T were completely protected (with no clinical signs) against FMDV challenge after three vaccine doses, which was associated with titers of viral neutralizing antibodies in serum higher than those of B2T group (p< 0.05) and levels of opsonic antibodies similar to those of animals immunized with one dose of FMDV commercial vaccine. Bovines vaccinated with both dendrimeric peptides presented high levels of IgG1 anti FMDV in sera and in mucosa. When IgA in nasal secretions was measured, 20% or 40% of the animals in B2T or B4T groups respectively, showed anti-FMDV IgA titers. In addition, B2T and B4T peptides evoked similar consistent T cell responses, being recognized in vitro by lymphocytes from most of the immunized cattle in the proliferation assay, and from all animals in the IFN-γ production assay. Taken together, these results support the potential of dendrimers B2T or B4T in cattle as a highly valuable, cost-effective FMDV candidate vaccine with DIVA potential.

Reticulocyte-derived exosomes (rex) are 30-100 nm membrane vesicles of endocytic origin released during the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Combination of CpG-ODN with rex obtained from BALB/c mice infected with the reticulocyte-prone non-lethal P. yoelii 17X malaria strain (rexPy), had been shown to induce survival and long lasting protection. Here, we show that splenectomized mice are not protected upon rexPy+CpG inmunizations and that protection is restored upon passive transfer of splenocytes obtained from animals immunized with rexPy+CpG. Notably, rexPy immunization of mice induced PD1- memory T cell expansion with effector phenotype. Proteomics analysis of rexPy confirmed their reticulocyte origin and demonstrated the presence of parasite antigens. Our studies thus prove, for what we believe is the first time, that rex from reticulocyte-prone malarial infections are able to induce splenic long-lasting memory responses. To try extrapolating these data to human infections, in vitro experiments with spleen cells of human transplantation donors were performed. Plasma-derived exosomes from vivax malaria patients (exPv) were actively uptaken by human splenocytes and stimulated spleen cells leading to expansion of T-cells.

Las colecciones biológicas constituyen un banco de información que respalda diversas investigaciones científicas y hacen parte del patrimonio nacional. Es por esto que gran parte de las colecciones biológicas en el mundo se encuentran disponibles en línea y son fácilmente consultadas para estudios taxonómicos, sistemáticos, ecológicos, filogenéticos entre otros. Según el Registro Único Nacional de Colecciones Biológicas, el país posee 203 colecciones con aproximadamente 4.7 millones de ejemplares, principalmente de colecciones zoológicas y de herbario, las cuales han sido usadas para analizar la distribución de especies de interés en el tiempo, permitiendo establecer el grado de amenaza y acciones para su conservación. La colección del Herbario del Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis se distingue por su alto estándar de curación, la totalidad de los especímenes están sistematizados y disponibles en línea desde el año 2015. En el proceso de sistematización, se registra toda la información que pueda aportar un ejemplar, en los campos de objeto de colección, determinación, evento de colecta y atributos biológicos; estos dos últimos suelen aportar información muy valiosa sobre la distribución, hábitat, tipos de ecosistemas, usos y saberes locales de las especies. La labor de las colecciones está en ir incrementando el valor de los registros en campo, georreferenciando las descripciones textuales de las localidades; con el fin de facilitar el análisis espacial de la biodiversidad y mejorar la calidad de los datos, logrando que la colección sea una referencia confiable. La mayoría de los errores referentes a la localidad registrados en campo, se deben al desconocimiento de los procesos para cierto reporte de datos, como distancias y orientaciones, condición que genera incertidumbre sobre su cálculo; así como la omisión de información utilizada en la toma de las coordenadas geográficas; por lo que se presenta diferencia en la calidad de los datos, encontrándose registros sin coordenadas geográficas e incluso sin datos de localidad. En el presente trabajo se pretende guiar al colector con la toma de datos en campo, facilitando la descripción de la localidad y mejorando la calidad de los datos colectados. Para tal fin tomamos como base los protocolos de la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) de México, que se ha implementado por las colecciones del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y el Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt. A continuación se muestran dichas pautas, enmarcadas en evento de colecta. Descripción de la localidad Se refiere a la descripción específica del lugar de colecta complementada por la geografía superior (país, departamento, municipio), altura, coordenadas, sin dejar de lado la descripción del sitio de colecta. En otras palabras se debe seguir los siguientes criterios cartográficos: País, Entidad, Municipio, Localidad principal, Distancia, Dirección, Vía de acceso, Altitud, Localidad de referencia, Referencia complementaria. De este modo será posible georreferenciar la localidad, sin importar que no cuente con herramientas de posicionamiento global para generar las coordenadas geográficas. En la descripción de la localidad, no se debe relacionar información que no sea verificada cartográficamente como lo es el hábitat, tipos de ecosistemas entre otros. Uso de Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) Es conveniente conocer los métodos de captura (GPS, mapa, gacetero), reportar el datum de un mapa (que es el punto de referencia desde el cual se han hecho los cálculos para el desarrollo de la cartografía de la zona de interés), el cual se determina por observaciones astronómicas y es de vital importancia, debido a que aporta la ubicación exacta de la colecta por medio de coordenadas geodésicas, latitud, longitud y altura ortométrica. Por último se deben consignar las coordenadas tal cual como son calculadas, sin descartar números decimales en el caso de que se defina esta toma de datos. Descripción del hábitat y posibles interacciones Se está desaprovechando la información, referente a las interacciones con otros organismos y con el entorno. Dicho conocimiento nos permite entender la ecología de las especies y el papel que juegan en un ecosistema, por lo que se recomienda mencionar los diferentes eventos entre plantas y otros organismos, tipos de ecosistemas, usos y saberes de las especies observados en campo; en las etiquetas de colecta. Las colecciones biológicas deben cuidarse y mantenerse, mejorando la calidad de sus datos, desde las colectas en campo y posteriormente con la georreferenciación de las localidades de colecciones no descritas cartográficamente, como lo son las colecciones históricas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that trans-placental transmission of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) during mid-gestation can lead to persistently infected offspring. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of CSFV to induce viral persistence upon early postnatal infection. Two litters of 10 piglets each were infected intranasally on the day of birth with low and moderate virulence CSFV isolates, respectively. During six weeks after postnatal infection, most of the piglets remained clinically healthy, despite persistent high virus titres in the serum. Importantly, these animals were unable to mount any detectable humoral and cellular immune response. At necropsy, the most prominent gross pathological lesion was a severe thymus atrophy. Four weeks after infection, PBMCs from the persistently infected seronegative piglets were unresponsive to both, specific CSFV and non-specific PHA stimulation in terms of IFN-γ-producing cells. These results suggested the development of a state of immunosuppression in these postnatally persistently infected pigs. However, IL-10 was undetectable in the sera of the persistently infected animals. Interestingly, CSFV-stimulated PBMCs from the persistently infected piglets produced IL-10. Nevertheless, despite the addition of the anti-IL-10 antibody in the PBMC culture from persistently infected piglets, the response of the IFN-γ producing cells was not restored. Therefore, other factors than IL-10 may be involved in the general suppression of the T-cell responses upon CSFV and mitogen activation. Interestingly, bone marrow immature granulocytes were increased and targeted by the virus in persistently infected piglets. Taken together, we provided the first data demonstrating the feasibility of CSFV in generating a postnatal persistent disease, which has not been shown for other members of the Pestivirus genus yet. Since serological methods are routinely used in CSFV surveillance, persistently infected pigs might go unnoticed. In addition to the epidemiological and economic significance of persistent CSFV infection, this model could be useful for understanding the mechanisms of viral persistence.

Pandemic 2009 H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza viruses caused mild symptoms in most infected patients. However, a greater rate of severe disease was observed in healthy young adults and children without co-morbid conditions. Here we tested whether influenza strains displaying differential virulence could be present among circulating pH1N1 viruses. The biological properties and the genotype of viruses isolated from a patient showing mild disease (M) or from a fatal case (F), both without known co-morbid conditions were compared in vitro and in vivo. The F virus presented faster growth kinetics and stronger induction of cytokines than M virus in human alveolar lung epithelial cells. In the murine model in vivo, the F virus showed a stronger morbidity and mortality than M virus. Remarkably, a higher proportion of mice presenting infectious virus in the hearts, was found in F virus-infected animals. Altogether, the data indicate that strains of pH1N1 virus with enhanced pathogenicity circulated during the 2009 pandemic. In addition, examination of chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) genotype, recently reported as involved in severe influenza virus disease, revealed that the F virus-infected patient was homozygous for the deleted form of CCR5 receptor (CCR5Δ32).

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established model of multiple sclerosis, is characterised by microglial activation and lymphocyte infiltration. Induction of EAE in Lewis rats produces an acute monophasic disease characterised by a single peak of disability followed by a spontaneous and complete recovery and a subsequent tolerance to further immunizations. In the current study we have performed a detailed analysis of the dynamics of different lymphocyte populations and cytokine profile along the induction, peak, recovery and post-recovery phases in this paradigm. MBP-injected rats were sacrificed attending exclusively to their clinical score, and the different populations of T-lymphocytes as well as the dynamics of different pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analysed in the spinal cord by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Our results revealed that, during the induction and peak phases, in parallel to an increase in symptomatology, the number of CD3+ and CD4+ cells increased progressively, showing a Th1 phenotype, but unexpectedly during recovery, although clinical signs progressively decreased, the number and proportion of CD3+ and CD4+ populations remained unaltered. Interestingly, during this recovery phase, we observed a marked decrease of Th1 and an important increase in Th17 and T-reg cells. Moreover, our results indicate a specific cytokine expression profile along the EAE course characterized by no changes of IL10 and IL17 levels, decrease of IL21 on the peak, and high IL22 levels during the induction and peak phases that markedly decrease during recovery. In summary, these results revealed the existence of a specific pattern of lymphocyte infiltration and cytokine secretion along the different phases of the acute EAE model in Lewis rat that differs from those already described in chronic or relapsing-remitting mouse models, where Th17-cells were found mostly during the peak, suggesting a specific role of these lymphocytes and cytokines in the evolution of this acute EAE model.

Implants are increasingly used in dentistry. Nevertheless, several factors can cause treatment failure. To assess initial wound healing, various indices have been developed. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between early wound healing and implant success. Fifty single implants (25 in women and 25 in men) were placed in patients meeting the inclusion criteria. The implants (Ticare®) were placed via the two-stage technique. Patients were assessed at 24 h, one week, one month, and two months post-implantation. At the final evaluation, implantation failure or success was recorded. Postoperative pain in these patients at one week after placement was assessed with a visual analogue scale (VAS), and the Wachtel soft tissue early healing index was used to measure healing. Two months after implant placement, the success rate was 92%. No statistically significant relationship was found between the Wachtel index and short-term implant success or failure. Additionally, there was no relationship between implant success or failure and variables such as smoking, diabetes status, age, sex, or guided bone regeneration (GBR). Neither the Wachtel index nor any of the other variables studied is a predictor of early implantation success.

Este artículo presenta la metodología y los resultados de la implementación de un proceso de formación docente realizado en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, concretamente en el nivel Medio Superior. Los resultados recabados y sistematizados con un enfoque cuantitativo y un alcance descriptivo muestran la importancia del acompañamiento de los expertos, la socialización y el intercambio de experiencias en los procesos de formación, en la conformación de comunidades de aprendizaje y la construcción de aprendizajes significativos. El proceso mostró ser efectivo para dar respuesta a las demandas planteadas actualmente en el contexto educativo, derivadas de la necesidad de virtualizar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

The aim of this parallel group study was to determine the clinical applicability of a newly developed bacterial test. We evaluated the ability of the test to detect five bacteria associated with peri-implantitis: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema denticola. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were established. Furthermore, by analyzing the pre-test and post-test probabilities, likelihood ratios were established, and a Fagan nomogram was constructed. As the standard, the clinical criteria of peri-implantitis adopted in the latest classification of peri-implant diseases of 2018 were used. The sample consisted of 13 patients clinically diagnosed with peri-implantitis (various implant brands) with at least 1 year of loading, of whom 11 were included in the study. The healthy group comprised 10 patients who received implants (Ticare inhex hybrid) at the university dental clinic and were monitored and exhibited no signs or symptoms of peri-implantitis during 1 year of loading. The results indicated that this test has high sensitivity and low specificity; therefore, positive results will be of great importance for a confirmatory diagnosis of peri-implantitis. However, the test is not suitable as a screening tool.

Through this paper we aim at show the advantages and benefits of the Virtual Learning Environment: learning applications in real processes of internationalization and the social impact of education through the project "Design and Implementation of a feedback and interactive information system applied to the strengthening of communicative skills in isolated communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa, using new Information and Communication technologies (NTIC)". This project aims at supporting the missionaries of the Consolata which works in isolated areas. In addition to the academic benefit, the system will also strengthen the social and economical development of those regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Evaluar la concordancia entre médicos radiólogos de Bogotá, D.C., en la interpretación de estudios mamográficos con la categorización BI-RADS. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 11 centros mamográficos de Bogotá, D.C., que incluye un tamaño de muestra de 323 exámenes mamográficos, en mujeres asintomáticas de 50 a 69 años, seleccionados de forma aleatoria y estratificada según su categorización BI-RADS. Mediante el índice kappa se determinó la concordancia de la categorización diagnóstica del sistema BI-RADS en los informes mamográficos entre los radiólogos de los centros mamográficos y el consenso de dos médicos radiólogos expertos del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología ESE. Resultados: Después del consenso entre los dos médicos radiólogos del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia, el análisis de concordancia con los médicos radiólogos de todas las instituciones demostró una tasa de acuerdo del 54,9% y un índice kappa (k) de 0,21 (IC 95%: 0,14-0,28) en la categorización BI-RADS. Cuando se agruparon las categorías BI-RADS 1 y 2 la proporción de coincidencias fue de 75,3% y el índice kappa (k) de 0,26 (IC 95%: 0,17-0,34). Discusión: Según los márgenes propuestos para el índice kappa, se encontró una concordancia débil en la categorización BI-RADS presentada en los reportes mamográficos por los médicos radiólogos expertos y los médicos radiólogos de los centros participantes del estudio. Lo anterior sugiere que aunque se ha adoptado el sistema estandarizado para el reporte mamográfico desde finales de la década de los noventa en Bogotá, D.C., existe una alta variabilidad dependiente del observador en el momento de la interpretación de las imágenes mamográficas.

Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la glucosa mediante monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en hemodiálisis (HD) bajo tratamiento con insulinas en el Hospital de San José - Unidad Renal Fresenius Medical Care. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal. Se incluyeron, desde abril hasta agosto de 2016, pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 con falla renal en HD tratados con insulinas. Se midieron como variables de interés: hipoglucemia grave, severa o asintomática, hiperglucemia, variabilidad glucémica, características demográficas y paraclínicas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 25 pacientes, el 72% fueron hombres, los niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) fueron 8,35% (± 2,34). Con el MCG se apreció alta variabilidad, tendencia a la hiperglucemia en 67,7% de los datos y descenso durante la HD de la glucemia tisular. Se detectaron 52 episodios de hipoglucemia, los cuales fueron más frecuentes en los días sin diálisis y en horario diurno. Hubo una menor relación de episodios de hipoglucemia con el uso de insulina glargina Conclusiones: El MCG en pacientes diabéticos en HD detectó alta variabilidad glucémica, hiperglucemia que predominó en los días de no diálisis y mayor número de hipoglucemias comparándola con la toma de glucometrías.

Es fundamental para un desarrollo de software, mejorar el proceso relacionado con los requisitos, los aspectos que facilitan una mejora, es contar con la posibilidad de realizar trazados a los requisitos a lo largo del ciclo de vida de un sistema. Esta trazabilidad permite evaluar las implicaciones que puede tener el cambio y posibilita su detección en fases tempranas o incluso en la fase de gestión de la configuración, siguiendo las huellas de trazado. A través de este artículo de investigación, se presenta un caso de estudio aplicando la herramienta Enterprise Architect para el sector energético, en el que se evidencia cómo se puede dar seguimiento a un requisito, comenzando en la primera fase de análisis y diseño (requisitos funcionales, requisitos no funcionales, regla de negocio, casos de uso, diagrama de clase, diagrama de componente, etc.), por medio del cual es posible generar una matriz de trazado dentro de un proceso de desarrollo de software

En este artículo se presenta una revisión de estado del arte sobre la formación en torno a la Ingeniería de Software, con una aproximación a aspectos relacionados con las estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje basado en lúdica, haciendo énfasis en la enseñanza de la ingeniería de requisitos. El artículo presenta una novedosa aplicación fundamentada en juegos, como estrategias de enseñanza con el objetivo de desarrollar habilidades, espacios de trabajo colaborativo, que permitan apoyar la investigación y la formación de maestros, entre otros. También se presenta un análisis sobre los diferentes estrategias lúdicas para la enseñanza en temáticas de la ingeniería del software al interior de un aula de clase.

El artículo indaga sobre la existencia de ganancias para un inversionista local en términos deeficiencia, minimizando la volatilidad del portafolio, a partir de la cobertura del riesgo cambiario inherente. Para la estimación del portafolio óptimo de mínima varianza se utiliza una metodología robusta la cual permite hacer inferencia estadística acerca de si la diversificación internacional reduce el riesgo para un inversionista local. La metodología se aplica a portafolios de acciones en el caso de un inversionista colombiano y uno mexicano, para concluir que el empleo de coberturas cambiarias puede reducir el riesgo, con la posible excepción de que la correlación entre la divisa y el índice local sea bastante negativa, lo cual haría más conveniente dejar el portafolio sin cubrir.

El presente artículo muestra los resultados de la fase inicial del proyecto: 'Diseño e implementación de un sistema de información interactivo retroalimentable aplicado al fortalecimiento de competencias comunicativas en comunidades lejanas de la República Democrática del Congo-África, utilizando nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (NTIC)'. Este proyecto pretende potenciar las estrategias de globalización, internacionalización e impacto social de la educación, apoyando las labores de formación que ejercen los misioneros de la Consolata, en regiones apartadas de la República Democrática del Congo. Aparte de la componente académica, la implementación del sistema permitirá apoyar el desarrollo socio-económico de la región, a través de programas de autopromoción, cultura y fortalecimiento de la democracia en este lejano país.Through this paper we aim at show the advantages and benefits of the Virtual Learning Environment: learning applications in real processes of internationalization and the social impact of education through the project 'Design and Implementation of a feedback and interactive information system applied to the strengthening of communicative skills in isolated communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa, using new Information and Communication technologies (NTIC)'. This project aims at supporting the missionaries of the Consolata which works in isolated areas. In addition to the academic benefit, the system will also strengthen the social and economical development of those regions.

La participáción internacional en conflictos internos en el contexto de la posguerra fría, que se realiza bajo pretextos humanitarios y mediante diversos actores internacionales como los son las agencias y fuerzas de las Naciones Unidas, las agencias de organismos multilaterales regionales, las OONGG internacionales y en algunos casos los Estados de forma individual, ha sido descrita por algunos autores como el Nuevo Intervencionismo. El siguiente ensayo pretende resaltar tres niveles de participación en los que se ha involucrado la comunidad internacional en países en conflicto interno en el contexto de la posguerra fría: la asistencia humanitaria, las intervenciones humanitarias (en su definición clásica) y los programas de desarrollo social-económico. Paralelamente se harán algunas reflexiones sobre las transformaciones e iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas frente a estos tres niveles, buscando una aproximación a sus acciones, tendencias y dificultades.

Abstract: In an increasingly saturated information and infoxicated world, Media Literacy emerges as a necessity for effective filtering of the vast amount of information we consume. The present research aims to quantitatively analyze the level of media competencies of Colombian(Medellin) and Ecuadorian (Loja and Zamora) teachers by means of the application of an adaptation of the taxonomy from the media competencies model, which consists of 6 dimensions and a total of 12 indicators. The total analyzed sample was comprised of 654 teachers from 81 public and private institutions. A data-gathering instrument was used with the aim of determining their level of media competencies from each of the dimensions. The results showed a low to medium level of media competency knowledge, which illustrated the need for priority interventions based on local, regional and international works, namely those that mobilize scientific, academic and political collaboration to improve the performance of a population that should lead the general training of citizens in media competencies.

This study sought to perceive the concept of mental health from the perspective of Colombian indigenous peoples. A qualitative survey from a historic-hermeneutical standpoint was conducted by means of interviews with a stratified intentional sample of 10 leaders with experience in indigenous mental health. After being duly transcribed, interview materials were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Findings were structured around four analytical categories: mental health perspectives, elements, scenarios, and challenges. It was revealed that some indigenous people do not perceive mental health as an indigenous concept. Some perceive it from a morbicentric western perspective and others from an ancestral holistic standpoint. They describe positive elements (good living, spirituality, harmony with mother earth) and negative aspects (acculturation, discrimination, violence, disobedience). Mental health scenarios included the land itself and the health care system, in particular the Intercultural Indigenous Health System (SISPI). Challenges include the need to conduct more research on this topic, consolidating SISPI, and fostering ancestral knowledge.