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The incidence of psychopathology was studied in 176 Italian adults with mental retardation. Prevalence of answers relating to anxiety, tendency to live apart, and body complaints in individuals with mild mental retardation was documented. For people with severe intellectual impairments, mood disturbance with inconsistent behaviors was more prevalent. (Author/CR)

L’articolo analizza i presumibili effetti economici del nuovo regime tributario dei titoli obbligazionari. Le ampie e molteplici innovazioni non sembrano tali da risultare in modifiche economiche di rilievo né della struttura dell’offerta dei titoli, né del livello dei tassi di interesse.

La conclusione dell’articolo è che non è possibile giustificare in base al primo dei modelli analizzati dal prof. Castellino il più elevato rendimento effettivo dei titoli con cedole nominali più basse. Evidentemente l’avversione al rischio contribuisce a questo andamento, ma non nel modo indicato nell’articolo che si discute. E’ invece interessante il camopo di indagine che riguarda le obbligazioni ammortizzabili per estrazione

Gli autori sostengono che, presupposto di un più lungo uso delle operazioni di mercato aperto come strumento di politica monetaria, la cui efficienza è stata da più parti ribadita in questi anni, è la conoscenza delle relazioni che legano i saggi di rendimento dei titoli a reddito fisso con caratteristiche diverse; in particolare è opportuno conoscere le relazioni tra rendimeni dei titoli di Stato e, nel loro ambito, di quelli che differiscono soltanto per la scadenza. A questo fine non è sufficiente una conoscenza empirica, per quanto particolareggiata , del comportamento passato dei mercati finanziari; è altresi necessaria un’analisi teorico-istituzionale delle determinanti della struttura dei tassi.

There appears to be a rather wide agreement among Italian economists, in and out of the Government, on the causes of Italy’s balance of payments crisis and of the recession that began in 1964. This explanation, originally put forward by the Bank of Italy, though rather unsatisfactory, has been uncritically accepted or at least has not been challenged in any systematic way. The present paper assesses the validity of this explanation and proposes an alternative one. For the sake of simplicity the authors keep separate the case of an open economy from that of a closed one. The Bank of Italy’s model is first formalised before its basic shortcomings are demonstrated. The authors then present the alternative model they propose. The nature of the Italian inflation and the determinants of wage movements are then discussed. The authors then consider the case of an open economy before provided a formal treatment of the problems raised. JEL: E31, E52, F31, F34

There appears to be a rather wide agreement among Italian economists, in and out of the Government, on the causes of Italy’s balance of payments crisis and of the recession that began in 1964. This explanation, originally put forward by the Bank of Italy, though rather unsatisfactory, has been uncritically accepted or at least has not been challenged in any systematic way. The present paper assesses the validity of this explanation and proposes an alternative one. For the sake of simplicity the authors keep separate the case of an open economy from that of a closed one. The Bank of Italy’s model is first formalised before its basic shortcomings are demonstrated. The authors then present the alternative model they propose. The nature of the Italian inflation and the determinants of wage movements are then discussed. The authors then consider the case of an open economy before provided a formal treatment of the problems raised. JEL: E31, E52, F31, F34

Keynes attitude, not only in General Theory but also throughout the whole of his intellectual career, is essentially that of making economic theory useful and in particular making it applicable to the problem of eliminating the shortcomings of contemporary economic systems. Keynes’ formulation of the general macroeconomic equilibrium was proceeded over the years by a broader reflection on the nature of the capitalistic economic system, the individual motivations that sustain it and its ethical aspects in comparison to other systems. However, there is almost no trace of this in General Theory, if not only partially in the last chapter of the book. To rebuild these aspects we must refer to a relatively neglected group of essays from 1925 to 1928 that concern the nature of the capitalist system more broadly. The reconstruction of Keynes's thinking on these issues is not only important in itself in order to a better understand the ideas of this century's greatest economist, it is also a contribution understanding the enduring relevant problems and questions that today call for reflection on behalf of economists and politicians. JEL Codes: E12

Introduction. Streptococcus salivarius is a common commensal of the oral mucosa, associated with infections in different sites. Meningitis due to this species are described in a few occasions . In this study refer to a case recently diagnosed in our hospital for treatment of a subsequent dental caries. Case report. A man of 35 years, presents to the emergency room with fever, headache, confusion, marked nuchal rigor.Anamnesis is the treatment of dental caries on the previous day.The blood count showed 24.7x109 / L with WBC 22.9x109 / L (92.9%) neutrophils. The lumbar puncture CSF noted cloudy with 15.0 x 109 / L WBC, glicorrachia 5 g / L, protidorrachia 6.5 g / L. Microscopic examination showed numerous granulocytes and prevalence of Gram-positive cocci.The pneumococcal antigen was negative.The blood cultures before starting antibiotic therapy, were negative. CSF was isolated from the culture of a Streptococcus salivarius. To antibiotic therapy started in the ED, after lumbar puncture is associated with the Ampicillin Ceftriaxone and continued for 15 days to improve the patient’s general condition, then resigned in the 17 th day. Materials and methods. From CSF inoculated in blood agar plates and chocolate agar alpha hemolytic colonies were isolated, catalysis negative, optochin resistant. The biochemical identification performed with Phoenix (BD) and confirmed by PCR Pan bacterial (16S rDNA) bacterial strain identified as Streptococcus salivarius.The antibiogram performed with Phoenix (BD) according to the CLSI guidelines indicated sensitivity to penicillin, vancomycin, cefotaxime, cefepime, and chloramphenicol. Conclusions. Meningitis by Streptococcus salivarius was found in a few cases, mainly related to the transmission of health personnel from the oral cavity during lumbar punctures performed without the use of surgical masks. The following bacterial meningitis in dental treatment having a low incidence and often fatal course be suspected by history.The patient should be further investigated because the infection may indicate a compromised immune unknown (Diabetes, HIV...).

High resolution melting curve analysis (HRM) has been used as an efficient, accurate and cost-effective tool to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or insertions or deletions (INDELs). However, its efficiency, accuracy and applicability to discriminate microsatellite polymorphism have not been extensively assessed. The traditional protocols used for SSR genotyping include PCR amplification of the DNA fragment and the separation of the fragments on electrophoresis-based platform. However, post-PCR handling processes are laborious and costly. Furthermore, SNPs present in the sequences flanking repeat motif cannot be detected by polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis based methods. In the present study, we compared the discriminating power of HRM with the traditional electrophoresis-based methods and provided a panel of primers for HRM genotyping in Citrus. The results showed that sixteen SSR markers produced distinct polymorphic melting curves among the Citrus spp investigated through HRM analysis. Among those, 10 showed more genotypes by HRM analysis than capillary electrophoresis owing to the presence of SNPs in the amplicons. For the SSR markers without SNPs present in the flanking region, HRM also gave distinct melting curves which detected same genotypes as were shown in capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. Moreover, HRM analysis allowed the discrimination of most of the 15 citrus genotypes and the resulting genetic distance analysis clustered them into three main branches. In conclusion, it has been approved that HRM is not only an efficient and cost-effective alternative of electrophoresis-based method for SSR markers, but also a method to uncover more polymorphisms contributed by SNPs present in SSRs. It was therefore suggested that the panel of SSR markers could be used in a variety of applications in the citrus biodiversity and breeding programs using HRM analysis. Furthermore, we speculate that the HRM analysis can be employed to analyse SSR markers in a wide range of applications in all other species.

The increase in vehicular load and velocity over the years has prompted the need for structural modifications of concrete bridges. The measurements and analysis of vibrations in «situ» along with numerical techniques aid in the global evaluation of these structures by obtaining the dynamic characteristics and corresponding response. These measurements are then compared to international standards and codes in order to formulate superior concrete bridges with the objective of obtaining the influence of the difference in typology on the behavior of bridges. Bridge 1 uses a two way system with beams and deck slabs and bridge 2 is a superior structure composed of pretension T beams and situ-cast concrete deck. These findings are fundamental references in the designing of bridges.

Los Cascos Históricos presentan problemas funcionales para adaptarse a las nuevas necesidades de la vida moderna, que son de difícil resolución. Trabajando en su protección y salvaguarda, se debe comprender que se opera en un sector urbano complejo, lo cual requiere una visión amplia e interdisciplinaria, que no puede ser encarada solamente a partir del cuidado de su stock físico construido. Asimismo resulta indispensable atender y superar las restricciones y satisfacer las necesidades de la población, ya que es lo que da verdadero sentido a la protección de las áreas urbanas. En ciudades latinoamericanas, muchos planes de protección para los centros históricos no han logrado sortear los peligros que los amenazan. Ellos abarcan desde la renovación indiscriminada hasta la tugurización, el despoblamiento y el abandono. La situación de estos sectores guarda estrecha relación con los procesos que se producen en la ciudad en su totalidad. La valoración de la centralidad o por el contrario la promoción de la sub urbanización, son posturas que definen las características particulares y específicas de un área central. En nuestros centros históricos, la conservacióny preservación de los edificios, sus funciones sociales, sus valores simbólicos-culturales y su vitalidad son fundamentales para la continuidad de la ciudad como entidad urbana vigente para sus habitantes.

La Escuela-Taller, se inscribe en el marco de la Secretaría de Cultura, Subsecretaria de Patrimonio Cultural y, de manera más específica en la Dirección General Casco Histórico, como un Programa del Plan de Manejo, para poner el valor este sector tan significativo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. El Casco Histórico de Buenos Aires, Centro Fundacional de nuestra Ciudad, es un ámbito sumamente valioso que integra el patrimonio cultural. Atesora elementos del pasado que nos identifica como pueblo y como personas. Si bien cuenta con una normativa especial que protege sus edificios y su entorno y a lo largo de estos años fue realizada una fuerte inversión pública en su espacio urbano, no ha podido alcanzar un equilibrio aun con la inversión privada, debido al alto costo de mantenimiento que significa para los vecinos del área mantener o restaurar sus edificios.

Buenos Aires. metropolitana, es cabecera del sistema urbano nacional y en correspondencia con el proceso significativo de desconcentración y centralización-una tipología interna bimodal-, ha ido acrecentando su configuración primática, siendo hoy su jerarquía, dentro de la red nacional de ciudades, de un posicionamiento desproporcionadamente mayor respecto de las dos urbes que le siguen en importancia, Córdoba y Rosario.

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en el análisis de la oferta actual del transporte urbano en la Región metropolitana de Buenos Aires, en el marco de las concesiones otorgadas a empresas privadas, de los servicios públicos de transporte, tratando de evaluar las políticas y modalidades de regulación y gestión aplicadas desde el Estado y centrando la mirada en los efectos y consecuencias de esta modalidad, sobre el conjunto social involucrado y sobre el territorio. Se presentará un panorama general de la situación del sistema de transporte y circulación urbana a modo de síntesis diagnostica, que incluye las características más significativas movilidad, los distintos modos de transportación, los procesos de concesión de la red de accesos a la ciudad madre, del transporte público, tanto automotor como ferroviario de pasajeros y de las nuevas modalidades que incrementaron la oferta. Asimismo en el contexto de la Reforma del Estado, - privatizaciones y concesiones-, se incorporaran algunas reflexiones haciendo hincapié en los impactos que estos procesos provocaron en lo social, espacial-económico y ambiental, y que favorecieron el recrudecimiento de la exclusión y fractura social, y la fragmentación territorial, fenómenos ocurridos de manera general en todas las ciudades latinoamericanas sin distinción de niveles de jerarquía urbana o límites jurisdiccionales pero recortando espacialmente el estudio en la Región metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Toda la reflexión se apoya en el marco del enfoque sistémico, partiendo de considerar que la realidad es compleja y multidimensional y que su naturaleza no es unívoca, que los elementos que la constituyen están interrelacionados entre si, por lo que existen múltiples relaciones ínter- temáticas e ínter-escalares.

Molecular tools were largely used to characterise native almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cultivars, to elucidate their diversification and to establish their membership to Mediterranean germplasm pools. Hereby, the efficiency of the application of PCR techniques to study the genetic diversity of S alleles in almond was tested to identify self-incompatible cultivar combinations and groups. Hence, an analysis with consensus AS1II and AmyC5R and with allele-specific primers was performed for 25 almond accessions including 17 local Tunisian cultivars, 7 advanced selections, and 1 extra group from Italy in order to identify their S-genotype. Interestingly, all genotypes were assigned to their specific self-incompatible groups and a new group (LI) has been established. The two cultivars 'Dillou' and 'Porto' both considered as self-compatible have been demonstrated to be self-incompatible. Results reveal also a discrepancy for the S-genotype assigned to 'Zahaaf' preserved in the International almond collection. Thus, S genes genotyping of commercially used or newly released cultivars is very useful as we demonstrated that it may show that common knowledge may be partly inaccurate. For important varieties, this immediately has a consequence for cultivation practices, also for smallholder orchards as changing an incorrect practice may in time increase yield and also guarantee yield stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Reproductive biology in citrus is still poorly understood. Although in recent years several efforts have been made to study pollen-pistil interaction and self-incompatibility, little information is available about the molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. Here we report the identification of candidate genes involved in pollen-pistil interaction and self-incompatibility in clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). These genes have been identified comparing the transcriptomes of laser-microdissected stylar canal cells (SCC) isolated from two genotypes differing for self-incompatibility response ('Comune', a self-incompatible cultivar and 'Monreal', a self- compatible mutation of 'Comune'). Results The transcriptome profiling of SCC indicated that the differential regulation of few specific, mostly uncharacterized transcripts is associated with the breakdown of self-incompatibility in 'Monreal'. Among them, a novel F-box gene showed a drastic up-regulation both in laser microdissected stylar canal cells and in self-pollinated whole styles with stigmas of 'Comune' in concomitance with the arrest of pollen tube growth. Moreover, we identify a non-characterized gene family as closely associated to the self-incompatibility genetic program activated in 'Comune'. Three different aspartic-acid rich (Asp-rich) protein genes, located in tandem in the clementine genome, were over-represented in the transcriptome of 'Comune'. These genes are tightly linked to a DELLA gene, previously found to be up-regulated in the self-incompatible genotype during pollen-pistil interaction. Conclusion The highly specific transcriptome survey of the stylar canal cells identified novel genes which have not been previously associated with self-pollen rejection in citrus and in other plant species. Bioinformatic and transcriptional analyses suggested that the mutation leading to self-compatibility in 'Monreal' affected the expression of non-homologous genes located in a restricted genome region. Also, we hypothesize that the Asp-rich protein genes may act as Ca2+ "entrapping" proteins, potentially regulating Ca2+ homeostasis during self-pollen recognition.

Interventional radiology presents nowadays a relevant role in the management of gynecological malignancies, especially in advanced stages where conventional surgery may be contraindicated. Progression to multiorgan failure may be related to cancer disease extension or, more acutely, to concomitant infections, bleedings or thromboembolic complications. Infiltration of adjacent organs, as ureters and biliary ducts, ascites and pelvic collections often occur in advanced stages: considering the clinical fragility of these patients, percutaneous procedures are frequently applied. Regarding hemorrhagic complications, bleeding may occur into the tumor itself, due to cancer tissue erosion and vessels infiltration, or may be related to iatrogenic vascular lesions consequent to surgery, mini-invasive procedures and chemoradiotherapy; embolization represents a bail-out treatment in both acute and chronic scenarios. Aim of this paper is to review interventional radiology procedures in patients affected by gynecological malignancies in advanced stages not suitable for surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]