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166. Harvesting of Boro Paddy in Haor Areas of Bangladesh: Interplay of Local and Migrant Labour, Mechanized Harvesters and Covid-19 Vigilance in 2020

Author

Kabir, Md. Jahangir, Kabir, Md. Shahjahan, Salam, Md Abdus, Islam, Mohammad Ariful, Omar, Md Imran, Sarkar, Md. Abdur Rouf, Rahman, Mohammad Chhiddikur, Chowdhury, Afroza, Rahaman, Md. Shajedur, Deb, Limon, Aziz, Md. Abdullah, Siddique, Md Abu Bakr, and Mandal, M A Sattar

Subjects
Haor, Bangladesh, Harvest, ddc:330, COVID-19, Rice, Mechanization
Abstract

During countrywide lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic wage workers from different parts of the country were encouraged to move to haor areas for harvesting Boro paddy amid risk of community transmission of the virus in late April to early May 2020. This study attempted to delineate the socioeconomic and health risk management status of migrant harvest labour and to assess the yield and prices of Boro paddy in three haor districts of Kishoreganj, Netrakona and Sunamganj. A quick and clean questionnaire survey was conducted using mobile phones to collect first hand data from 90 labour leaders and 90 Boro farmers during 4th week of April – 1st week of May 2020. Both tabular and inferential analyses were carried out in the study. Ministry of Agriculture very promptly mobilized the local administration, law enforcement agencies and health department with support from the Dept. of Agricultural Extension to make special arrangements for speedy movement of migrant labour to haor areas for harvesting Boro paddy. Trucks, engine boats and pickup vans were common transports for migrant labour. The wage workers migrated mainly from Pabna, Tangail, Sirajganj, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Manikganj and non-haor areas of Sunamganj. Most wage workers were 30 – 40 years old. The availability of migrant harvest labour was 20% higher in Sunamganj and 2% higher in Kishoreganj in the current year, compared to last year. However, their availability in Netrakona was 6% lower this year than the last year. Overall, the participation of migrant labour in harvesting Boro paddy in the last year (2019) was 74% – 80%, but it decreased to 60%– 69% this year (2020). This was due to the higher participation in harvesting of Boro paddy by local workers many of whom were actually returnees from cities due to Corona shutdown. The contributions of combine harvesters and reapers were 6%, 7% and 9% in Sunamganj, Kishoreganj and Netrakona, respectively. The cost of harvesting Boro rice by combine harvesters and reapers including the cost of carrying by labour and threshing by power thrashers was 31% – 39% lower than the cost of manual harvesting, carrying and threshing. The health risk management practices of migrant labourers included maintaining social distance from (i) dwellers of in-migration village and from each other while harvesting rice in the fields. Besides, the labourers wore masks while travelling by vehicles, walking out to fields for harvesting rice and going to market places for buying essentials. However, they could not comply social distancing properly in their places of accommodation. Besides, they could not wear masks always while harvesting rice because of hot humid weather and they could not wash hands frequently because of the unavailability of water in the fields. The average yields of wet paddy were 54 – 60 mounds/acre for BRRI dhan28, 64 – 67 mounds/acre for BRRI dhan29, and 70 – 72 mounds/acre for hybrids. These yields were 69% – 82%, 20% – 33% and 20% – 30% higher in 2020 than in 2019, respectively, due to very favourable weather conditions. Similarly, the average market price of wet Boro paddy was BDT 706 – 783/mound in April 2020, which was 20%-30% higher than in April 2019. However, the current price of Boro paddy was 20% – 30% lower than the farmers’ expected price this year. Thus, the procurement of Boro paddy at the declared minimum price of BDT 26/kg needs to be implemented at full scale during the harvesting period so that farmers’ incentives to produce rice is sustained. In future, more harvesting machines will be required in haor areas for timely harvesting of Boro paddy.

Published
2020

169. CBM Collaboration

Author

Ablyazimov, T., primary, Adak, R.P., additional, Adler, A., additional, Agarwal, A., additional, Agarwal, K., additional, Ahammed, Z., additional, Ahmad, A., additional, Ahmad, F., additional, Ahmad, N., additional, Akindinov, A., additional, Akishin, P., additional, Akishina, V., additional, Al-Turany, M., additional, Alekseev, I., additional, Alexandrov, E., additional, Alexandrov, I., additional, Andronic, A., additional, Appelshäuser, H., additional, Argintaru, D., additional, Arnoldi-Meadows, B., additional, Atkin, E., additional, Azmi, M.D., additional, Baban, V., additional, Bähr, S., additional, Bajdel, M., additional, Balassa, G., additional, Balzer, M., additional, Baranova, N., additional, Bashir, S., additional, Baszczyk, M., additional, Bechtel, E., additional, Becker, J., additional, Becker, K.-H., additional, Becker, M., additional, Beckhoff, J., additional, Belogurov, S., additional, Belousov, A., additional, Bendarouach, J., additional, Bercuci, A., additional, Berendes, R., additional, Bertini, D., additional, Bertini, O., additional, Bezshyyko, O., additional, Bhaduri, P.P., additional, Bhasin, A., additional, Bhat, S.A., additional, Bhat, W.A., additional, Bhattacharjee, B., additional, Bhattacharyya, A., additional, Bhattacharyya, T.K., additional, Biswas, S., additional, Blank, T., additional, Blau, D., additional, Blume, C., additional, Brzychczyk, J., additional, Bus, T., additional, Bychkov, A., additional, Cãlin, M., additional, Caselle, M., additional, Chakrabarti, A., additional, Chatterjee, S., additional, Chattopadhyay, S., additional, Chaus, A., additional, Cherif, H., additional, Chudoba, P., additional, Clerkin, E., additional, Csanád, M., additional, Dahm, P., additional, Das, Supriya, additional, Susovan, Das, additional, de Cuveland, J., additional, Demanov, A., additional, Dementiev, D., additional, Deng, Wendi, additional, Deng, Zhi, additional, Deppe, H., additional, Deppner, I., additional, Derenovskaya, O., additional, Deveaux, M., additional, Ding, Zhiguo, additional, Dong, Sheng, additional, Dorenskaya, E., additional, Dorosz, P., additional, Dubey, A.K., additional, Dubla, A., additional, Dürr, M., additional, Elsha, V.V., additional, Emschermann, D., additional, Engel, H., additional, Eşanu, T., additional, Eschke, J., additional, Esen, M., additional, Fan, Xingming, additional, Fateev, O., additional, Feier-Riesen, C., additional, Feng, Sheng-Qin, additional, Fidorra, F., additional, Figuli, S.P.D., additional, Finogeev, D., additional, Fischer, P., additional, Flemming, H., additional, Förtsch, J., additional, Foka, P., additional, Frankenfeld, U., additional, Friese, V., additional, Friske, E., additional, Fröhlich, I., additional, Frühauf, J., additional, Galatyuk, T., additional, Ganai, R., additional, Gangopadhyay, G., additional, Gao, Xin, additional, Gasik, P., additional, Geßler, T., additional, Ghosh, C., additional, Ghosh, S.K., additional, Giang, D., additional, Gläßel, S., additional, Golinka-Bezshyyko, L., additional, Golosov, O., additional, Golovnya, S., additional, Golubeva, M., additional, Golubkov, D., additional, Gope, S., additional, Gorbunov, S., additional, Gorokhov, S., additional, Gottschalk, D., additional, Gryboś, P., additional, Guber, F., additional, Gumiński, M., additional, Gupta, A., additional, Gusakov, Yu., additional, Haas, R., additional, Han, Dong, additional, Hartmann, H., additional, He, Shu, additional, Hehner, J., additional, Heine, N., additional, Herrmann, N., additional, Heuser, J.M., additional, Höhne, C., additional, Holzmann, R., additional, Hu, Dongdong, additional, Huang, Guangming, additional, Huang, Xinjie, additional, Hutter, D., additional, Irfan, M., additional, Ivanishchev, D., additional, Ivanov, P., additional, Ivanov, Victor, additional, Ivanov, Vladimir, additional, Ivashkin, A., additional, Izvestnyy, A., additional, Jahan, H., additional, Janson, T., additional, Jash, A., additional, Jipa, A., additional, Kadenko, I., additional, Kähler, P., additional, Kämpfer, B., additional, Kampert, K.-H., additional, Kapell, R., additional, Karabowicz, R., additional, Kargin, N., additional, Karmanov, D., additional, Karpushkin, N., additional, Kashirin, E., additional, Kashyap, V.K.S., additional, Kasiński, K., additional, Kasprowicz, G., additional, Kazantsev, A., additional, Kebschull, U., additional, Kekelidze, G., additional, Khan, M.M., additional, Khan, S., additional, Khanzadeev, A., additional, Khasanov, F., additional, Kiryakov, A., additional, Kiš, M., additional, Kisel, I., additional, Kisel, P., additional, Kiselev, S., additional, Kiss, T., additional, Klaus, P., additional, Kłeczek, R., additional, Klein-Bösing, Ch., additional, Klochkov, V., additional, Kmon, P., additional, Koch, K., additional, Kochenda, L., additional, Koczoń, P., additional, Kohn, M., additional, Kolb, R., additional, Kolozhvari, A., additional, Komkov, B., additional, Korolev, M., additional, Korolko, I., additional, Kot, O., additional, Kotte, R., additional, Kovalchuk, O., additional, Koziel, M., additional, Kozlov, G., additional, Kozlov, V., additional, Kravtsov, P., additional, Kres, I., additional, Kresan, D., additional, Kruszewski, M., additional, Kryanev, A.V., additional, Kryshen, E., additional, Krzyżanowska, A., additional, Kucewicz, W., additional, Kudin, L., additional, Kudryashov, I., additional, Kugler, A., additional, Kuhl, P., additional, Kumar, Ajay, additional, Kumar, Ajit, additional, Kumar, L., additional, Kundu, S.K., additional, Kurepin, A., additional, Kurepin, N., additional, Kurilkin, P., additional, Kuznetsov, S., additional, Kyva, V., additional, Ladygin, V., additional, Lara, C., additional, Lavrik, E., additional, Lazanu, I., additional, Lebedev, A., additional, Lebedev, S., additional, Lebedeva, E., additional, Lehnert, J., additional, Leifels, Y., additional, Li, Chao, additional, Li, Yuanjing, additional, Lindenstruth, V., additional, Liu, Feng, additional, Lobanov, I., additional, Lobanova, E., additional, Löchner, S., additional, Loizeau, P.-A., additional, Łojek, K., additional, Lubynets, O., additional, Lucio Martínez, J.A., additional, Luo, Xiaofeng, additional, Lymanets, A., additional, Lyu, Pengfei, additional, Lyublev, N., additional, Ma, Jian-Hao, additional, Maevskaya, A., additional, Mahajan, S., additional, Maj, P., additional, Majka, Z., additional, Malakhov, A., additional, Malankin, E., additional, Malkevich, D., additional, Mallick, B., additional, Malyatina, O., additional, Mandal, M., additional, Manko, V., additional, Maragoto Rodriguez, O., additional, Marin Garcia, A.M., additional, Markert, J., additional, Matulewicz, T., additional, Mehta, S., additional, Merkin, M., additional, Meyer-Ahrens, A., additional, Michel, J., additional, Miedzik, P., additional, Mik, L., additional, Mikhailov, K., additional, Mikhaylov, V., additional, Militsija, V., additional, Mir, M.F., additional, Miskowiec, D., additional, Mohanty, B., additional, Momot, I., additional, Morgenweck, H., additional, Morhardt, T., additional, Morozov, S., additional, Mühlheim, D., additional, Müller, W.F.J., additional, Müntz, C., additional, Mukherjee, S., additional, Munkes, P., additional, Murin, Yu., additional, Nandy, E., additional, Naumann, L., additional, Nayak, T., additional, Nickels, F., additional, Niebur, W., additional, Nikulin, V., additional, Normanov, D., additional, Olar, A., additional, Otfinowski, P., additional, Otto, J.H., additional, Ovcharenko, E., additional, Pan, Liang-ming, additional, Panasenko, I., additional, Pandey, S., additional, Parfenov, P., additional, Parzhitskiy, S., additional, Patel, V., additional, Pauly, C., additional, Petráček, V., additional, Petri, M., additional, Petriş, M., additional, Petrovici, M., additional, Petukhov, O., additional, Pfeifer, D., additional, Pfistner, P., additional, Piasecki, K., additional, Pietraszko, J., additional, Pitsch, G., additional, Płaneta, R., additional, Plotnikov, V., additional, Plujko, V., additional, Pluta, J., additional, Poźniak, K., additional, Prasad, S.K., additional, Prokudin, M., additional, Prozorov, A., additional, Pugach, M., additional, Pugatch, V., additional, Puntke, A., additional, Querchfeld, S., additional, Radulescu, L., additional, Raha, S., additional, Raisig, P., additional, Raja, W., additional, Ramazanov, D., additional, Rautenberg, J., additional, Ray, R., additional, Redelbach, A., additional, Rehman, T., additional, Reinefeld, A., additional, Reshetin, A., additional, Ristea, C., additional, Ristea, O., additional, Rodriguez Rodriguez, A., additional, Roether, F., additional, Romaniuk, R., additional, Rost, A., additional, Rostchin, E., additional, Roy, A., additional, Roy, D., additional, Roy, S., additional, Rubio, E., additional, Rustamov, A., additional, Ryabov, Yu., additional, Sahoo, R., additional, Sahu, P.K., additional, Sahu, S.K., additional, Saini, J., additional, Salem, F., additional, Samanta, S., additional, Sambyal, S.S., additional, Samsonov, V., additional, Sander, O., additional, Sarangi, S., additional, Sau, S., additional, Schiaua, C., additional, Schintke, F., additional, Schmidt, C.J., additional, Schmidt, D., additional, Schmidt, H.R., additional, Schneider, P.M., additional, Schütt, T., additional, Seck, F., additional, Segal, I., additional, Selyuzhenkov, I., additional, Semennikov, A., additional, Sen, A., additional, Senger, A., additional, Senger, P., additional, Shabanov, A., additional, Shabunov, A., additional, Sharma, N., additional, Sheremetiev, A.D., additional, Shi, Shusu, additional, Shirinkin, S., additional, Shiroya, M., additional, Shitenkow, M., additional, Shumikhin, V., additional, Sibiryak, I., additional, Sidorenko, V., additional, Simon, C., additional, Simons, C., additional, Singh, A.K., additional, Singh, B.K., additional, Singh, C.P., additional, Singh, O., additional, Singh, R., additional, Singhal, V., additional, Škoda, L., additional, Smith, D., additional, Söhngen, Y., additional, Som, I., additional, Spicker, D., additional, Stach, D., additional, Staszel, P., additional, Storozhyk, D., additional, Strikhanov, M., additional, Stroth, J., additional, Stüllein, C., additional, Sturm, C., additional, Su, Yuan, additional, Sukhov, N., additional, Sultanov, R., additional, Sun, Yongjie, additional, Sun, Zhengyang, additional, Svirida, D., additional, Szczygieł, R., additional, Taranenko, A., additional, Tarassenkova, O., additional, Tölyhi, T., additional, Toia, A., additional, Topil'skaya, N., additional, Träger, M., additional, Traxler, M., additional, Trifonova, E., additional, Tsyupa, Yu., additional, Tuturas, N.G., additional, Uhlig, F., additional, Unger, K.L., additional, Usenko, E., additional, Varga, D., additional, Vassiliev, I., additional, Vasylyev, O., additional, Visinka, R., additional, Völkl, M., additional, Volkova, E., additional, Vorobiev, A., additional, Voronin, A., additional, Wahmes, L., additional, Wang, Botan, additional, Wang, Dong, additional, Wang, Tianxing, additional, Wang, Xinjian, additional, Wang, Yi, additional, Weber, A.A., additional, Weber, M., additional, Weidenkaff, P., additional, Weiglhofer, F., additional, Wessels, J.P., additional, Wielanek, D., additional, Wieloch, A., additional, Wilms, A., additional, Wójcik, D., additional, Wolf, Gy., additional, Wu, Ke-Jun, additional, Wu, Qiqi, additional, Yang, Junfeng, additional, Yang, Rongxing, additional, Yin, Zhongbao, additional, Yoo, In-Kwon, additional, Yuan, Jianhui, additional, Yushmanov, I., additional, Zabołotny, W., additional, Zaitsev, Yu., additional, Zamiatin, N.I., additional, Zbroszczyk, H., additional, Zhalov, M., additional, Zhang, Qiunan, additional, Zhang, Xiaoming, additional, Zhang, Yu, additional, Zhao, Yan-Qing, additional, Zheng, Sheng, additional, Zhou, Daicui, additional, Zhou, Jian, additional, Zhou, Wenxiong, additional, Zhu, Xianglei, additional, Zinchenko, A., additional, Zivko, I., additional, Żoładź, M., additional, Zorn, F., additional, Zubrzycka, W., additional, Zumbruch, P., additional, and Zyzak, M., additional

Published
2021
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175. Symbiotic Effectiveness of Acid Tolerant Nodulating Rhizobia on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) in Acidic Alfisols.

Author

Khuntia, D., Panda, N., Mandal, M., Swain, P., Sahu, S. G., and Pattanayak, S. K.

Subjects
PIGEON pea, NUTRIENT uptake, ALFISOLS, AGRICULTURAL technology, LEGUMES, SEED pods
Abstract

The symbiotic association between root nodulating bacteria viz. Rhizobium and pulses enhance the crop agronomic characteristics, productivity and quality depending upon the symbiotic effectiveness of the bacterial strain. To evaluate this effectiveness, a study was conducted during December, 2019-April, 2020 (rabi) at Central Farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha aimed at evaluating the efficiency of seven isolated rhizobial strains of pigeon pea viz. BRP-2, BRP-4, BRP-8, BRP-20, BRP-28, BRP-56 and a local strain CHRS-7 in a randomized block design with four replications. The pigeon pea cv PRG-176 was used for study. The results revealed that seed inoculation with different Rhizobium strains enhanced the plant height (41.84-90.09 cm), relative growth rate (0.410-0.898 mm day-1), nodular characteristics, nodular nitrogen (3.11 to 4.11%), pod and seed characteristics in pigeon pea. In addition to that the potentiality of pigeon pea producing only 408 kg seed ha-1 without any seed inoculation could be enhanced to produce 888 kg seed ha-1 by seed inoculation in a coastal agroecosystem. The findings also revealed a better uptake of nutrients by the crop in Rhizobium inoculated practices that performed in the order Control

Published
2022
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176. Sex-specific finger-length patterns linked to behavioral variables: consistency across various human populations

Author

Peters, M., Kang, Y., Teixeira, L., Tan, U., and Mandal, M.

Subjects
Sex differences -- Physiological aspects, Fingers -- Measurement, Anthropometry -- Research, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

In humans, as in nonhuman primates, the digits of the hands are similar in length during early fetal development. Subsequently, differentiation leads to a patter of unequal finger lengths, described by George as the finger-length pattern. Recent work by Manning and colleagues suggested that digit length patterns are due to early influences of sex hormones. Most importantly for psychology, such patterns might also relate to cognitive activities that are influenced by early organizing actions of sex hormones. The exciting possibility of having an easily measurable indicator of early action of sex hormones that relates to behavior led us to examine the universality of digit length patterns. With samples from Brazil, Canada, India, Turkey, and Korea, we showed that patterns of distal extent of finger tips are similar across different human populations. Consistent sex differences were found across the samples, showing that the index finger in males extends less far distally relative to the middle finger than is the case for females and that the difference in distal extent between index and ring fingers, relative to the middle finger, is smaller in females than in males.

Published
2002

181. Cardiological society of India document on safety measure during echo evaluation of cardiovascular disease in the time of COVID-19

Author

Gupta, Rakesh, primary, Das, Mrinal Kanti, additional, Mohanan, P.P., additional, Deb, Pradip K., additional, Parashar, S.K., additional, Chopra, H.K., additional, Shrivastava, Sameer, additional, Guha, Santanu, additional, Goswami, Kewal C., additional, Yadav, Rakesh, additional, Alagesan, R., additional, Amuthan, V., additional, Bansal, M., additional, Chakraborty, R.N., additional, Chakraborti, N., additional, Chandra, S., additional, Chatterjee, A., additional, Chatterjee, D., additional, Chatterjee, S.S., additional, Dutta, A.L., additional, De, A., additional, Garg, A., additional, Garg, V.K., additional, Goyal, A., additional, Goyal, N.K., additional, Govind, S.C., additional, Gupta, V.K., additional, Hasija, Pradeep K., additional, Jabir, A., additional, Jain, P., additional, Jain, V., additional, Jayagopal, P.B., additional, Kasliwal, R.R., additional, Katyal, V.K., additional, Kerkar, P.G., additional, Khan, Amal Kumar, additional, Khanna, N.N., additional, Mandal, M., additional, Majumder, B., additional, Mishra, S.S., additional, Meena, C.B., additional, Naik, N., additional, Narain, V.S., additional, Pancholia, A.K., additional, Pathak, L.A., additional, Ponde, C.K., additional, Raghu, K., additional, Ray, S., additional, Roy, D., additional, Sarma, D., additional, Shanmugasundarum, S., additional, Singh, B.P., additional, Tyagi, S., additional, Vijayaraghavan, G., additional, Wander, G.S., additional, Wardhan, Harsh, additional, and Nanda, N.C., additional

Published
2020
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186. Cardiological society of India position statement on COVID-19 and heart failure

Author

Harikrishnan, S., primary, Mohanan, P.P., additional, Chopra, V.K., additional, Ambuj, Roy, additional, Sanjay, G., additional, Bansal, Manish, additional, Chakraborty, R.N., additional, Chandra, Sharad, additional, Chattarjee, S.S., additional, Chopra, H.K., additional, Mathew, Cibu, additional, Deb, P.K., additional, Goyal, A., additional, Goswami, K.C., additional, Gupta, R., additional, Guha, S., additional, Gupta, V., additional, Hasija, P.K., additional, Wardhan, Harsh, additional, Jabir, A., additional, Jayagopal, P.B., additional, Kahali, D., additional, Katyal, V.K., additional, Kerkar, P.G., additional, Khanna, N.N., additional, Majumder, B., additional, Mandal, M., additional, Meena, C.B., additional, Naik, N., additional, Narain, V.K., additional, Pathak, L.A., additional, Ray, S., additional, Roy, D., additional, Routray, S.N., additional, Sarma, D., additional, Shanmugasundaram, S., additional, Singh, B.P., additional, Tyagi, S.K., additional, Venugopal, K., additional, Wander, G.S., additional, Yadav, Rakesh, additional, and Das, M.K., additional

Published
2020
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187. Cardiological Society of India: Document on acute MI care during COVID-19

Author

Kerkar, P.G., primary, Naik, N., additional, Alexander, T., additional, Bahl, V.K., additional, Chakraborty, R.N., additional, Chatterjee, S.S., additional, Chopra, H.K., additional, Dani, S.I., additional, Deb, P.K., additional, Goswami, K.C., additional, Guha, S., additional, Gupta, R., additional, Gupta, V., additional, Hasija, P.K., additional, Jayagopal, P.B., additional, Justin Paul, G., additional, Kahali, D., additional, Katyal, V.K., additional, Khanna, N.N., additional, Mandal, M., additional, Mishra, S.S., additional, Mohanan, P.P., additional, Mullasari, A., additional, Mehta, S., additional, Pancholia, A.K., additional, Ray, S., additional, Roy, D., additional, Shanmugasundarm, S., additional, Sharma, S., additional, Singh, B.P., additional, Tewari, S., additional, Tyagi, S.K., additional, Venugopal, K.N., additional, Wander, G.S., additional, Yadav, R., additional, and Das, M.K., additional

Published
2020
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193. Comparison of a novel combination of bio-organic fertilizers vis-à-vis a chemical fertilizer.

Author

Mazumdar, M., Sultana, T., Sinha, S., Sadhukhan, S., Datta, A., Mandal, M., and Mitra, A. K.

Subjects
PLANT nutrients, FERTILIZERS, SUSTAINABLE agriculture, AGRICULTURAL productivity, SOIL fertility, CROP growth
Abstract

Plant nutrients are essential for the production of healthy crops for the world's expanding population and thus, they are a vital component of sustainable agriculture. Increased crop production depends on the type of fertilizers used to supplement essential nutrients for plants. The nutrient level fertilizers provide depends on their nature-each type of fertilizer has its advantages and disadvantages concerning crop growth and soil fertility. The management of using fertilizer must aim to ensure both an enhanced and safeguarded environment. Thus, a balanced fertilization strategy must be implemented. An experiment was conducted under field conditions to assess the effects of combinations of bio-fertilizers on agronomic and quality criteria of Brassica juncea (brown mustard), Basella alba (climbing spinach), and Amaranthus dubius (red spinach). Randomized block design with three replicas were used for the study, one set with the application of fertilizers containing Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Sesbania, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus (Mycorrhizal inoculant)-under bio-fertilizer; another with a mixture of urea, Potassium Nitrate, Super Phosphate, Potassium Sulfate, and Maple EM solution as chemical fertilizer and a control (water). Results indicated that yield and other plant criteria like chlorophyll content and gel volume were enhanced in bio-fertilizer treated plants compared to the plants grown with chemical fertilizer and control. In general, the application of bio-fertilizer significantly increased leaf length by 16-50%, the total number of leaves by 50-80%, plant size 19.15-63.15%, and gel volume by 147% (approximately) in comparison with untreated plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022

194. B-1a cells acquire their unique characteristics by bypassing the pre-BCR selection stage

Author

Wong, J.B., Hewitt, S.L., Heltemes-Harris, L.M., Mandal, M., Johnson, K., Rajewsky, K., Koralov, S.B., Clark, M.R., Farrar, M.A., and Skok, J.A.

Subjects
Cancer Research
Abstract

B-1a cells are long-lived, self-renewing innate-like B cells that predominantly inhabit the peritoneal and pleural cavities. In contrast to conventional B-2 cells, B-1a cells have a receptor repertoire that is biased towards bacterial and self-antigens, promoting a rapid response to infection and clearing of apoptotic cells. Although B-1a cells are known to primarily originate from fetal tissues, the mechanisms by which they arise has been a topic of debate for many years. Here we show that in the fetal liver versus bone marrow environment, reduced IL-7R/STAT5 levels promote immunoglobulin kappa gene recombination at the early pro-B cell stage. As a result, differentiating B cells can directly generate a mature B cell receptor (BCR) and bypass the requirement for a pre-BCR and pairing with surrogate light chain. This 'alternate pathway' of development enables the production of B cells with self-reactive, skewed specificity receptors that are peculiar to the B-1a compartment. Together our findings connect seemingly opposing lineage and selection models of B-1a cell development and explain how these cells acquire their unique properties.

Published
2019

195. Wavelet-based image coding using nonlinear interpolative vector quantization

Author

Wang, X., Chan, E., Mandal, M. K., and Panchanathan, S.

Subjects
Vector analysis -- Usage, Image coding -- Methods, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A wavelet-based image coding technique employing nonlinear interpolative vector quantization reduces the coding computational complexity. Appropriate coefficients of wavelet subimages were used to form 64-D vectors for three stages of decomposition. Vector quantization is performed on 16-D vectors extracted from the 64-D vectors. A nonlinear interpolative technique is used to reconstruct the 64-D vectors at the decoder. The method gives reconstructed images of acceptable quality even at compression ratios of 40:1 for gray images and 100:1 for color images.

Published
1996

197. Assessment of awareness regarding health hazards of plastic chemicals and their warning label among a sample population of Varanasi City: A cross-sectional study.

Author

Sharma, Parul, Bhagat, Priyanka, Mandal, M, and Singh, T

Subjects
CHEMICAL labeling, WARNING labels, PLASTICS, WARNINGS, CROSS-sectional method
Abstract

Background: Plastic containers are widely used to store and serve edibles. In the production of some types of plastic, chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) are used. These chemicals leach from the plastic containers into the edibles, get access into the biological systems, and cause a toxic impact on health. Aim: This cross-sectional survey was planned to assess the usage of food contact plastic and awareness regarding the health hazards of plastic chemicals and warning labels on plastic items among a sample population of Varanasi city. Materials and Methods: Data were collected by interviewing the 556 adult participants, using a prevalidated structured questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to test the association and P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Most of the participants were found to be following routine practices during cooking and storage of edibles which may expose them to BPA and BPS through the gut. Although many participants were aware that plastic may contain some type of chemicals which may enter the human body and harm human health in some way, they lacked precise knowledge regarding warning label like "BPA free plastic" "plastic containing BPA" and "food grade plastic." Furthermore, none of the participants could recognize the "resin identification codes" correctly. Conclusion: Most of the participants had only elementary awareness of health risk of plastic usage. A significant number of participants lacked crucial information that can help them to make healthy choices as a consumer and use safe alternatives of plastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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