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Coronavirus disease 2019 life-threatening signs have aroused a great deal of attention since the beginning of the pandemic. In the initial stages of the pandemic, the pediatric population was mostly protected, and the symptoms in affected children were mild. Here, the authors present a 7-year-old boy with left upper eyelid ciliary madarosis that developed 9 weeks after coronavirus disease 2019 infection. During comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, no conjunctival injection, chemosis, erythema, or crusts on the eyelids and no other meibomian gland disease findings were detected. Comprehensive laboratory workup was performed to exclude any other possible causes of ciliary madarosis. All laboratory parameters tested within normal limits. In addition to the patient's ocular surface and physical examination findings, laboratory results and the timing of the symptoms as well as spontaneous recovery at follow-up visits led the authors to conclude that telogen effluvium was to cause of the isolated, unilateral ciliary madarosis in this case.

Pupillary characteristics may be affected in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). However, small changes cannot be observed with clinical examination. Ophthalmologists and optometrists should be aware that dynamic pupillometry may have an important place in the quantitative assessment of pupillary characteristics in this patient population.The aim of this study was to compare the static and dynamic pupillary responses of hyperthyroid and euthyroid GO patients and healthy control subjects.The study enrolled 20 hyperthyroid patients with GO (Group 1), 20 euthyroid patients with GO (Group 2) and 40 control subjects with normal thyroid function tests and no known illness (Group 3). Following detailed ophthalmological examination, static and dynamic pupillometry measurements were performed. Dynamic pupillometry measurements including resting diameter, amplitude of pupil contraction, latency of pupil contraction, duration of pupil contraction, latency of pupil dilation, duration of pupil dilation, and velocity of pupil dilation were undertaken. Static pupillometry measurements including scotopic, mesopic, low-photopic, and high-photopic pupil diameters (PD) were undertaken. Data from the right eyes of the participants were used for statistical analysis.Regarding the dynamic pupillary measurements, the latency of pupil contraction value was significantly higher (p = 0.007), and the velocity of pupil dilatation was significantly lower (p = 0.004) in Groups 1 and 2 compared to the Group 3. In static pupillary measurements, there were statistically significant differences between the GO group (Group 1 and 2) and Group 3 with regard to scotopic (p = 0.002), mesopic (p = 0.002), and low-photopic PD (p = 0.001).Scotopic, mesopic and low photopic PD, latency of pupil contraction and velocity of pupil dilatation values were significantly different in both hyperthyroid and euthyroid GO patients when compared to healthy control subjects.

Solicitation of time and money donations are central to the success of nonprofit organizations like charities and political groups. Although nonprofits tend to prefer money, experimental and field data demonstrate that donors prefer to donate time, even when doing so does less good for the cause. However, despite the importance of this asymmetry, little is known about its psychological underpinnings. In the current investigation, we identify a previously unexplored difference between time and money, which we argue can explain the preference to donate time over money. Specifically, we propose that potential donors feel more personal control over their time (vs. money) donations, leading to greater interest in donating and donation amount. We test this framework across seven studies using incentive-compatible and hypothetical behaviors, utilizing both mediation and moderation approaches. Our results show that when donors’ sense of control is threatened, donations of time might be used as a compensatory strategy and that simple linguistic interventions can increase perceived control and donations for money, which we find to typically lag behind time. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for marketing theory and practice.

Hormones are highly responsive internal signals that help organisms adjust their phenotype to fluctuations in environmental and internal conditions. Our knowledge of the causes and consequences of variations in circulating hormone concentrations has improved greatly in the past. However, this knowledge comes from population-level studies which generally tend to make the flawed assumption that all individuals respond in the same way to environmental changes. Here, we advocate that we can vastly expand our understanding of the ecology and evolution of hormonal traits once we acknowledge the existence of individual differences by quantifying hormonal plasticity at the individual level, where selection acts. In this review, we use glucocorticoid hormones as examples of highly plastic endocrine traits that interact intimately with energy metabolism but also with other organismal traits like behavior and physiology. First, we highlight the insights gained by repeatedly assessing an individual's glucocorticoid concentrations along a gradient of environmental or internal conditions using a 'reaction norm approach'. This study design should be followed by a hierarchical statistical partitioning of the total endocrine variance into the among-individual component (individual differences in average hormone concentrations, i.e. in the intercept of the reaction norm) and the residual (within-individual) component. The latter is ideally further partitioned by estimating more precisely the hormonal plasticity (i.e. the slope of the reaction norm), which allows to test whether individuals differ in the degree of hormonal change along the gradient. Second, we critically review the published evidence for glucocorticoid variation, focusing mostly on among- and within-individual levels, finding only a good handful of studies that used repeated-measures designs and random regression statistics to investigate glucocorticoid plasticity. These studies indicate that individuals can differ in both the intercept and the slope of their glucocorticoid reaction norm to a known gradient. Third, we suggest rewarding avenues for future work on hormonal reaction norms, for example to uncover potential costs and trade-offs associated with glucocorticoid plasticity or to test whether glucocorticoid plasticity varies when an individual's reaction norm is repeatedly assessed along the same gradient, whether reaction norms in glucocorticoids covary with those in other traits like behavior and fitness (generating multivariate plasticity) or to quantify glucocorticoid reaction norms along multiple external and internal gradients that act simultaneously (leading to multidimensional plasticity). Throughout this review we emphasize the power that reaction norm approaches offer for resolving unanswered questions in ecological and evolutionary endocrinology.

The aim of this study is to evaluate using topical non-steroidal antiinflammatory and low-potency steroid drugs for the treatment of epiphora without an underlying cause using anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and Munk epiphora grading system.Thirty patients with epiphora who had no underlying cause were evaluated prospectively.A detailed ophthalmological examination, tear meniscus height on slit-lamp, fluorescein tear break-up time, schirmer test, lisamin green conjonctival staining, lacrimal syringing of the upper and lower canaliculus were done in all patients. The patients with contact lens wear,punctal stenosis, lacrimal system disorders, dry eye disease, eyelid malpositions, pterygium, conjunctivochalasis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, ocular infection, and corneal disease, used topical anti-glaucomatous drugs were excluded. All patients were treated with a combination of topical low-potency drug (loteprednol etabonate 0.5%) twice daily for ten days and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nepafenac 0.3%)once a day for 1 month. Before and after the medical treatment protocol, tear meniscus area (TMA) and tear meniscus height (TMH) were measured by AS-OCT and patients were asked to subjectively rate their epiphora according to the Munk epiphora grading system. The effectiveness of treatment were evaluated by AS-OCT measurements and the Munk epiphora grading system.Fourteen males and sixteen females were included. The mean age at presentation was 60.1 ± 7.35 years and duration of symptoms was 10.03 ± 5.08 months. The mean duration of follow-up was 8.7 ± 3.2 months. Munk epiphora grading system was significantly decreased from 2.5 to 1.6 after treatment (p: 0.004). TMH and TMA were significantly decreased on AS-OCT (TMH:402 vs 309 µm, p:0.001, TMA:0.797 vs 0.347 mmThe combined use of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and low-potency steroid drops may be a good option in patients with epiphora who does not have an underlying cause.