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Zlatarica blatska je sorta vinove loze koju nalazimo gotovo isključivo na otoku Korčuli i čija je populacija danas kritično ugrožena. Reputacija sorte oduvijek je bila visoka, no zbog niže i neredovite rodnosti danas ju više ne nalazimo u proizvodnim nasadima. Da bi se sorta trajno zaštitila od izumiranja pokrenut je projekt njezine gospodarske revitalizacije uz financijsku potporu UNDP-a. Preduvjet za uvoðenje sorte u proizvodnju je provoðenje istraživanja stanja populacije, utvrðivanje njezinih bioloških i gospodarskih svojstava te stvaranje preduvjeta za daljnju reprodukciju. Provedena je inventarizacija uzgojnog područja Zlatarice blatske. Svi pronaðeni trsovi obilježeni su jedinstvenim kodom te je utvrðen njezin ampelografski profil metodom OIV deskriptora. Na uzorcima grožða i lićša provedena je filometrija, uvometrija, mehanička analiza grozdova i bobice te je uðtevnr o snovni k emijski s astav m ošta, a z a potrebe enološke evaluacije provedena je mikrovinifikacija i fizikalno-kemijska analiza. Utvrðen je zdravstveni status populacije Zlatarice blatske. Rezultati seroloških testova (ELISA - Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) pokazali su da su od pronaðenih trsova samo dva potpuno zdrava, odnosno nisu zaražena jednim od virusa GFLV, ArMV, GLRaV – tip 1 i tip 3. Obzirom na vrlo malu populaciju sorte i mali postotak zdravih trsova, uzete su reznice za proizvodnju sadnog materijala sa svih raspoloživih trsova, a sorta je uvedena i u kulturu tkiva radi bržeg razmnožavanja i ozdravljivanja još nekoliko genotipova.

Quality of four disease resistant table grape cultivars bred in Hungary (Lidi, Lilla, Palatina, Sarolta) was studied after storage in air at 0 °C for 4 weeks and one week at 21°C (simulated marketing period). Cultivar significantly affected all studied parameters (soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, electroconductivity (EC) and pH). However, storage affected only SSC and pH. Significant interaction between cultivar and storage was determined on SSC, EC and pH. Among studied cultivars, the most significant changes after storage were detected in Palatina (only TA remained unchanged) and Lidi remained practically unchanged (except in pH which decreased). Sensory analysis showed that significant differences among cultivars occurred in sugar/acid ratio, aroma, taste and general appearance. In spite of significant changes of quality parameters after storage, Palatina received the best marks from panelists. Future studies should be focused on optimizing postharvest technology for these resistant cultivars to preserve quality during storage.

At the beginning of the 20(th) century more than 400 grape varieties were under cultivation in Croatia. But because of introduced pests and pathogens, modern economic pressure and the changeover to internationally well-known varieties, a drastic germplasm erosion has occurred. During the last decade, a detailed inventory of wine-growing regions has shown that a lot of autochthonous varieties still can be found, but many of them are extremely rare and endangered. For their conservation collecting expeditions have been organized and in 2001 a national ex situ collection was established at the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb consisting nowadays of more than 140 native accessions. In addition, several regional (back-up) collections have been established to keep duplicates and enable economic evaluation under appropriate climatic conditions. Along with conservation efforts, a thorough amphelographic description and genetic fingerprinting of the varieties were carried out. So far, more than 100 varieties have been positively identified and genetically profiled according to the protocols of the EU project GrapeGen06. Consequently, their photos, descriptions and genetic profiles have been entered into the EU Vitis Database. Comparison of their microsatellite genotypes with those of international varieties showed most of them having unique genotypes supporting the hypothesis of their Croatian origin. Microsatellite analysis enabled clarification of synonyms and homonyms as well as analyses of parent-progeny relationships. In case of few neglected varieties a high quality potential was observed, and their economic revitalization has been started ('Malvasija dubrovacka', 'Crljenak kastelanski', 'Sansigot'). Clonal and sanitary selections of major native varieties ('Plavac mali', 'Posip', 'Zlahtina', 'Kraljevina', 'Skrlet', 'Plavina', 'Debit', 'Marstina', 'Vugava', 'Grk') also have been launched.'

Atlas je jedinstveno djelo koje na originalan način prikazuje razvoj vinogradarstva i vinarstva na prostorima Hrvatske. Vodi nas kroz povijesne mijene i prikazuje etnografske posebnosti života i rada s vinogradom i vinom naših krajeva. Upoznaje nas sa sortimentima važnijih podloga za vinovu lozu te vinskim i stolnim sortama. Vodi nas regionalnim putovima hrvatskih vinogradarskih prostora, prikazujući geološke, pedološke i druge okolinske uvjete uzgoja loze u kontinentalnoj i primorskoj Hrvatskoj. Prikazana je također i biologija loze s karakterističnim fiziološkim mijenama, tehnološke specifičnosti osnivanja i uzdržavanja vinograda, proizvodnje grožđa i loznog sadnog materijala. Prikazuju se i postupci primarne prerade grožđa, dorade i njege bijelih, ružičastih i crvenih vina standardne i predikatne kakvoće. Obrađeni su i hrvatskih narodni običaji ugrađeni u tradiciju življenja čovjeka u svom okružju.

Chemical composition, together with sensory analyses is one of the most important quality criteria for fruit products. In grape it is influenced by numerous factors such as maturity, variety, growing region and year. Grapevine has been grown in Croatia since ancient times, especially in the Dalmatian vine growing region where at the end of 19th century, it was possible to find several hundred cultivars, and most of them were considered to be autochthonous. So the aim of this study was to determine chemical and sensory characteristics of some autochthonous red wines and to investigate for the first time their antioxidative capacity. In the period from 2002-2005 in all tested wines basic chemical analysis, shikimic acid, total phenol content, anthocyanin profile and antioxidative capacity were done. Wines were also sensory tested by descriptive method. Wines made from Glavinuša variety had the highest alcohol content ranging from 14, 3 up to 15, 6 %vol. Glycerol and total phenol concentration was the highest in wines made from Dobričić variety. Marked variation was noted in individual anthocyanin content, with malvidin-3-monoglucoside as major compound in all analysed wines. All tested wines showed some variation in shikimic acid concentration ranging from 5 up to 17 g/l while the total phenol content was between 11393 and 3264 mg/l. Results indicate that all wines had well-marked antioxidative capacity and monomeric index showed some differences in monomeric and polymeric anthocyanin content between analysed wines ranging from 2 to 9. On the basis of sensory data all tested wines showed very good enological properties, especially wines from Dobričić and Rogoznička variety.

Prošek is the famous dessert wine from the coastal region of Croatia (Dalmatia). According to the wine legislation, high quality prošek is required to contain minimum 15 vol% of real alcohol and maximum 20 vol% of total alcohol. It can be produced exclusively from dried grapes without adding substances that would adjust the sugar or alcohol content. Traditionally, prošek was produced from the autochthonous varieties, most of which were neglected later on. This is why we lack scientific knowledge regarding the suitability of these varieties for the production of prošek. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and the sensory profile of prošek produced from autochthonous varieties such as Grk, Malvasija dubrovačka, Maraština, Pošip, Prč and Vugava (white varieties), as well as Babić, Glavinuša, Lasina, Plavina e Plavac mali (red varieties), harvested in 2005 and 2007. About 200 kg of grapes were harvested from each variety at full maturity, in typical wine-growing areas. After the harvest, the grapes were put in a ventilated glasshouse, where they underwent the drying process. Upon reaching the required dryness, the grapes were processed. At the end of the maturation and stabilization process, the wines were analysed using standardized physico-chemical methods. Content of real and total alcohol, total acidity, volatile acidity and extract were determined as well. A commission composed of 15 expert tasters performed the description of aromas in prošek and established whether the wines, based on their sensory profile, belonged to the category of high quality wines. On the basis of their opinion, the wines were ranked on the classification list. The varieties Malvasija dubrovačka bijela (white), Plavac mali and Babić showed the best sensory properties in both production years covered by the study. The aromatic composition of these varieties was richer and, aside from the aromas of dry fruit common in prošek, the varieties in question also contained aromas of fresh fruit (aromas of blackberry, sour cherry and plum were present in red varieties) and even flowers (Malvasija dubrovačka). Among the twenty prošek wines analysed, the majority of tasters agreed that ten of them could be included in the category of high quality wines. Nevertheless, according to the wine legislation, six of these ten wines could not be awarded the title of „high quality prošek“, because their real alcohol content is too low and/or their total alcohol content is too high. Therefore, the need arises to adjust the present wine legislation to this highly demanding wine production technology.

Traditional grapevine varieties have been arisen by spontaneous crosses centuries ago and their present populations are result of many generations of clonal propagation. Due to great multiplication over time and space the genotype of individual vines was exposed to spontaneous mutations. Consequently, varieties are not uniform but rather mixture of similar clones of different agronomic value. Conventional clonal selection is a long lasting procedure that aims to detect and propagate seldom vines that are from the perspective of winegrowing and market superior over the population. The problem: many of individual vines under selection have uniform genotype in spite of different phenotype. Several types of molecular markers have potential to detect genetic intravarietal variability and thus, enable breeders to detect unique mutant genotypes what can provide more rational clonal selection and clone identification tool. The clones resulting from individual clonal selection of two grape varieties (Plavac mali and Skrlet) have been analyzed in replicated trial for several agronomic traits. The contrast clones that showed significant differences in bunch size and yield per vine have been assessed by transposon-based markers that have been reported as very polymorphic and repeatable. Unexpectedly, in this study the level of genetic variability was rather low.

There is a large number of grapevine cultivars grown in Croatia. Most of them are considered to be autochthonous. Unfortunately, clonal selection of these cultivars has never been done and there is no planting material of adequate quality standards. As a first step in clonal selection, mass positive selection together with sanitary selection of 15 economically important cultivars has been started. In rpoceeding of genetic selection visual symptoms of the viruses have also been observed. Samples of dormant canes have been taken from vines with positive agronomic traits and no visible symptoms of virus infection. The presence of four economically important viruses was evaluated using ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay): two nepoviruses, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and two closteroviruses Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3). Survey of virus deseases in production vineyards of different vine-growing region of Croatia has disclosed the widespread presence of viruses and the number of non infected vines was rather low. This is true especially for the coastal region where it was not possible to find any healthy plant of certain cultivars. Although no visible symptoms were observed , it was not rear to detect multiple infections with two or even three viruses. Mostly spread virus in Dalmatia was GFLaV-3 with approximately 80% of vines infected. The situation is much better in northern region, where almost half analysed plants were healthy and most represented virus is GLRaV-1. The presence of both nepoviruses is rather low, especially ArMV (only 1% of vines infected) and somewhat higher of GFLV in Dalmatia.

Variability within cv. 'Plavac mali' in the preselection of clones is presented here. After the selection and evaluation of divergent vines at the original location (2-3 years), the majority of them were propagated in a homogeneous ex situ plantation (6 vines per mother vine). ELISA test was used to test 84 clonal lines for the presence of six viruses. Only two samples were negative, and the most frequent infection was with Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (91.9 %). Significant agronomic variability among the clonal lines of cv. 'Plavac mali' was also observed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was done in order to differentiate genotypes on the basis of nine agronomic properties. Two factors, PC1 and PC2, can be used to describe 64.80 % of total variability. Total phenolic content in the skin and seeds, as well as the total anthocyanins showed significant variability among 11 selected clonal lines, but also between the two years of research. The obtained results indicate a significant genetic variability within the cv. 'Plavac mali' and they justify further process of selection.

According to the scientific literature, the autochthonous varieties of grapevine Maraština, Glavinuša, Plavina and Lasina used to be the basis for the production of prošek, traditional Dalmatian dessert wine. The production of the famous wine has been neglected and recently the work on its revitalization has begun. With the objective of determining the suitability of the varieties mentioned above for this production technology, the studies were conducted in three production years (2005-2007). About 200 kg of grapes were harvested from each variety at full maturity, in typical wine-growing areas. Depending on the variety, the drying process lasted on average 15 – 20 days. Dried grapes were processed and the dessert wine, prošek was produced. The present study illustrates variations in the content of the acids most abundant in grapes (tartaric acid and malic acid) during the drying process, as well as their content in must, which represents one of the important factors of quality and organoleptic characteristics of the future dessert wine. The analysis of the composition of acids in grapes was conducted in three phases: during harvest, on partially dried grapes (7-10 days after the drying) and at the end of the drying process. Sugar in grapes was determined according to the areometric method (ºOe). Total acidity was determined using a titration method, pH value by pH-meter, while tartaric and malic acids were determined by liquid chromatography. In order to determine real, metabolic variations of the composition of acids (those which are not the consequence of the concentration of single compounds due to the dehydration of grapes), the acid content was expressed by comparing the measured concentrations of single acids to the concentration of sugar ((g/lxºOe-1)x100). During the drying process, all the varieties included in the study showed a decrease in their acid content. The largest average decrease in the three-year period was registered in the variety Lasina, while the smallest one was found in Glavinuša. The tartaric acid content in Lasina dropped by 61, 3% (from 7, 48 to 2, 90 (g/lxºOe-1)x100), while in Glavinuša it dropped by 45, 3% (from 5, 31 to 2, 91 (g/lxºOe-1)x100). All the varieties showed a slight decrease in the malic acid content ranging from the maximum of 40, 6% in the Lasina variety (from 1, 80 to 1, 09 (g/lxºOe-1)x100) to the minimum of 11, 8% (from 1, 07 to 0, 94 (g/lxºOe-1)x100) in the Glavinuša variety.

Kraljevina je hrvatska autohtona sorta vinove loze koja se pretežito uzgaja na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, a preporučena je sorta u podregiji Prigorje-Bilogora. Klonska selekcija Kraljevine započela je 2003. godine, a nakon provedene masovne pozitivne selekcije izdvojeni su genotipovi s najboljim karakteristikama. Pedeset klonskih kandidata testirano je ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) testom na prisutnost četiri gospodarski značajna, zakonom propisana virusa: GFLV (Grapevine fanleaf virus), ArMaV (Arabis mosaic virus), GLRaV-1 i GLRaV-3 (Grapevine leafroll virus 1 and 3). Analiza je bila negativna, odn. pokazala odsustvo virusa kod 28 uzoraka, a od toga je 20 uključeno u daljnji postupak selekcije. U 2004., 2005. i 2007. godini provedena je detaljna ampelografska evaluacija klonskih kandidata, koja je uključivala analizu mehaničkog sastava grozda i bobice, uvometrijska istraživanja, te prinos grožđa i kakvoću mošta. Rezultati su pokazali značajnu varijabilnost kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih svojstava promatranih matičnih trsova, kao što su prinos po trsu, sadržaj šećera, kiselina i pH vrijednosti mošta, te masa grozda i bobice tijekom trogodišnjih ispitivanja. To ukazuje na veliku unutarsortnu varijabilnost populacije cv. Kraljevina, a klonski kandidati koji su pokazali najbolje rezultate i najmanju oscilaciju između pojedinih godina istraživanja izdvojeni su kao najperspektivniji za konaţni cilj selekcije – prve klonove ove sorte.

Prošek je desertno kvalitetno ili desertno vrhunsko vino s kontroliranim zemljopisnim podrijetlom iz regije Primorska Hrvatska. Tradicionalna tehnologija proizvodnje podrazumijeva vinifikaciju grožđa sa visokim koncentracijama šečera što se postiņ e njegovim prosušivanjem. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike u brzini prosušivanja grožđa različitih sorata u ovisnosti o mehaničkom sastavu bobice, Istraživanje je provedeno na bijelim sortama, Pošip, Prć i Vugava te crnim, Babić, Glavinuša, Plavina i Plavac mali u tri proizvodne godine (2005. - 2007.). Grožđe je brano u punoj zrelosti u tipičnim područjima uzgoja pojedine sorte, bez truleži ili oštećenih bobica. Sušenje se provodilo u kontroliranim uvjetima u ventiliranom stakleniku. Dinamika sušenja praćena je svakih 7-10 dana. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su značajne razlike između sorata kako u brzini prosušivanja, tako i u odnosu prašenih parametara. UtvrŤena je pozitivna korelacija između mase bobice i brzine sušenja, te blaga negativna korelacija između postotnog udjela kožice u bobici i brzine sušenja. Najveća brzina sušenja utvrđena je kod sorata Vugava, Pošip, sorata s najvešim bobicama, a najduže se u prosjeku sušilo grožđe Glavinuše i Plavca malog.

Research for presence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) was conducted in 51 commercial vineyards in Dalmatian region included in mass positive clonal selection. Observed varieties were: Babica, Babic, Glavinusa, Grk, Ljutun, Marastina, Mladenka, Nincusa, Plavina, Plavac mali, Posip, Vlaska and Vugava. Detection of viruses was conducted using DAS-ELISA-test on cortical shavings taken from each individual plant included in investigation. Samples were collected during dormant period 2006 from main grape growing regions of each variety. The dominant virus was GLRaV-3 found in 885 of 1113 analyzed samples (79.52%) while incidence of GLRaV-1 was lower - found in 448 samples (40.25%). The infection rate with GLRaV-3 was: Babic 100%, Babica 100%, Glavinusa 100%, Grk 27.14%, Ljutun 100%, Marastina 79.55%, Mladenka 100%, Nincusa 100%, Plavac mali 68.31%, Plavina 25%, Posip 59, 22%, Vlaska 100% and Vugava 90.48%. The infection rate of GLRaV-1 was: Babic 4.08%, Babica 100%, Glavinusa 93.75%, Grk 0%, Ljutun 97.65%, Marastina 26.14%, Mladenka 35.00%, Nincusa 83.33%, Plavac mali 46.13%, Plavina 10%, Posip 39.81%, Vlaska 26.53% and Vugava 3.97%. In some varieties infection with both viruses was significant: Babica 100%, Ljutun 97.75%, Glavinusa 93.75%, while in other varieties was much more scarcer: Mladenka 35%, Plavac mali 30.28%, Vlaska 26.53%, Posip 24.27%, Nincusa 16.67%, Marastina 15.91%, Babic 4.08%, Vugava 3.18 %. In varieties Grk and Plavina same time infection with both viruses wasn't detected. Main symptoms of infection in form of downward rolling of leaves and earlier color changes was most evident on red berried cultivars in late summer and beginning of autumn, but latent infections were also frequent.

Due to mild Mediterranean climate grapevine is main woody culture grown for centuries in Kastela region, which resulted in accumulation of great number of different foreign and autochthonous grapevine varieties. Sanitary status of autochthonous cultivars from that region is practically unknown. The investigation had been induced by possibility that deteriorated sanitary status can cause lack of interest or even abandoning of certain autochthonous varieties. Survey was made in 11 commercial vineyards on total of 323 plants included in mass positive clonal selection. Autochthonous cultivars included in investigation were: Babica, Glavinusa, Ljutun, Mladenka, Nincusa and Vlaska. The samples were collected during autumn 2006 from each individual plant investigated. Each sample was represented by at least three well wooded cuttings taken from different basal parts of plant. The collected samples were tested on presence of five viruses using enzymatic-serological method ELISA: Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine virus A (GVA). From the same plants samples were taken during autumn 2007 and using ELISA-test the investigation was extended on two more viruses: Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 7 (GLRaV-7). The results revealed that all tested plants were infected with at least one of viruses tested. The most widespread virus was GLRaV-3 found in all analyzed samples (323), followed by GVA found in 265 (82.04%), GLRaV-1 found in 244 samples (75, 54%). Occurrence of other viruses were much more scarcer: GFLV in 84 samples (26, 01%), GFkV in 59 (18, 27%), ArMV in 46 (14, 24%). The presence of GLRaV-7 was not confirmed in any of analyzed samples. Obtained results showed very important roll of determination of sanitary status as a complement to the clonal selection. The restoring of acceptable health status of germplasm is the main prerequisite for objective evaluation of its productive and oenological potential. Finally, virus tested propagation material will be essential for the establishment of new vineyards.

Representative samples of old mother vines (30-140 years old) of cv. 'Plavac mali' (Vitis vinifera L.) have been collected from the whole Dalmatian area based on their phenotypic diversity. More than 100 samples were planted into a homogeneous plantation and characterised based on ampelographic characteristics in order to identify their agronomic variability. The most important agronomic traits were evaluated during two years of vegetation on 63 clonal lines (clone offspring of six vines from each selected vine) that were planted in the homogeneous vineyard (ex situ collection). Significant variability was observed in the yield components, dimensions of bunches (shape, density, length, width and mass), and composition of the must (sugar, total acidity, pH, total polyphenols and total anthocyanins). The results show a significant degree of variability of the agronomic traits of cv. 'Plavac mali' and the possibility of their improvement by individual clonal selection.

Vinova loza bez sumnje predstavlja jednu od gospodarski važnih kultura, pogotovo u našem priobalnom području. Ona bi bila značajno profitabilnija da bolesti ne smanjuju urode. Poznato je da na lozi parazitira veliki broj uzročnika bolesti među kojima su najzastupljeniji virusi (58), fitoplazme (8) te viroidi (5). Ovako velik broj intracelularnih patogena nije poznati niti kod jedne druge kulture. Budući da se radi o kulturi koja se razmnožava vegetativnim putem, virusne bolesti predstavljaju jedan od glavnih ograničavajućih čimbenika u proizvodnji sadnog materijala po europskim standardima. Osim smanjenja uroda u količini i kakvoći, virusi smanjuju i eksploatacijski vijek samih nasada. Oni mogu uzrokovati nepodudarnost između podloge i plemke, smanjuju sposobnost ukorjenjivanja reproduktivnog materijala, reduciraju otpornost na nepovoljne vanjske uvjete (prvenstveno hladnoću) itd. Zbog navedenih razloga i važnosti koju vinogradarska industrija ima u Hrvatskoj, virusima vinove treba posvetiti vrlo veliki značaj. U radu će biti prikazani rezultati istraživanja provedeni na 278 trsova sorte Plavac mali. Radi se o uzorcima uzetima sa svih važnijih uzgojnih područja Plavca malog: Vis, Hvar, Korčula i Pelješac. Na navedenim uzorcima provedeno je testiranje korištenjem enzimatsko-serološke metode (ELISA). Svi uzorci testirani su na prisutnost pet ekonomski značajnih virusa: virus mozaika gušarke (Arabis mosaic virus, ArMV), virus lepezastog lista vinove loze (Grapevine fanleaf virus, GFLV), virusu uvijenosti lista vinove loze pridruženi virus 1 (Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1, GLRaV-1), virusu uvijenosti lista vinove loze pridruženi virus 3 (Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3, GLRaV-3) te na A virus vinove loze (Grapevine virus A, GVA). Dobivenim rezultatima utvrđen je vrlo visoki stupanj zaraze. Po zastupljenosti prevladava GVA (prisutan u 78, 06% analiziranih uzoraka), a slijede ga GLRaV-3 (67, 99%), GLRaV-1 (46, 76%), GFLV (34, 53%), te ArMV (12, 95%). Kod 20 uzoraka (7, 19%) utvrđeno je da nisu zaraženi niti s jednim od navedenih virusa. Također utvrđen je vrlo visok stupanj istovremene zaraze s 3 ili više virusa (43, 89%), dok je kod 48, 92% uzoraka utvrđena zaraza sa samo jednim ili 2 virusa. Navedeni podaci ukazuju na veliku potrebu proizvodnje certificiranog sadnog materijala ove sorte, kojeg za sada još uvijek nema na našem tržištu.

Sve sorte vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.) osjetljive su prema plamenjači (Plasmopara viticola) i pepelnici (Erysiphe necator), te je pri njihovom uzgoju neophodna redovita upotreba fungicida. Kako su plamenjača i pepelnica podrijetlom s američkog kontinenta, nositelj gena otpornosti na rečene gljivične bolesti su najčešće američke vrste roda Vitis. Međuvrsnom hibridizacijom stvorene su mnogobrojne sorte, međutim prve generacije križanaca bile su vrlo loše kakvoće, te je njihov uzgoj za proizvodnju kvalitetnih vina u Europi bio dugo zabranjen. Dugotrajnim povratnim križanjima od njih su dobivene sorte koje se po svojim gospodarskim karakteristikama i senzornim svojstvima vina mogu usporediti sa sortama europske loze. Sorte Liza, Merzling, Bianca i Regent potomci su međuvrsnih križanja, očituju značajnu otpornost prema plamenjači i pepelnici, a zbog svoje dobre kakvoće uvršteni su u nekim vinogradarskim područjima Europe kao preporučeni kultivari. Da bi se vino ovih sorata smjelo uključiti u sustav zaštite geografskog podrijetla u Republici Hrvatskoj, nužno ih je uvrstiti na nacionalnu listu priznatih sorata, na kojoj se za sada ne nalazi niti jedna sorta s otpornošću prema gljivičnim bolestima. Stoga je cilj ovoga rada utvrditi biološka i neka gospodarska svojstva ovih sorata u uvjetima Zagrebačkog vinogorja, kao preduvjet za njihovo uvrštavanje na nacionalnu listu priznatih sorata vinove loze. U radu je dan detaljan ampelografski opis metodom OIVdeskriptora, te je utvrđen mehanički sastav grozda i bobice, rodnost, kakvoća mošta i otpornost prema gljivičnim bolestima. Utvrđeno je da su, obzirom na randman, sve sorte tipično vinske, sa velikim udjelom mesa u odnosu na čvrsti ostatak. Grozd im je malen, srednje zbijen (Regent, Liza, Bianka), odnosno jako zbijen (Merzling). Najslabiju rodnost pokazala je sorta Regent, kod koje je u prosjeku utvrđeno manje od jedan grozd po mladici, dok su preostale tri sorte pokazale višu rodnost. U svim godinama istraživanja sorte su pokazale vrlo dobru kakvoću, kako sadržajem šećera, tako i ukupnom kiselošću. Očitovale su također visoku otpornost prema gljivičnim bolestima, te je bez redovite zaštite fungicidima zaraženost i razina oštećenja bila niska. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da se radi o sortama interesantnim za područje Zagrebačkog vinogorja te ih stoga valja nastaviti pratiti, te podignuti pilot nasad na većoj površini.

Malvasija dubrovačka je jedna od najkvalitetnijih južnih bijelih sorti u Hrvatskoj i zaslužuje najveću stručnu pozornost. Iako su proizvodnja grožđa i vinifikacija zahtjevniji nego kod većine drugih sorata, izuzetan kvalitativni potencijal čini je i gospodarski vrlo interesantnom. Ponajprije u proizvodnji desertnih vina (prošeka), ali i vina iz redovite berbe. Osim za svoje matično vinogorje (Konavosko), interesantna je sorta i za druga područja sličnih ekoloških karakteristika. U svim godinama provedbe projekta rezultati su potvrdili visoku reputaciju sorte i opravdali visoke zahtjeve i ciljeve postavljene pred projekt. Kao najvažniji možemo istaći da je sorta u potpunosti spašena od daljnjeg propadanja, te da će u slijedećim godinama ponovo zauzeti mjesto koje je u prošlosti imala – čuvena i najkvalitetnija dubrovačka vina proizvode se od ove sorte.

Sorte vinove loze često imaju više imena (sinonima), pa bez sustavnog istraživanja nije moguće pouzdano utvrditi njihov stvarni broj. Iz tog su razloga primke u kolekciji autohtonih sorata Beretinjok s otoka Visa te Topol s otoka Paga smatrane različitim sortama, a razlog je njihova relativno mala rasprostranjenost, te prostorna izoliranost. Tijekom primarne ampelografske analize klasičnom metodom, putem OIV deskriptora uočena je fenotipska sličnost između tih dviju sorata, te je pretpostavljeno da se radi o sinonimima. Iz tog je razloga provedena genetička identifikacija uz pomoć mikrosatelitskih, SSR markera, koja je dokazala da su Beretinjok i Topol sinonimi za isti genotip.

Program klonske selekcije vinove loze cv. Škrlet bijeli započeo je god 2000. i na temelju vizualnog izgleda trsa, njegovog zdravstvenog stanja i organoleptičkih svojstava odabrano je 80 klonskih kandidata. U razdoblju 2001. - 2004. postupno su podizana dva kolekcijska nasada klonskih kandidata metodom cijepljenja "zeleno na zeleno", i to na lokaciji Popovača (kolekcija br. 1, podloga Kober 5BB) gdje je svaki klonski kandidat zastupljen sa po četiri trsa i Kutina (kolekcija br. 2, podloga SO4) gdje je svaki klonski kandidat zastupljen sa 5 trsova. Zdravstveno stanje klonskih kandidata provjereno je ELISA-testom na 4 značajna virusa (LRV-1, LRV-3, ArMV i GFLV) te je utvrđeno da 7 klonskih kandidata nije zaraženo testiranim virusima. Zbog sukcesivnog podizanja ovih nasada i postupnog dolaska u rod , u 2003. i 2004. go. gospodarska svojstva su analizirana na prosječnom uzorku grožđa u svakoj kolekciji. Ulaskom u puni rod u 2005. i 2006. god. deteljno je analizirano 10 klonskih kandidata na način da su mjerenja vršena pojedinačno na svakom trsu u obje kolekcije klonskih kandidata. Analizirana su najvažnija gospodarska (urod po trsu (kg), broj grozdova na trsu, sadržaj šećera (Oe) i količina ukupnih kiselina (g/l)) i ampelografska svojstva (masa grozda (g), dužina (mm) i širina grozda (mm)). Utvrđene su razlike između klonskih kandidata u pojedinim svojstvima međutim izostala je kontinuiranost ekspresije praćenih svojstava kroz vrijeme te je potrebno nastaviti istraživanje.

At the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century in Croatia were, according some literature data, more than 400 grape varieties. Unfortunately, because of many reasons (introduced pests and pathogens, modern economic pressure and introduction of world well known cultivars), drastic erosion of autochthonous cultivars has occurred. In last decade, many efforts in the preservation of grapevine biodiversity in Croatia have undertaken. Detail inventarisation of vine-growing regions in Croatia has shown that lot of autochthonous cultivars still can be found, but many of them are endangered and for a long time neglected. To preserve them against the extinguishing, we have established since 2001 national ex situ collection at the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb, where we have collected about 100 autochthonous accessions so far. Besides, we started to build few regional collections, to save duplicates and enable their economic evaluation in appropriate climatic conditions. Besides multiplication and planting into collection, amphelographic description (OIV descriptors) and genetic analyses (at least 6 core SSR loci) of cultivars have been carrying out. So far, about 60 cultivars have known genetic profile, and all others are in the progress. Comparison of the microsatellite genotypes of the analyzed cultivars with international varieties shows that most of them have unique genotype which supports hypothesis they are Croatian autochthonous cultivars. In few cases microsatelites were also useful in clarification of synonym and homonym questions as well as parent/progeny relationships. All this data, along with photos from different plant parts, are supposed to be entered in the electronic database. We have observed a high quality potential in case of some neglected cultivars, and we started economic revitalization for few most promising (Malvasija dubrovačka, Crljenak kaštelanski). Beside that, we started with clonal and sanitary selection in case of most important native varieties (Plavac mali, Pošip, Babić, Žlahtina, Kraljevina, Škrlet, Plavina, Debit, Maraština, Vugava).

Among 48 cultivars holding the „ Malvasia“ name listed in the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/vitis.htm) there are also two cultivated in Croatia – „ Malvazija istarska“ and „ Malvasia dubrovačka“ . Since recently it is known that Malvasia dubrovacka is not a unique local cultivar (genotype) but the member of the synonym group which is scattered across the Mediterranean and even at the Atlantic islands (Malvasia delle Lipari, Malvasia di Sardegna, Malvasia de Sitges, Malvasia de Tenerife, ...) (Crespan et al., 2006). So far, Malvazija istarska seems to be a unique genotype spread only in the area of peninsula Istria and north-east of Italy. According to Boursiquot et al. (2007), the real number of Malvasia cultivars is not so large as it used to be believed, i.e. they found that several so called Malvasia cultivars are synonyms of already well known cultivars. Taking into account the historical fact that „ Malvasia wine“ used to be exported from Greece to Venice for centuries and an assumption that the name „ Malvasia“ has Greek origin (according to medieval city Monemvasia), as well as the fact that by vegetative propagation cultivars can be easily disseminated and preserved over the space and time we have hypothesized that Croatian Malvasias might still be grown (under different names) in Greece or some other places along the historical naval routs. We have used an opportunity to participate in the sailing expedition „ Malvasia Mediterranea 2005“ (http://www.malvasia-mediterranea.com/) to explore and sample the tissue for DNA of the cultivars along the eastern coast of Adriatic and Ionian Sea, and south of Peloponnesus. Twenty-eight grapevine samples from Greece (islands and hinterland), more than 30 from Croatia, and several from Italian coastal regions that used to be on the ancient naval routs from Monemvasia to Venice, have been assessed by genomic DNA SSR markers and analyzed in term of genetic similarity. Similarly as in several previous studies we have found a weak relationship of actual Greek cultivars with Croatian and Italian ones. We have found only one original genotype that is nowadays present in Greece, Italy and Croatia under three different names (synonyms), Pavlos, Malvasia lunga (M. del Chianti) and Maraština, respectively.

Borgonja crna is grapevine cultivar (variety) grown in Croatia only on peninsula Istria (north Croatian coast) and has regional importance. Borgonja crna has superior quality in comparison to the other black grapevine cultivars grown in that region. All the available literature data suggests that Borgonja and Gamay noir (Gamay Beaujoilais) could be synonyms for the same variety. This assumption is based on the similarity of phenotype. For that reason even producers started to plant Gamay noir due to the lack of planting material of Borgonja crna. The aim of this work was to examine whether the Borgonja crna and Gamay noir are identical or two different cultivars. In the year 2004 various ampelographic and genetic analyzes were conducted. As a part of ampelographic analysis selected OIV descriptors, uvometry and philometry were applied. Jung leaves from the selected vines were collected, liophilised and DNA extraction was performed according to Doyle and Doyle (Focus, 1990.). Microsatellite markers (SSR) were chosen for plant genotyping. According to the project GENRES 081, 6 core SSR loci and three additional were used. The results shown that, although morphological similar, Borgonja crna and Gamay Beaujolais have different genetic profiles and cannot be considered as synonyms.

According some literature data, at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century, there were more than 400 grape varieties in Croatia. Unfortunately, because of many reasons (introduced pests and pathogens, modern economic pressure and introduction of world well known cultivars), drastic erosion of autochthonous cultivars has occurred. In last decade, many efforts in the preservation of grapevine biodiversity in Croatia have undertaken. Detail inventarisation of vine-growing regions in Croatia has shown that lot of autochthonous cultivars still can be found, but many of them are endangered and for a long time neglected. To preserve them against the extinguishing, we have established since 2001 national ex situ collection at the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb, where we have collected 93 autochthonous accessions so far. Besides, we started to build few regional collections, to save duplicates and enable their economic evaluation in appropriate climatic conditions. Along with the multiplication into collection, amphelographic description (OIV descriptors) and genetic analyses (at least 6 core SSR loci) of cultivars have been carrying out. So far, 57 cultivars have known genetic profile, and additional 19 are in the progress. Comparison of the microsatellite genotypes of the analyzed cultivars with international varieties shows that most of them has unique genotype which supports hypothesis they are Croatian autochthonous cultivars. In few cases microsatelites were also useful in clarification of synonym and homonym questions as well as parent/progeny relationships. All this data, along with photos from different plant parts, are supposed to be entered in the electronic database. We have observed a high quality potential in case of some neglected cultivars, and we started economic revitalization for few most promising. Along with that, we started their clonal and sanitary selection.

Previously believed to be distinct cultivars Malvasia delle Lipari, Malvasia di Sardegna, Greco di Gerace (Italy), Malvasia de Sitges (Spain) and Malvasia dubrovačka (Croatia) displayed an identical molecular profile when analyzed by 15 SSR markers. Ampelographic comparison supports the genetic analysis indicating that they are all the same variety ; they do not differ in any important morphological trait. This genotype is scattered all over the Mediterranean area and as far as the Canaries and Madeira. Historical investigation indicates that the genotype has has been imported from Greece. However, so far, the search in Greek databases has produced no useful results to confirm this theory. Allele frequency comparison among cultivars from Greece, Croatia, Italy, Spain and Portugal showed that none of these countries can be pinpointed as the "home country" of this genotype.

Due to clonal propagation, longevity and conservative attitude of wine makers and consumers in term of cultivar importance for wine uniqueness and quality, some of the present cultivars can be very old. Place of origin and dissemination routes for many cultivars are still mistery, especially in the Mediterranean. It is commonly believed that viticulture on the Eastern Adriatic coast is founded by ancient Greeks. Some of the present cultivars (e.g. 'Grk', 'Malvasia', 'Cipar') have names pointing to Greece as the possible place of their origin. Centuries of very alive trade along naval routes from Greece, via Dubrovnik, Dalmatian islands towards Venice and vice versa, make cultivar exchange as very likely. By the aid of SSR markers it is possible to study genetic relatedness among cultivars from different areas and to test the hypotheses on cultivar origin, i.e. to discover synonyms, closely related cultivars and in some cases even parentage. Approximately 30 Croatian and 30 Greek cultivars so far ungenotyped, being cultivated in the area along the ancient and middle age naval routes (islands and coast line), were screened by 10 SSR markers in order to check their genetic relatedness. Genotypes, genetic similarity indices and allele frequencies do not reveal any close genetic relative among two analyzed sets of cultivars.

Malvasia delle Lipari, Malvasia di Sardegna, Greco di Gerace (Italy), Malvasia de Sitges (Spain) and Malvasia dubrovacka (Croatia) were so far believed to be different varieties. Nevertheless, they show the same simple sequence repeat (SSR) profile (15 loci) ; furthermore, morphological comparison among them brings to the same conclusion, i.e. they are synonyms of the same variety. This Malvasia variety spread by sea reaching islands or historicaly important Mediterranean Sea shores, moving even beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. Nowadays, it is limited to small areas, giving little wine production. The results of this work together with historical research showed that this genotype is a very ancient variety, with a high probability to be one of the oldest Malvasia cultivars scattered by Venetians during their trades in Malvasia wines in the Middle Ages or even earlier.

The uniqueness and quality of wine is mostly determined by the grape variety the wine is made of. A grape “ variety” (also called cultivar) is a population of vines that are characterized by uniform and specific traits of the grape in term of shape, size, color and quality giving always almost the same quality and character of its wine. Varieties are maintaining through vegetative propagation (by cuttings), which assures the same appearance and quality of grape in the proceeding generation. Thanks to this property, original (autochthonous) grape varieties can be spread through the space and time, but keeping its original genetic code unchanged for centuries. Modern methods of molecular genetics (DNA fingerprinting technology) are powerful tool that enables discovering the genetic relationships among grape cultivars grown in different geographic areas and tracing back cultivars disseminated by ancient colonizers to the place of origin. It is broadly accepted hypothesis that “ famous Greek middle-age wine called Malmsey” (sweet white wine, with pronounced aroma and alcohol content) was massively exported from Peloponnesus by Venetians in north Europe during the middle age, and that it was distributed in Europe under the name “ Malvasia” . It is the fact that today there are more then 40 grape cultivars that carry the name (or part of the name) “ Malvasia” which are grown in different Mediterranean countries (Croatia, Italy, Portugal, Spain) but not in Greece. In Croatia, there are two “ Malvasia” cultivars: (1) “ Malvasia Dubrovacka” , grown for centuries in the vicinity of Dubrovnik city, and (2) “ Malvazija Istarska” , grown on the peninsula Istria. Malvazija Istarska is a white variety that gives high quality wines (but generally not sweet ones) with neither not pronounced aroma nor high alcohol content. Nevertheless, with more than 10 millions vines grown in Istria it is probably among most spread Malvasia varieties in Europe. Cultivar Malvasia Dubrovacka has very small population and it is grown on very restricted area. However, there are several written documents testifying its cultivation before 14th century. It can give sweet aromatic wines of very high alcohol content. Our very recent research confirmed that Malvasia Dubrovacka has the same genetic profile as Malvasia delle Lipari, Malvasia di Sardegna, Greco di Gerace (Italy), Malvasia de Sitges (Spain) and Malvasia de Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain). This means all these varieties are descents of the same original vine, i.e. the same variety. This is the first scientific evidence of one Malvasia cultivar (with different local names) being grown in several different countries. We are still looking for its synonym in the Greece.

Diase Ausstellung ist ein Teil der kroatischen, die wir unseren Freunden aus Osterreich mit vielLiebe darbieten.Viel Muhe und Arbeit liegenhinter jedem von diesen Kasen und Weinen. Unsere Produkte sind nicht nur ein Versuch, Euch den Duft und Geschmack von Mediterran und desInneren Kroatiens zu ubertragen, sondern sind auch ein kleines Zeichen unserer Voriebe fur Osterreic

Kolekcija od ukupno 80 klonskih kandidata autohtone sorte Škrlet bijeli odabranih na području Moslavine i Banovine sukcesivno je podizana na dvije lokacije u razdoblju od 2001.-2004., metodom cijepljenja "zeleno na zeleno". Prosj. urod po trsu, broj grozdova na trsu, postotni udio sladora i količina ukupnih kiselina analizirana su god. 2003. i 2004. za 35 kandidata na lokaciji br. 2. ELISA-testom utvđena je odsutnost virusa kod osam klonskih kandidata. Za pojedine kandidate je uočeno ponavljanje svojstava, no bezvirusni klonski kandidati nisu nužno ispoljavali kontinuiranost svojstava.

Economically important Croatian native varieties have to undergo clonal selection in order to be preserved and prepared for modern plant material production. Otherwise, they will be pushed out from the national cultivar list by selected foreign cultivars. Clonal selection of native cultivars has to be done by Croatian institutes, which all together have basic infrastructure (equipment and knowledge). However, due to lack of tradition, co-operation with foreign (EU) institutes is essential. National strategy and system of certified plant material production, based on real need capacities and future forecasts, has to be designed. In order to help in creation such program, we suppose the most effective way could be organisation of an international workshop with participation of relevant domestic and foreign experts, government administration and nursery experts.

Cv. Zinfandel po rasprostranjenosti je druga crna sorta u sortimentu Kalifornije. Raniji rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na mogućnost hrvatskog podrijetla Zinfandela. Genotip Zinfandela nađen je u tragovima u vinogradima u području Kaštela i determiniran kao Crljenak kaštelanski, a nedavno i u zaleđu Omiša pod imenom Pribidrag. Petnaest sorti vinove loze koje dobro reprezentiraju sortiment Dalmacije analizirano je na 15-25 SSR lokusa i za njih je izračunata frekvencija alela. Osim analize mikrosatelitske genomske DNA, analizirana su i tri lokusa kloroplastne DNA. Roditeljska analiza metodom kumulativne vjerojatnosti signifikantno je potvrdila Zinfandel kao roditelja najvažnijoj hrvatskoj autohtonoj sorti Plavcu malom. Četiri druge autohtone sorte (Grk, Plavina, Vranac i Crljenak viški) u tijesnom su srodstvu sa Zinfandelom, tj. svaka od njih je mogući njegov ili roditelj ili potomak. Utvrđen veliki broj srodnika s Plavcem malim pokazatelj je kako je u bližoj prošlosti ova sorta sudjelovala u brojnim spontanim križanjima koja si dala veći broj sorti. Slična srodstvena upletenost Zinfandela upućuje na pretpostavku da je i tj genotip u prošlosti bio važna i rasprostranjena sorta. Analiza frekvencije alela na sedam zajedničkih SSR alela za četiri skupine sorti, hrvatskih, grčkih i talijanskih od po 30 sorti, kao i skupine od preko 300 svjetskih sorti (UC database) također pokazuje da je frekvencija alela koje ima Zinfandel signifikantno veća u skupini hrvatskih sorti. Ovi podaci dodatno upućuju na Dalmaciju kao mjesto gdje je Zinfandel nastao. Vezano uz istraživanje varijabilnosti kloroplastnog genoma koji je općenito manje polimorfan i može ukazati na majčinske veze utvrđena su samo dva haplotipa. Zinfandel dijeli isti haplotip sa sortama Grk i Plavina, a različit imaju Plavac mali, Crljenak viški i Vranac. Ovo znači da su cv. Grk i Plavina ili potencijalni majčinski roditelji za Zinfandel ili su njegovi sjemenjaci.

In most wine growing countries of the world organic viticulture is now becoming more and more important. Unfortuately, despite of the favorable ecological conditions, this is not the case in Croatia. One of the main reasons for that is the insufficient knowledge and experience of the producers and customers. In oreder to contribute to the wider spreading of organic viticulture the project "Organic viticulture on the family farms" has been started in 1999. with the support of the Ministry of agriculture and forestry. The main objective of the project is to test suitability of organic production in different viticulture climatic regions in Croatia, through the comparision with usually used production technology. Three farms has been chosen and the technology of production has been defined separately for organic and conventional production (plant, protection, soil preparation, cover cropping, nutrition...). The influence of each variant on the level of the diseases damages, yield, chemical composition of most and wine as well as sensorial properties of the wine has been observed. In this paper we are presenting the results of the three years of the conversion to the organic viticulture. Although in such a short period of time the creation of the stable and harmonious organic system could not been obtained yet, first results show: - the major difference between organic and conventional production has been observed in the efficiency of the used plant protection production products. In the 1999. due to the very humid condition, the higher level of damages has been observed in organic variant. As we have expected, the problem has been much more distinct in the continental region. In the 2000, extremly dry year, there was no significant difference in any climatic region considering diseases damages, wich means that the product permitted organic production were efficient enough for such a level of infection. - the higher yield obtained in conventional variant of some family farms were consequence for the losses in organic variant caused by the fungal diseases. There was no differences observed in chemical composition of most and wine, as well as sensorial properties of the wine from conventional and organic variant, no matter of climatic region.

Zinfandel is the second most important red wine grape cultivar of California in terms of both, the planted acreage and production of wine. It has been speculated that Croatia might be the original home of this important variety. This research was undertaken with the aim of investigating the relatedness between Plavac mali, the major red variety of Dalmatia, and Zinfandel using DNA profiling and microsatellite markers. Microsatellite profiles were obtained for 14 Dalmatian varieties and Zinfandel at 25 polymorphic loci. The results support a parent or offspring relationship between Zinfandel and the Dalmatian cultivars Grk, Plavina and Vranac. Furthermore, they confirm that Plavac mali, the most important red wine cultivar of Croatia, is a progeny of the cross between another Croatian cultivar, Dobričić, and Zinfandel. These findings strongly support the Dalmatian origin of Zinfandel, despite the presence of the same cultivar in Italy under the name Primitivo. The performed likelihood analysis supports the genetic findings to a very high degree of probability.

Due to great differences in climate and soil conditions, Croatia in spite of its small geographical size has many wine-growing regions where plenty of autochthonous wine grape cultivars arisen. In the past these cultivars were of important economic value, and some of them retained importance until now, especially in Dalmatia. During the history wine grape was propagated vegetatively by cuttings, which occasionally were taken from one region and introduced in another, disregarding the cultivar name. In new place the cultivar got the new name, or existing name was alternated in accordance with local dialect. This is especially true for Dalmatia where considerable dialectal differences might have been caused by many islands and coast indentedness. The result is the existence of great number of homonyms as well as synonyms in the names of cultivars. Due to the lack of ampelographic collection vineyards, it was not possible to reliably verify these homonyms and synonyms. Consequently, the real number of cultivars and their "true to type" has not been known. The goal of this research is the survey of several groups and pairs of potential homonyms and synonyms by means of RAPD markers. This should be a new contribution to more real estimation of the total number of autochthonous cultivars widespread over the territory of Croatia. Groups are established on the basis of lexical similarities in the names of cultivars, as well as on the basis of ampelographic similarities and differences among phenotype of particular cultivars. On the basis of RAPD analysis of previously presumed as identical, the difference between genetic profiles of cv. Glavanjuša and cv. Glavinuša is revealed. Two phenotypically different accessions bearing the same name, Gustopupica, are proved to have different genetic profile. However, out of four phenotypically different accessions with the name Dišeća ranina, three had the same genetic profile but the fourth one was different. Results for this and another several groups will be presented at the poster and could be of high importance in germplasm collecting and production of propagation material.

Unatoč povoljnim okolinskim uvjetima, ekološka proizvodnja u vinogradarstvu Hrvatske slabo je zastupljena. Jedna od važnih prepreka širem prihvaćanju ovakvog načina proizvodnje je i nedostatak praktičnih iskustava u konkretnim uvjetima naših vinogradarskih područja. S ciljem procjene prikladnosti ovakvog načina uzgoja postavljen je pokus na tri lokacije u različitim klimatskim zonama RH: Istra, Međimurje, sjeverna Dalmacija. Na odabranim obiteljskim gospodarstvima postavljen je pokus u dvije varijante, odnosno utvrđena je tehnologija proizvodnje prema smjernicama za ekološku proizvodnju, a za usporedbu poslužio je do tada uobičajeni (konvencionalni) uzgoj i proizvodnja grožđa i vina. Uz pregled posebnih mjera i postupaka u ekološkom uzgoju vinove loze, u ovom radu prikazani su pokazatelji prinosa grožđa i kakvoće mošta i vina prve tri godine nakon prijelaza na ekološki uzgoj. Najveća razlika između ekološke i konvencionalne varijante utvrđene su u djelotvornosti dopuštenih sredstava za zaštitu od gljivičnih bolesti. U izrazito humidnim godinama štete od bolesti uzrokovale su gubitak dijela prinosa u ekološkom uzgoju, a problem je bio naročito izražen u Međimurju. U klimatski povoljnijim godinama nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u prinosu između ovih dviju varijanti pokusa niti na jednom obiteljskom gospodarstvu. Rezultati provedenih fizikalno-kemijskih analize mošta i vina pokazali su da razlike u postupcima uzgoja vinove loze i proizvodnji vina nisu bitno utjecale na kakvoću.

Unatoč brojnim teškoćama i nepovoljnim uvjetima za razvoj hrvatskog vinogradarstva u posljednjih 100 godina, još uvijek se može pronaći veliki broj autohtonih sorata. Neke od njih su gospodarski značajne i vrlo važne za hrvatsko vinogradarstvo, ali je veliki broj njih ugrožen, odn. postoji opasnost da uskoro nestanu. Aktivnosti poduzete u posljednjih nekoliko godina imaju za cilj ampelografski i genetički obraditi sve hrvatske autohtone sorte, te ih kolekcionirati. Na taj bi se način one spasile od daljnjeg propadanja, utvrdio bi se njihov točan broj i kompletirala službena sortna lista, te utvrdile veze između njih i drugih svjetskih sorata. Pored toga, dosadašnji rezultati upućuju na visoki kvalitativni potencijal nekih danas zanemarenih autohtonih sorata, pa smatramo da će ove aktivnosti potaknuti njihovu gospodarsku revitalizaciju i ponovno uključivanje u proizvodne nasade. Sve veća potražnja za originalnim i autohtonim proizvodima velika je prilika i za hrvatske autohtone sorte.

Zinfandel is one of America’ s most important red wine grapes. In the years 2000 and 2001, it took the second place behind Cabernet Sauvignon, in terms of planted area and percentage of total crushed crop in California, respectively. This project was undertaken in order to confirm, using microsatellite profiling and ampelography, that Zinfandel originates in Croatia as well as to characterize about 15 autochthonous (Grk, Barjanka, Bratkovina, Cetinka, Plavina etc… ) Croatian grape varieties. Microsatellite profiles were obtained for all varieties at 25 polymorphic loci. The results support a parent or offspring relationship between Zinfandel and the Dalmatian cultivars Grk, Plavina and Vranac. Furthermore, they confirm that Plavac mali, the most important red wine cultivar of Croatia, is a progeny of the cross between another Croatian cultivar, Dobričić, and Zinfandel. These findings strongly support the Dalmatian origin of Zinfandel, despite the presence of the same cultivar in Italy under the name Primitivo. The performed likelihood analysis supports the genetic findings to a very high degree of probability. With the available allele frequency data at 20 SSR loci, a comparison of Zinfandel allele frequencies in a subgroup of Croatian cultivars (n = 17) and the UC Davis database (n > 300), containing cultivars grown all over the world, was performed. At all but five loci, Zinfandel alleles were more frequent in the Croatian gene pool than in the UC Davis database. We hypothesize that Zinfandel was widely grown in Dalmatia in the past but was eradicated due to pest/disease and gradually replaced by genetically more resistant offspring, Plavac mali. It is important to stress the usefulness of microsatellite profiling in conservation biology and in preservation of more than 100 unique Vitis vinifera L. genotypes present in Croatia today.

Na otoku Korčuli nekada jeu sortimentu vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.) bilo poznato više od 60 kultivara. Danas je taj broj znatno manji, a vinogradarska proizvodnja temelji se na svega desetak sorata, dok su sve ostale u izumiranju. Neke su od njih ampelografski obrađene, a određeni broj podvrgnut je analizi DNA. Na taj su način utvrđeni roditelji, a ujedno je potvrđena i njihova otočka autohtonost. U članku su navedene sve ampelografske značajke najvažnijih kultivara otoka Korčule

Unatoč povoljnim okolinskim uvjetima, ekološka proizvodnja u vinogradarstvu Hrvatske vrlo je slabo zastupljena. Jedna od važnih prepreka širem prihvaćanju ovakovog načina proizvodnje je i nedostatak praktičnih iskustava u konkretnim uvjetima naših vinogradarskih područja. S ciljem procjene prikladnosti ovakovog načina uzgoja postavljen je pokus na tri lokacije u različitim klimatskim zonama RH: Istra, Međimurje, sjeverna Dalmacija. Na odabranim obiteljskim gospodarstvima postavljen je pokus u dvije varijante, odnosno utvrđena je tehnologija proizvodnje prema smjernicama za ekološku proizvodnju, a kao komaparacija poslužila je do tada uobičajena (konvencionalna) proizvodnja grožđa i vina. Uz pregled specifičnih mjera i postupaka u ekološkom uzgoju vinove loze, u ovom radu prikazani su pokazatelji prinosa grožđa i kakvoće mošta i vina u prve tri godine nakon prijelaza na ekološku proizvodnju. Najveća razlika između ekološke i konvencionalne varijante utvrđene su u efikasnosti dopuštenih sredstava za zaštitu od gljivičnih bolesti. U izrazito humidnim godinama štete od bolesti uzrokovale su gubitak dijela prinosa u ekološkoj varijanti, a problem je bio naročito izražen u Međimurju. U klimatski povoljnijim godinama nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u prinosu između ovih dviju varijanti pokusa niti na jednom obiteljskom gospodarstvu. Rezultati provedenih fizikalno-kemijskih analiza mošta i vina pokazali su da razlike u tehnologiji uzgoja vinove loze i proizvodnji vina nisu bitno utjecale na kakvoću

There are many old varieties present in Istria (Croatia) that haven't been ampelographically characterized yet and which are know under the different synonymous. One of them is Hrvatica, the old variety also known as Croatina, Crovattina, Crevatizza, Carbonera and etc. We have collected the ampelographic characteristics of Hrvatica and upon them, we tried to determinate the similarity with other varieties, using the isoenzymatic and DNA analysis, too. Ampelography has been done including 43 characteristics from OIV descriptor list. Main phenological stages werw also recorded. Ten mature leaves were used for pjilometry, ten aerage grapes were measured uvometrical and the chemical analysis of the must was done. Isoenzymatic analysis was carried out for two isoenzymativ codes (GPI and PGM) and DNA analysis was also done on the nine SSR loci. As to the ampelographic data we concluded that Hrvatica could be, in terms of economy, an important variety. Based on the ampelographic, isoenzymatic and DNA analysis it was confirmed that it differs from the variety Croatina.

Sažetak: skeniran u osobnoj arhivi!

S ciljem utvrđivanja optimalnog vremena gonojidbe, odnosno pojedinih hraniva i njihova utjcaja na prirod i kakvoću cv. Plavac mali (V. vinifera L.) postavljen je u pokus krškim uvjetima Blatskog polja na Korčuli. Pokus je postavljen po slučajnom rasporedu s pet varijanti u pet ponavljanja. Varijante su slijedeće. K - bez gnojidbe A - 500 kg/ha NPK (7:14:21) u jesen B - 500 kg/ha NPK (7:14:21)+100 kg superfosfata (16%) u jesen C - 500 kg/ha NPK (7:14:21) +100 kg superfosfata (16%) u proljećež D - 500 kg/ha NPK (7:14:21) +100 kg superfosfata (16% + 100 kg/ha KAN (27%) u proljeće. Tijekom istraživanja (1988-1997) najveći prosječni prinos grožđa po trsu dobiven je u varijanti D (2, 16 kg), a najniži u varijanti K (1, 59 kg). Koncentacija sladora od 16, 52% utvređena je u varijantama K i A, nešto niža u varijantama B i C (16, 44% i 16, 26%), a najniža u varijanti D s 15, 84%. Koncentracija ukupnih kiselina neznatno je rasla od varijante K (5, 99 g/l) prema varijanti D (6, 59 g/l). Temeljem iznesenih podataka možemo konstatirati da je gnojidba pozitivno utjecala na prirod i kakvoću grožđa. Obzirom na prirod grožđa najbolje rezultate pokazale su varijante C i D, u kojima je gnojidba provedena u proljeće.

Pošip bijeli (Vitis vinifera L.) je jedna od najvažnijih bijelih vinskih sorti u Hrvatskoj, te prva sorta sa zaštićenim geografskim porijeklom. U ovome radu iznosimo ampelografske i genetske dokaze da je Pošip bijeli nastao križanjem druge dvije autohtone hrvatske vinske sorte sa otoka Korčule, Zlatarice blatske b. (hermafroditan cvijet) i Bratkovine b. (ženski cvijet). Predloženo obiteljsko stablo je točno na 24 SSR (mikrosatelitna) lokusa. Na osnovu podataka o dužini dobivenih DNA fragmenata, pretražena je baza podataka (na Sveučilištu Davis u Californiji) sa više od 300 sorti iz cijeloga svijeta. Na 24 ispitana SSR lokusa nije pronađena, čak niti kao mogućnost, niti jedna druga roditeljska kombinacija koja bi statistički bila vjerojatnija od predloženog obiteljskog stabla.

Pošip bijeli (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important white wine cultivars in Croatia, and the very first white wine with protected geographical origin. Recent research results of scientists from the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, proved its uniqueness, however, until recently the origin of Pošip remained unsolved. In this paper, we present genetic and ampelographic evidence that Pošip bijeli is the progeny of a cross between two other autochthonous Croatian wine cultivars, namely Zlatarica blatska b. (hermaphrodite) and Bratkovina b. (female), both grown on the island of Korčula. The proposed family combination is true at 24 SSR loci. Based on the base pair data, a computer assisted search for parents was performed in an existing UC Davis database with over 300 profiled cultivars from all over the world. Due to high degree of relatedness in a group of Croatian cultivars, up until 19 loci, there were many possible parental combinations. However, upon addition of data for six more loci, the search resulted in no other, even remotely possible, parental combination for Pošip. Ampelographic analysis was performed according to the O.I.V. descriptor list (1983) modified by EU project GENRES 081 (1999). The results support a close relationship between these three cultivars, according to 27 out of 58 shared morphological characteristics. Out of the remaining 31 determined characteristics, Zlatarica blatska b. and Pošip b. shared 16, and Bratkovina b. and Pošip b. shared seven characteristics. The progeny, Pošip b., exhibited intermediary or nonparental values only in eight ampelographic traits. Thus, the display of morphological characteristics of Pošip b. clearly points to Bratkovina b. and Zlatarica blatska b. as the logical parental combination, in support of genetic evidence. The fact that Pošip b. inherited positive characteristics from both parents explains why this cultivar took over the lead and replaced some other white wine cultivars in Dalmatian viticulture.

In most wine growing countries of the world organic viticulture is now becoming more and more important. Unfortunately, despite of the favorable ecological conditions, this is not the case in Croatia,. The main reasons for that are the lack of legal regulation and subsidies for organic production and insufficient knowledge and experience of the producers and customers. In order to contribute to the wider spreading of organic viticulture the project “Organic viticulture on the family farms” has been started in 1998. with the support of the Ministry of agriculture and forestry. The main objective of the project is to test suitability of organic production for each of the four viticulture climatic regions in Croatia, through the comparison with usually used production technology. Four farms have been chosen in each climatic region (Međimurje, Slavonija, Istra, Dalmacija) and the technology of production has been defined separately for organic and conventional production (plant, protection, soil preparation, cover cropping, nutrition…). The influence of each variant on the level of the diseases damages, yield, chemical composition of most and wine as well as sensorial properties of the wine has been observed. In this paper we are presenting the results of the first two years of the conversion to the organic viticulture. In such a short period of time the creation of the stable and harmonious organic system could not been obtained. That is why we cannot reach the final conclusions, but the first results show: - The major difference between organic and conventional production has been observed in the efficiency of the used plant protection products. In the 1998, due to the very humid condition, the higher level of damages has been observed in organic variant. As we have expected, the problem has been much more distinct in the continental region especially in the zone B (Međimurje). In the 1999, which was extremely dry year, there was no significant difference in any climatic region considering diseases damages, which means that the product permitted for organic production were efficient enough for such a level of infection. - The higher yield obtained in conventional variant of some family farms were consequence of the losses in organic variant caused by the fungal diseases. - There was no differences observed in chemical composition of most and wine, as well as sensorial properties of the wine from conventional and organic variant, no matter of climatic region.

The recent discovery that the Dalmatian cultivar Plavac mali, the most important red wine cultivar in Croatia, is genetically closely related to Zinfandel, perhaps even its parent or offspring, has provided strong support for a Dalmatian origin for Zinfandel, despite the presence of the same cultivar in Italy under the name Primitivo. To further investigate the connection between Zinfandel and South Dalmatia, we have analyzed additional cultivars from this region. Because it is now known that many wine cultivars have arisen from natural crosses, we have taken particular interest in cultivars with physiologically female flowers, such as Grk, Barjanka, Bratkovina and Cetinka, and cultivars like Plavac mali and Plavina that could have served as their pollinators. We hypothesize that the island of Korčula might have been a particularly rich source for the emergence of new cultivars because it has a favorable climate for grapevines, is geographically isolated, has a long winemaking tradition (written evidence from 4th century B.C.), and was historically an important crossroads between Greece, Rome and Venice. The above-mentioned cultivars have been grown on Korčula for centuries. We analyzed 19 cultivars from the southern part of Croatia (primarily Korčula) at 25 SSR loci and compared them to over 300 cultivars in the UC Davis database, which includes some Italian cultivars. Genotypes at all loci are consistent with Plavac mali being the progeny of Zinfandel and an unnamed Dalmatian cultivar (misnamed in a collection as Plavac mali), which would make Zinfandel an even older cultivar than Plavac mali. A probability analysis of this parentage will be presented. The SSR genotypes at all loci also support a parent or offspring relationship between Zinfandel and the Dalmatian cultivars Grk, Plavina and Vranac, thus providing additional genetic evidence for the Dalmatian origin of Zinfandel.

Un progetto "possibilita di introduzione di alcune varieta di viti nella regione della Dalmazia" e iniziato all'inizio degli anni '80 con I'impianto di un vigneto sperimentale vicino alla citta di Zadar. Il vigneto e composto da diverse varieta provenienti dall'Europa, Italia inclusa, comprende il sangiovese clone R24. Lo scopo di questo studio era quello di verificare come varieta provenienti da condizioni ecologiche simili reagivano nella nostra zona e sulla base delle conoscenze acquisite individuarele varieta in grado di rappresentare un miglioramento della viticoltura specializzata della regione della Dalmazia. Le ricerche sono state effettuate sui piu importanti aspetti agrobiologici e tecnologici (potenziale di produzione, la qualita, la resistenza alle malattie etc.) in grado di consentire una giusta valutazione di queste varieta. Queste ricerche includono i risultati dal 1986 al 1990, anno in cui gli studi sono stati interrotti a causa dell'inizio della guerra e sfortunatamente il vigneto sperimentale e stato completamente distrutto. Sulla base dei risultati si puo concludere che il Sangiovese nelle nostre condizioni e una varieta che esprime caratteristiche produttive orientate piu sulla quantita che sulla qualita. Tuttavia nel confronto con le varieta locali e specialmente con l'adozione di una attenta gestione delle techniche colturali esso puo costituire una varieta molto interessante per queste zone della Croazia.

S ciljem proširenja palete crnih vinskih sorata na području podregije Sjeverna Dalmacija podignut je 1982. godine pokusni nasad na objektu “Baštica”, PK Zadar. Introduciran je veći broj crnih vinskih kultivara od kojih je sedam iz područja centralne i južne Italije (Montepulciano, Sangiovese, Malvasia nera di Lecce, Ciliegiolo, Aglianico, Cabernet sauvignon, Moscato rosa), ekološki sličnih području Ravnih Kotara. Tijekom petogodišnjih istraživanja utvrđene su agrobiološke i gospodarsko-tehnološke odlike svakog kultivara (fenofaze, elementi rodnosti, mehanički sastav grozda i bobice, kakvoća mošta i vina) u ovim ambijentalno-ekološkim uvjetima. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja prvog stupnja introdukcije kao najinteresantniji mogu se izdvojiti kultivari Cabernet sauvignon, Cillegiolo, Sangiovese i Moscato rosa, te se preporučaju za podizanje većih pokusnih površina. Osim toga, zbog nekih povoljnih svojstava za daljnja istraživanja mogli bi biti interesantni i ostali kultivari, ali uz prilagodbu pojedinih tehnoloških postupaka, kako bi genetički potencijal sorte došao do punog izražaja.

Pored svoje visoke kvalitete cv. Plavac mali poznat je u literaturi i kao mogući sinonim kultivara Zinfandel u Kaliforniji i kultivara Primitivo u Italiji. Hipoteza kako je Plavac mali zapravo autohtoni hrvatski kultivar (Dalmacija) prenesen u Italiju gdje dobiva ime Primitivo i u Kaliforniju gdje dobiva ime Zinfandel već ranije je znanstveno ispitivana. Komparacijom klimatskih zahtjeva za uzgoj i razvoj svakog od navedenih kultivara utvrdili smo da Plavac mali ne može biti istovjetni genotip ni kultivara Primitivo ni Zinfandel. Analizom biljega DNA (mikrosateliti) dokazano je da su Zinfandel i Primitivo istog genotipa, tj. genetski sinonimi, a da je Plavac mali posebna sorta. Međutim, stupanj genetske sličnosti između biljega DNA upućuje da su Plavac mali i Zinfandel/Primitivo srodni na razini kakva se nalazi između roditelja i potomaka.