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Abstract: Here we present results from ultra-intense experiments demonstrating the viability of polarization spectroscopy as a diagnostic of the electron return current and spatial anisotropy and distribution function of the fast electron beam. The measurements extend to ultra-relativistic intensities of 1021 Wcm−2, including laser–plasma interaction regimes important for fast ignition studies, for example HiPER, and the development of secondary sources from next generation ultra-short pulse, ultra-intense laser facilities such as Astra-Gemini and ELI. As an in situ diagnostic, spectroscopic measurements are vital to understanding fast electron beams, enabling extrapolation of results to define fast ignition inertial confinement fusion and secondary source facilities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mutation profiling by next-generation sequencing (NGS) has facilitated understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and has been incorporated into the new disease classification (International Consensus Classification; ICC) and risk classification (European LeukemiaNet [ELN] 2022; ELN2022). We compared disease subtypes between the previous disease classification (4th edition of the WHO classification; WHO-4) and the ICC in 91 patients with AML diagnosed at our institution. We also compared disease risk classifications using the previous risk classification (ELN2017) and the ELN2022. Targeted sequencing of bone marrow samples was conducted at Kyoto University. We found that entities under AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities were well-established, with almost no change from the WHO-4 to the ICC. In contrast, 16.7% of cases of AML, not otherwise specified in the WHO-4 were reclassified into AML with mutated TP53, and 36.7% were reclassified into AML with myelodysplasia-related gene mutations or cytogenetic abnormalities per the ICC. Meanwhile, the ELN2017 and ELN2022 showed no difference in concordance indexes in multivariate Cox regression analysis for progression-free and overall survival. The superiority of the ELN2022 over the ELN2017 could not be confirmed in our single-center retrospective study, and further investigation including multicenter prospective studies is needed., (© 2024. Japanese Society of Hematology.)

Xray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable experiments that would have been impractical or impossible at conventional X-ray laser facilities. Indeed, more XFEL facilities are being built and planned, with their aim to deliver larger pulse energies and higher peak brilliance. While seeking to increase the pulse power, it is quintessential to consider the maximum pulse fluence that a grazing-incidence FEL mirror can withstand. To address this issue, several studies were conducted on grazing-incidence damage by soft X-ray FEL pulses at the European XFEL facility. Boron carbide (B 4 C) coatings on polished silicon substrate were investigated using 1 keV photon energy, similar to the X-ray mirrors currently installed at the soft X-ray beamlines (SASE3). The purpose of this study is to compare the damage threshold of B 4 C and Si to determine the advantages, tolerance and limits of using B 4 C coatings., (open access.)

Objectives: Studies on actual circumstances of sleep in pregnant women are limited to surveys of self-reported symptoms, and objective assessments are missing. Sleep disturbances due to hormonal imbalances are common during pregnancy. This study aimed to assess sleep quality by objective assessment using an actigraph and by self-reported assessment using a questionnaire for sleep during each trimester of pregnancy and to elucidate how sleep quality changed from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy., Study Design: A longitudinal questionnaire survey was administered and sleep measurements using an actigraph were recorded at three time points during the first, second, and third trimesters in primiparous women who had conceived naturally., Results: During the first trimester, "feeling of being refreshed when waking up in the morning" was not noted, and a decline was observed in mental function. During the second trimester, a positive correlation was observed between morning sickness and sleep quality., Conclusions: Sleep quality was the worst during the third trimester, with the shortest total sleep time and poor sleep efficiency, along with poor physical function scores. Back pain and leg cramps significantly correlated with sleep efficiency in the third trimester. Poor sleep during pregnancy begins in the first trimester. If minor problems, such as morning sickness, continue in the second trimester, sleep quality is greatly affected. Furthermore, during the third trimester of pregnancy, low back pain and leg cramps are more likely to occur due to an increase in the abdominal area and may interfere with sleep., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Facebook is one of the most popular social networking sites. However, Facebook intrusion or addiction is a growing concern as it involves an excessive attachment to Facebook, which disrupts daily functioning. To date, few studies have examined whether cross-cultural differences in the measurement of Facebook addiction exist. The aim of this study was to investigate the cross-cultural validity and measurement invariance of the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ), one of the most widely used measures of Facebook addiction, across 25 countries (N = 12,204, 62.3% female; mean age = 25 years). Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) assessed cross-cultural validity as well as invariance. Additionally, individual confirmatory factor analyses evaluated the factorial structure and measurement invariance across genders in each country. The FIQ demonstrated partial metric invariance across countries and metric (13 countries), scalar (11 countries) or residual (10 countries) invariance across genders within individual countries. A one-factor model indicated a good fit in 18 countries. Cronbach's alpha for the entire sample was .85. Our findings suggest that the FIQ may provide an adequate assessment of Facebook addiction that is psychometrically equivalent across cultures. Moreover, the questionnaire seems to be universal and suitable for studying different social media in distinct cultural environments. Consequently, this robust tool can be used to explore behaviours related to specific media that are particularly popular in any given country., (© 2024 International Union of Psychological Science.)

Automated vehicles could increase the risk of motion sickness because occupants are not involved in driving and do not watch the road. This paper aimed to investigate the influence of motion predictability on motion sickness in automated vehicles, as better motion anticipation is believed to mitigate motion sickness. In a simulator-based study, twenty participants experienced two driving conditions differing only in turn directions. The repetitive condition featured a repeating turn direction pattern. The non-repetitive condition contained pseudo-randomly ordered turn directions. To mimic an 'eyes-off-the-road' setting and prevent visual motion anticipation, road visuals were omitted. No significant differences in sickness or head motion, a metric for motion anticipation, were found between the conditions. No participant recognised the repeating turn pattern. This suggests no increased motion anticipation in the repetitive condition, possibly due to a reduced ability to recognise a repeating motion pattern in one degree of freedom within more complex motion.

Femtosecond high-intensity laser pulses at intensities surpassing 10 14 W/cm 2 can generate a diverse range of functional surface nanostructures. Achieving precise control over the production of these functional structures necessitates a thorough understanding of the surface morphology dynamics with nanometer-scale spatial resolution and picosecond-scale temporal resolution. In this study, we show that single XFEL pulses can elucidate structural changes on surfaces induced by laser-generated plasmas using grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Using aluminium-coated multilayer samples we distinguish between sub-picosecond (ps) surface morphology dynamics and subsequent multi-ps subsurface density dynamics with nanometer-depth sensitivity. The observed subsurface density dynamics serve to validate advanced simulation models representing matter under extreme conditions. Our findings promise to open new avenues for laser material-nanoprocessing and high-energy-density science.

First-generation (FG) college students (i.e., those for whom neither parent/guardian obtained a bachelor's degree) experience more barriers in college, compared with continuing-generation students. These barriers are compounded by subtle messages from instructors that convey the idea that natural talent is necessary for success in scientific fields. In contrast, growth mindset messages communicate that ability can improve with effort, help-seeking, and using productive study strategies. In a large enrollment introductory biology course, students were randomly assigned to receive email messages from their instructor after the first two exams containing either a growth mindset or control message. The intervention improved grades in the course for everyone, on average, compared with control messages, and were especially beneficial for FG students. This increase in performance was partially mediated by increased activity accessing course materials on the course website. This study provides preliminary evidence that instructors communicating growth mindset messages can support FG students' performance.

Paraburkholderia sp. strain 22B1P utilizes 3-chlorobenzoate as a carbon source. Complete genome sequencing of strain 22B1P revealed two chromosomes and two plasmids. The genes involved in the conversion of 3-chlorobenzoate to 3-chlorocatechol and those involved in the conversion of 3-chlorocatechol to 3-oxoadipate were located on chromosomes 2 and 1, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

LGBTQ+ labels and terminology in society embed ideological assumptions and affect who gains community support and protection. In academia, terminology is also needed to help define study objects, methods, and goals. Academics therefore need to choose their words to be both precise and appropriate, adjusting to changes in societal language. This article assesses the evolution of LGBTQ+ terminology in the titles and abstracts of academic journal articles since 1900 to identify the main trends. Based on a search of 74 LGBTQ+ terms in Scopus, LGBTQ+ related journal articles have almost continually increased in prevalence since 1900. In parallel, the concept of homosexuality that dominated early research has almost disappeared, being replaced by the word gay or more specific terms, such as lesbian or bisexual. Transexual terminology has also been supplanted by transgender and trans* terminology. At various points in time other LGBTQ+ terms have emerged with activist, health professional and academic origins. These include multiple acronyms, inclusive phrases, and activity-specific phrases (e.g., men who have sex with men) that are not used by the LGBTQ+ community. Currently, no terminologies are dominant, with this plurality probably reflecting differing research needs.

Here we demonstrate the results of investigating the damage threshold of a LiF crystal after irradiating it with a sequence of coherent femtosecond pulses using the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (EuXFEL). The laser fluxes on the crystal surface varied in the range ∼ 0.015-13 kJ/cm 2 per pulse when irradiated with a sequence of 1-100 pulses (t pulse ∼ 20 fs, E ph  = 9 keV). Analysis of the surface of the irradiated crystal using different reading systems allowed the damage areas and the topology of the craters formed to be accurately determined. It was found that the ablation threshold decreases with increasing number of X-ray pulses, while the depth of the formed craters increases non-linearly and reaches several hundred nanometers. The obtained results have been compared with data already available in the literature for nano- and picosecond pulses from lasers in the soft X-ray/VUV and optical ranges. A failure model of lithium fluoride is developed and verified with simulation of material damage under single-pulse irradiation. The obtained damage threshold is in reasonably good agreement with the experimentally measured one.

Objective: To map and explore existing evidence on the use of digital technology to deliver healthcare services with explicit consideration of health inequalities in UK settings., Methods: We searched six bibliographic databases, and the National Health Service (NHS) websites of each UK nation (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland). Restrictions were applied on publication date (2013-2021) and publication language (English). Records were independently screened against eligibility criteria by pairs of reviewers from the team. Articles reporting relevant qualitative and/or quantitative research were included. Data were synthesised narratively., Results: Eleven articles, reporting data from nine interventions, were included. Articles reported findings from quantitative (n = 5), qualitative (n = 5), and mixed-methods (n = 1) studies. Study settings were mainly community based, with only one hospital based. Two interventions targeted service users, and seven interventions targeted healthcare providers. Two studies were explicitly and directly aimed at (and designed for) addressing health inequalities, with the remaining studies addressing them indirectly (e.g. study population can be classed as disadvantaged). Seven articles reported data on implementation outcomes (acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility) and four articles reported data on effectiveness outcomes, with only one intervention demonstrating cost-effectiveness., Conclusions: It is not yet clear if digital health interventions/services in the UK work for those most at risk of health inequalities. The current evidence base is significantly underdeveloped, and research/intervention efforts have been largely driven by healthcare provider/system needs, rather than those of service users. Digital health interventions can help address health inequalities, but a range of barriers persist, alongside a potential for exacerbation of health inequalities., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

First-generation (FG) college students (students for whom neither parent earned a bachelor's degree) are typically less likely to interact with their instructors and communicate with them by email or in person, compared to continuing-generation (CG) students. Qualitative research suggests FG students are less likely to seek help when they need it, and when they do seek help they are more likely to engage in passive help-seeking (e.g., waiting quietly for assistance) as opposed to active help-seeking (e.g., promptly requesting assistance through multiple methods), compared to CG students. The current laboratory study provided students with an opportunity to seek academic and non-academic help and measured whether students engaged in active help-seeking behavior. We also tested whether having a shared identity with a help-provider could increase active help-seeking behavior among FG students. Results showed that FG students were less likely to seek academic help. Among FG and CG students who sought academic help, the intervention had no significant impact on active help-seeking. However, among students seeking non-academic help, active help-seeking behaviors were significantly higher for FG college students assigned a help-provider who signaled a FG identity. In other words, having a shared identity with a help-provider led to more active help-seeking among FG college students seeking non-academic assistance. FG faculty, staff, and student workers who provide non-academic assistance may want to consider self-identifying as FG to increase help-seeking behaviors among FG students struggling to navigate the college environment., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11218-023-09794-y., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

The characterisation of fast phenomena at the microscopic scale is required for the understanding of catastrophic responses of materials to loads and shocks, the processing of materials by optical or mechanical means, the processes involved in many key technologies such as additive manufacturing and microfluidics, and the mixing of fuels in combustion. Such processes are usually stochastic in nature and occur within the opaque interior volumes of materials or samples, with complex dynamics that evolve in all three dimensions at speeds exceeding many meters per second. There is therefore a need for the ability to record three-dimensional X-ray movies of irreversible processes with resolutions of micrometers and frame rates of microseconds. Here we demonstrate a method to achieve this by recording a stereo phase-contrast image pair in a single exposure. The two images are combined computationally to reconstruct a 3D model of the object. The method is extendable to more than two simultaneous views. When combined with megahertz pulse trains of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) it will be possible to create movies able to resolve 3D trajectories with velocities of kilometers per second.

This rapid realist review explored the key components of age-friendly ecosystems that promote community participation among older adults. The study (undertaken in 2021 and updated in 2023) synthesized evidence from 10 peer-reviewed and grey literature databases to identify the underlying mechanisms and contextual factors that shape why, under what circumstances, and for whom an age-friendly ecosystems might be effective as well as the intervention outcomes. A total of 2823 records were initially identified after deduplication. Title and abstract screening produced a potential dataset of 126 articles, reducing to 14 articles after full text screening. Data extraction focused on the contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes of ecosystems for older adults' community participation. Analysis suggested that age-friendly ecosystems that aim to promote community participation are characterized by the provision of accessible and inclusive physical environments, the availability of supportive social networks and services, and the creation of opportunities for meaningful engagement in community life. The review also highlighted the importance of recognizing the diverse needs and preferences of older adults and involving them in the design and implementation of age-friendly ecosystems. Overall, the study has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms and contextual factors that contribute to the success of age-friendly ecosystems. Ecosystem outcomes were not well discussed in the literature. The analysis has important implications for policy and practice, emphasizing the need to develop interventions that are tailored to the specific needs and contexts of older adults, and that promote community participation as a means of enhancing health, wellbeing, and quality of life in later life.

The application of fluorescent crystal media in wide-range X-ray detectors provides an opportunity to directly image the spatial distribution of ultra-intense X-ray beams including investigation of the focal spot of free-electron lasers. Here the capabilities of the micro- and nano-focusing X-ray refractive optics available at the High Energy Density instrument of the European XFEL are reported, as measured in situ by means of a LiF fluorescent detector placed into and around the beam caustic. The intensity distribution of the beam focused down to several hundred nanometers was imaged at 9 keV photon energy. A deviation from the parabolic surface in a stack of nanofocusing Be compound refractive lenses (CRLs) was found to affect the resulting intensity distribution within the beam. Comparison of experimental patterns in the far field with patterns calculated for different CRL lens imperfections allowed the overall inhomogeneity in the CRL stack to be estimated. The precise determination of the focal spot size and shape on a sub-micrometer level is essential for a number of high energy density studies requiring either a pin-size backlighting spot or extreme intensities for X-ray heating., (open access.)

Objective: The regular consumption of whole grains is linked to a lower likelihood of developing metabolic disorders. We previously found that chronic supplementation with wheat alkylresorcinols (ARs) prevents obesity and its associated metabolic symptoms induced by a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) in mice. The aim of this study was to examine the time-of-day-dependence of these effects in mice., Methods: Eight-wk-old male C57 BL/6 J mice were individually housed under a 12-h light/dark cycle (Zeitgeber time; ZT0, lights on; ZT12, lights off) and given access to a HFHSD from ZT12-16 (activity onset) and ZT20-24 (activity offset) to respectively represent breakfast and dinner times for 3 wk. Thereafter, the HFHSD was replaced with the same diet containing 0.4% ARs at either ZT12-16 or ZT20-24 for 8 wk. Control mice received the HFHSD without ARs at both feeding times., Results: Supplementation with ARs significantly suppressed feed efficiency when given at breakfast, but not at dinner. ARs consumed at breakfast increased fecal lipid content and decreased the expression of Fat/Cd36 in enterocytes that enhances lipid uptake, but did not affect hepatic and blood lipid levels. The consumption of ARs at breakfast also upregulated the expression of Irs1, a key gene for insulin signaling in white adipose tissue and attenuated elevated blood leptin levels induced by the diet. This led to high scores for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity, and the adiponectin/leptin ratio, a negative index of adipose tissue dysfunction., Conclusions: These findings suggested that ARs ameliorate feed efficiency by decreasing dietary lipid absorption more effectively at the time of activity onset than offset. Further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the time-of-day-dependent effects of ARs on diet-induced metabolic disorders., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of systemic lymphadenopathy, weight loss, and a fever at night that had persisted for approximately 1 month. Blood tests revealed extreme peripheral blood plasmacytosis and hypergammaglobulinemia. A lymph node biopsy showed angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). Based on the history of methotrexate (MTX) administration, the established diagnosis was MTX-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (MTX-LPD). After MTX was discontinued, the lymphadenopathy spontaneously regressed and the plasmacytosis disappeared. He had no disease progression for three years. We found that AITL as an MTX-LPD can cause plasmacytosis, and the prognosis of this disease may not be poor.

Purpose: This phase I/II clinical study was conducted to examine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of 10-min dosing of bendamustine in patients with previously untreated indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL) or mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (Group 1) and patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (rrDLBCL) (Group 2)., Methods: Rituximab 375 mg/m 2 was administered intravenously every 28 days to Group 1 patients on day 1 and every 21 days to Group 2 patients on day 1. Bendamustine 90 mg/m 2 /day was administered to the former on days 1 and 2; bendamustine 120 mg/m 2 /day was administered to the latter on days 2 and 3. Each regimen was delivered up to six cycles for both groups. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability in Groups 1 and 2, respectively., Results: Among 37 enrolled patients, safety was assessed in 36. In Group 1 (n = 30), 27 patients (90%) had follicular lymphoma. Adverse events (AEs) were observed in all 30 patients in Group 1. Dose-limiting toxicities were observed in two of six patients in Group 2. Common AEs included lymphocyte count decreased (86.7%, 100%). In Group 1, overall response and complete response rates were 93.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 77.2-99.2%) and 75.9% (95% CI 56.5-89.7%), respectively. The C max and AUC of bendamustine tended to be higher in Group 2 than in Group 1., Conclusions: This study showed that bendamustine is safe, well-tolerated and effective for patients with previously untreated iNHL, MCL or rrDLBCL. Pharmacokinetic data were equivalent to those obtained outside of Japan., Registration Numbers: Registration NCT03900377; registered April 3, 2019., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: Conventional cytological diagnosis including duct-washing cytology (DWC) is sometimes performed using ductal epithelial cells collected during mammary ductoscopy; it is useful for detection of early-stage breast cancer such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, conventional cytological diagnosis focuses exclusively on cellular morphology; false negatives and false positives may be caused by inadequate specimen preparation (triggering cell degeneration) or poor examiner diagnostic skills. Molecular diagnosis using RNA biomarkers is expected to compensate for the weaknesses of cytological diagnosis. We previously employed microarray analysis to identify highly expressed genes in DCIS, suggesting that they may be useful for DCIS diagnosis. Here, we explored whether DWC samples yielded RNA of sufficient quantity and quality for RNA biomarker-based diagnosis., Results: We extracted RNAs from 37 DWC samples. RNA from 12 samples exhibited RNA integrities of  ≥ 6, indicative of moderate-to-high quality. We then showed that cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript prepropeptide (CARTPT) and breast cancer-associated transcript 54 (BRCAT54) mRNA-previously shown by microarray analysis to be highly expressed in DCIS-were detectable in these samples. Therefore, DWC samples may be useful for molecular diagnosis involving RNA biomarkers., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

This article reports on findings from the quantitative phase of a two-year research project designed to explore end-of-life care experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. We draw on a subset of the sample (N  =  180/237) to analyse the relationship between advance care planning, sexual orientation, living arrangements and self-rated health. The results contribute to a growing body of evidence on how sexual minorities approach and make decisions on advance care planning. A greater understanding of such patterns could help inform the way healthcare professionals engage in conversations about end-of-life care planning with older LGB people., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

Problematic mobile phone use can be related to negative mental states. Some studies indicate that behavioural dependency is related to variables associated with the country of origin. The aim of our study was to investigate if country indicators moderated the relationship between phubbing and psychological distress. Our sample consisted of 7,315 individuals from 20 countries, who completed the Phubbing Scale and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The analyses also included country indicators: the Gender Gap Index (GGI), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Social Progress Index (SPI), Hofstede's dimensions of culture, and the World Happiness Index (WHI). Our results showed that psychological distress was related to at least one dimension of phubbing (i.e., to communication disturbance or phone obsession) in all countries, which means this relationship is culturally universal. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of testing measurement invariance to determine what type of analysis and what type of conclusion are valid in a given study or comparison. Moreover, the increasing or decreasing correlation between phubbing and distress is related to some culture-level indices., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Błachnio, Przepiórka, Gorbaniuk, McNeill, Bendayan, Durak, Senol-Durak, Ben-Ezra, Benvenuti, Angeluci, Abreu, Makita, Blanca, Brkljacic, Babič, Gorbaniuk, Holdoš, Ivanova, Malik, Milanovic, Musil, Pantic, Rando, Seidman, D’Souza, Vanden Abeele, Wołońciej, Wu, Yu and Mazzoni.)

The performance and parameters of the online photon single-shot spectrometer (PSSS) at the Aramis beamline of the SwissFEL free-electron laser are presented. The device operates between the photon energies 4 and 13 keV and uses diamond transmission gratings and bent Si crystals for spectral measurements on the first diffraction order of the beam. The device has an energy window of 0.7% of the median photon energy of the free-electron laser pulses and a spectral resolution (full width at half-maximum) ΔE/E on the order of 10 -5 . The device was characterized by comparing its performance with reference data from synchrotron sources, and a parametric study investigated other effects that could affect the reliability of the spectral information., (open access.)

The European XFEL delivers up to 27000 intense (>10 12 photons) pulses per second, of ultrashort (≤50 fs) and transversely coherent X-ray radiation, at a maximum repetition rate of 4.5 MHz. Its unique X-ray beam parameters enable groundbreaking experiments in matter at extreme conditions at the High Energy Density (HED) scientific instrument. The performance of the HED instrument during its first two years of operation, its scientific remit, as well as ongoing installations towards full operation are presented. Scientific goals of HED include the investigation of extreme states of matter created by intense laser pulses, diamond anvil cells, or pulsed magnets, and ultrafast X-ray methods that allow their diagnosis using self-amplified spontaneous emission between 5 and 25 keV, coupled with X-ray monochromators and optional seeded beam operation. The HED instrument provides two target chambers, X-ray spectrometers for emission and scattering, X-ray detectors, and a timing tool to correct for residual timing jitter between laser and X-ray pulses., (open access.)

Objective: The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is increasing due to more widespread mammographic screening. DCIS, the earliest form of breast cancer, is non-invasive at the time of detection. If DCIS tissues are left undetected or untreated, it can spread to the surrounding breast tissue. Thus, surgical resection is the standard treatment. Understanding the mechanism underlying the non-invasive property of DCIS could lead to more appropriate medical treatments, including nonsurgical options., Data Description: We conducted a microarray-based genome-wide transcriptome analysis using DCIS specimens obtained by puncture from surgical specimens immediately after surgery., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Bendamustine plus rituximab (B-R) is an effective therapy for relapsed or refractory (r/r) low-grade B-cell lymphoma (LGBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL); however, clinical data from Japanese patients treated with B-R therapy are limited. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of B-R therapy in 42 patients who received B-R therapy at our hospital for r/r LGBCL and MCL. All patients received intravenous (IV) ritux-imab 375 mg/m2 on day 1 and IV bendamustine 90 mg/m2 on days 2 and 3 every 28 days for up to 6 cycles. The common histologic subtypes were follicular lymphoma (n = 29, 70%), marginal zone lymphoma (n = 6, 14%), and MCL (n = 5, 12%). The overall response rate was 93%, with 62% complete response and complete response unconfirmed. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 38 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.6 to not reached [NR]), and the median overall survival (OS) was 80 months (95% CI, 60.7 to NR). Patients receiving a cumulative dose of bendamustine ≥ 720 mg/m2 showed a significantly longer PFS and OS. Grade 3/4 adverse events (≥ 10%) included neutropenia (55%), lymphopenia (69%), and nausea (24%). B-R therapy was effective and well tolerated, and the cumulative dose of bendamustine was associated with a favorable outcome., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Calcium carbonate is used as bone-filling material due to its good biocompatibility, bioactivity, and bioabsorbability, but the prevalence of infectious complications associated with calcium carbonate has created a persisting challenge in the treatment of bone defect. Therefore, this greatly necessitate the need to endow calcium carbonate with antibacterial properties. In this study, calcium carbonate powders loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag-CaCO 3 ) were prepared in attempt to serve as a novel antibacterial inorganic filler material. This objective was achieved using ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis (USSP) route to produce Ag-CaCO 3 with 1, 5 and 10 mol% silver. The size of silver nanoparticles on CaCO 3 microspheres could be regulated by adjusting silver concentration to facilitate effective release of Ag + ions. This was demonstrated in Ag-CaCO 3 (1), where the lowest silver content at 1 mol% achieved the highest Ag + ions release over 28 days. This in turn gave rise to effective antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, CaCO 3 (1) could also support osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) at a cell viability of 80%. Overall, this work extends the capabilities in employing USSP to produce inorganic filler materials with sustained antibacterial properties, bringing one step closer to the development of antibacterial products., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Promoting health-related campaigns on Twitter has increasingly become a world-wide choice to raise awareness and disseminate health information. Data retrieved from Twitter are now being used to explore how users express their views, attitudes and personal experiences of health-related issues. We focused on Twitter discourse reproduced during Mental Health Awareness Week 2017 by examining 1,200 tweets containing the keywords 'mental health', 'mental illness', 'mental disorders' and '#MHAW'. The analysis revealed 'awareness and advocacy', 'stigmatization', and 'personal experience of mental health/illness' as the central discourses within the sample. The article concludes with some recommendations for future research on digitally-mediated health communication.

The high-precision X-ray diffraction setup for work with diamond anvil cells (DACs) in interaction chamber 2 (IC2) of the High Energy Density instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is described. This includes beamline optics, sample positioning and detector systems located in the multipurpose vacuum chamber. Concepts for pump-probe X-ray diffraction experiments in the DAC are described and their implementation demonstrated during the First User Community Assisted Commissioning experiment. X-ray heating and diffraction of Bi under pressure, obtained using 20 fs X-ray pulses at 17.8 keV and 2.2 MHz repetition, is illustrated through splitting of diffraction peaks, and interpreted employing finite element modeling of the sample chamber in the DAC., (open access.)

Malodorous compounds induce stress responses, mood changes, an increase of skin conductance, activation of the sympathetic nervous system and other physiological changes, and it has been suggested that sensing malodors could provide warning of danger to health. Furthermore, the human body secretes various malodorous compounds as waste products of metabolism, including trans-2-nonenal ((E)-2-nonenal), the amount of which increases with aging. In the present study, we examined the effects of some endogenous malodorous compounds ((E)-2-nonenal, nonanal, pentanal, hexanal, hexanoic acid, hexylamine and isovaleric acid) on cultured human keratinocytes. (E)-2-Nonenal decreased the viability and promoted apoptosis of cultured keratinocytes. It also reduced the thickness and the number of proliferative cells in a three-dimensional epidermal equivalent model. Co-application of masking odorants (dihydromycenol, benzaldehyde, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl acetate and anisaldehyde), but not non-masking odorants (1,8-cineol, β-damascone, and o-t-butylcyclohexyl acetate), reduced the effect of (E)-2-nonenal on keratinocyte proliferation, and restored the thickness and number of proliferative cells in a three-dimensional epidermal equivalent model., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The ultrafast synthesis of ε-Fe 3 N 1+ x in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) from Fe and N 2 under pressure was observed using serial exposures of an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL). When the sample at 5 GPa was irradiated by a pulse train separated by 443 ns, the estimated sample temperature at the delay time was above 1400 K, confirmed by in situ transformation of α- to γ-iron. Ultimately, the Fe and N 2 reacted uniformly throughout the beam path to form Fe 3 N 1.33 , as deduced from its established equation of state (EOS). We thus demonstrate that the activation energy provided by intense X-ray exposures in an XFEL can be coupled with the source time structure to enable exploration of the time-dependence of reactions under high-pressure conditions.

Ghrelin is an endogenous orexigenic hormone mainly produced by stomach cells and is reported to influence appetite, gastrointestinal motility and growth hormone secretion. We observed that enzymatic digest of wheat gluten stimulated ghrelin secretion from mouse ghrelinoma 3-1, a ghrelin-releasing cell line. Further on, we characterized the ghrelin-releasing peptides present in the digest by comprehensive peptide analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and structure-activity relationship. Among the candidate peptides, we found that SQQQQPVLPQQPSF, LSVTSPQQVSY and YPTSL stimulated ghrelin release. We then named them wheat-ghretropin A, B and C, respectively. In addition, we observed that wheat-ghretropin A increased plasma ghrelin concentration and food intake in mice after oral administration. Thus, we demonstrated that wheat-ghretropin stimulates ghrelin release both in vitro and in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a wheat-derived exogenous bioactive peptide that stimulates ghrelin secretion., (© 2021 The Authors. FEBS Open Bio published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.)

We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser facility, where we used a high intensity (∼10^{20}  W/cm^{2}) x-ray pump x-ray probe scheme to observe changes in the ionic structure of silicon induced by x-ray heating of the electrons. By avoiding Laue spots in the scattering signal from a single crystalline sample, we observe a rapid rise in diffuse scattering and a transition to a disordered, liquidlike state with a structure significantly different from liquid silicon. The disordering occurs within 100 fs of irradiation, a timescale that agrees well with first principles simulations, and is faster than that predicted by purely inertial behavior, suggesting that both the phase change and disordered state reached are dominated by Coulomb forces. This method is capable of observing liquid scattering without masking signal from the ambient solid, allowing the liquid structure to be measured throughout and beyond the phase change.

The common cutworm (CCW, Spodopteraab litura Fabricius) is one of the pests that most severely infect soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.). In a previous report, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of CCW resistance using a recombinant inbred line derived from a cross between a susceptible cultivar 'Fukuyutaka' and a resistant cultivar 'Himeshirazu', identified two antixenosis resistance QTLs, CCW-1 and CCW-2 . To reveal sequence variation between the aforementioned two cultivars, whole genome resequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq2000 (75,632,747 and 91,540,849 reads). The generated datasets can be used for fine mapping and gene isolation of CCW-1 and CCW-2 as well as for revealing more detailed genetic differences between 'Fukuyutaka' and 'Himeshirazu' ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that can influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2020 The Author(s).)

Background: Significant advancements have been achieved in the quality of treatment for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Currently, daratumumab (DARA) is a highly effective drug widely used for RRMM; however, the knowledge on its efficacy and safety in Japanese patients remains limited. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DARA therapy for RRMM., Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients who received DARA combination therapy and evaluated its efficacy and safety in our hospital., Results: DARA was administered to 44 patients between October 2017 and March 2019. The median number of previous therapies was three (range 1-9). The rates of ≥ complete response and overall response were 27.3% and 61.4%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) duration was 12.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1 to not reached (NR)] and estimated 2-year overall survival rate was 63.7% (95% CI 46.9-76.5%). In the multivariate analysis, patients with ≥ three previous lines of therapy and mass lesions showed significantly shorter PFS durations. The observed grade 3/4 adverse events (≥ 10%) included neutropenia (59.0%), thrombocytopenia (29.5%), anemia (36.4%), lymphopenia (38.6%) and febrile neutropenia (18.2%). None of the patients discontinued DARA therapy in spite of these AEs., Conclusion: DARA is an effective treatment option for most patients and is tolerable. However, patients with heavy treatment before DARA therapy and mass lesions are likely to show poorer outcomes. Our findings suggest the use of DARA therapy early in the course of the disease.

IgG4-producing marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MZLs) have been recently proposed as a subtype of MZLs. Despite the abundant literature on pathophysiological features of this type of lymphoma, only a few retrospective studies pertaining to the treatment outcomes have been reported, and its prognosis remains unclear. We retrospectively analyzed seven patients with IgG4-producing MZLs diagnosed at our institute, with specific reference to treatment and outcomes. The median age was 69.0 years (55-79), and all were males. The median follow-up period was 66.6 months (8-121). All patients had localized disease; four patients had tumors of the ocular adnexa, whereas two had retroperitoneal tumors. Five patients were treated with irradiation (30 Gy/15 fr) (n = 4) or surgery (n = 1), resulting in tumor reduction. Two patients were treated by chemotherapy or irradiation. Among them, one commenced rituximab monotherapy, which led to an inadequate reduction of the tumor. Subsequent irradiation induced complete response (CR). The other patient experienced repeated relapses during follow-up and finally achieved CR by combination chemotherapy. Treatment was well tolerated in all cases, and none of the patients showed disease progression at the last follow-up visit. Our results indicate that the standard treatments for MZLs are generally appropriate for IgG4-producing MZL.

Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) is a well established technique to detect nanometer scale structures in matter. In a typical setup, this diagnostic uses a detector with a direct line of sight to the scattering target. However, in the harsh environment of high intensity laser interaction, intense secondary radiation and high-energy particles are generated. Such a setup would therefore suffer a significant increase of noise due to this background, which could eventually prevent such measurements. In this paper, we present a novel tool consisting of a mosaic graphite crystal that works as a mirror for the SAXS signal and allows us to position the detector behind appropriate shielding. This paper studies the performance of this mirror both by experiment at the European XFEL (X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility) laboratory and by simulations.

Background: Pathological nipple discharge (PND) is a relatively common symptom of breast cancer affecting the nipple. Mammary ductscopy (MD) allows direct visualization of the ductal lumen and collection of a cytological specimen using duct-washing cytology (DWC). Herein, we clarified the diagnostic efficacy of DWC for the detection of breast cancers with PND, compared with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)., Methods: We retrospectively examined 48 patients with PND who underwent DWC by MD (ductosccopy group; histologically determined by intraductal biopsy [IDB] or surgical specimen). The results of sensitivity and specificity of DWC were compared with that of FNAC (conventional group; histologically determined by core needle biopsy). Clinicopathological factors were compared between the ductoscopy and the conventional groups., Results: Of eight histologically malignant cases in the ductoscopy group, one case was cytologically judged as malignant and three as indeterminate. Sensitivity and specificity of DWC were 50.0% and 82.5%, respectively. Malignant cases were mostly solid papillary carcinomas (SPCs), and benign cases were intraductal papillomas (IDPs). In the conventional group, sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 88.0% and 38.2%, respectively, and malignant cases were mainly invasive carcinomas of no special type. Tumors in the ductocsopy group had more favorable prognostic features than those in the conventional group., Conclusion: DWC has limited diagnostic value due to the high incidence of SPC, whose cytological features are indistinguishable from IDP. As DWC alone may be unreliable, comprehensive examination with IDB and MD findings is recommended., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was to examine the effects of onion extract containing concentrated cysteine sulfoxides on improving sleep quality. In total, 30 healthy men and women who were dissatisfied with their sleep consumed the test food sample (onion extract tablets) for 5 days. The delta power during non-rapid eye movement sleep and the delta power per minute in the first sleep cycle increased significantly with the intake of onion extract containing concentrated cysteine sulfoxides compared with the intake of placebo. A significant decline in sleep latency was also observed. Salivary α-amylase level, a stress indicator, decreased significantly with the intake of onion extract containing concentrated cysteine sulfoxides compared with the intake of placebo. These findings indicate that onion extract containing concentrated cysteine sulfoxides alleviates stress, improves the quality of sleep and promotes smooth transition into sleep., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2020.)

A hemoglobin (Hb) threshold level of 7 g/dL has been proposed for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in patients with chronic anemia in the Japanese guideline since 2005. However, Hb thresholds for hematological diseases in clinical practice and factors responsible for higher Hb thresholds remain unclear. Hb thresholds were collected for patients with hematological diseases from 32 Japanese teaching hospitals. Uni- and multivariate analyses were used to analyze relationships between Hb threshold level and various patient and hospital factors. In total, 4996 units of RBC were transfused to 1054 patients with hematological diseases in 2421 transfusions. Median age was 68 years. Myelodysplastic syndrome was the most frequent diagnosis. Overall median Hb threshold level was 6.9 g/dL. Multivariate linear regression analysis detected the following variables associated with Hb threshold level: hospital; cardiovascular disease; symptomatic anemia; and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hospital was the most significant factor. Collectively, median Hb threshold level in clinical practice in Japan was similar to the guidelines. Higher Hb threshold level depended on the hospitals at which the transfusions were performed as well as patient condition. Educational approaches directed toward hospitals may be useful to promote transfusion guidelines.

Cooked bean hardness is an important trait for the processing of soybean products such as nimame, natto, miso, and soy sauce. Previously, we showed that cooked bean hardness is primarily affected by the pectin methylesterase gene Glyma03g03360 , and that calcium content has a secondary effect on this trait. To establish a simple and timely method for the evaluation of cooked bean hardness, primers of amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) were designed to detect a single-nucleotide polymorphism of Glyma03g03360 and subsequently used to evaluate three soybean progeny lines. The determined genotypes were compared to those identified using the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) method. Seven out of 284 lines presented different genotypes, which were determined using the two methods: A genotypes were incorrectly assigned as heterozygous by CAPS, suggesting that ARMS-PCR is more reliable. Glyma03g03360 genotypes could be used to evaluate cooked bean hardness, except for intermediate values. Cooked bean hardness within the same genotype groups was significantly correlated with calcium contents. These findings indicate that ARMS-PCR is useful for a marker-assisted selection of soybean with soft-cooked beans and that calcium content may be used for additional selection., (Copyright © 2020 by JAPANESE SOCIETY OF BREEDING.)

Systemic chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (sCAEBV) was defined as a T- or NK-cell neoplasm in the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. To clarify the clinical features of sCAEBV under this classification and review the effects of chemotherapy, we performed a nationwide survey in Japan from 2016 through 2018 of patients with sCAEBV newly diagnosed from January 2003 through March 2016. One hundred cases were evaluated. The patients were aged 1 to 78 years (median, 21) and included 53 males and 47 females. Spontaneous regression was not observed in patients with active disease. In the childhood-onset group (age, <9 years), 78% of the patients were male. In contrast, 85% of the patients in the elderly-onset group (age, >45 years) were female. The prognosis of the childhood-onset group was better than those of the adolescent/adult- and elderly-onset groups. The main chemotherapies used were a combination of cyclosporine A, steroids, and etoposide (cooling therapy) in 52 cases and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP) in 45 cases. The rate of complete response (CR), defined as complete resolution of disease activity, was 17% for cooling therapy and 13% for CHOP. Virological CR was not observed. The 3-year overall survival rates in patients treated with chemotherapy only (n = 20), chemotherapy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT; n = 47), and allo-HSCT only (n = 12) were 0%, 65%, and 82%, respectively. Distinct characteristics were observed between childhood- and elderly-onset sCAEBV, and they appeared to be different disorders. Chemotherapy is currently insufficient to resolve disease activity and eradicate infected cells. The development of an effective treatment is urgently needed., (© 2020 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Background: We suspected that moving a small neodymium magnet would promote migration of the magnetic tracer to the sentinel lymph node (SLN). Higher monitoring counts on the skin surface before making an incision help us detect SLNs easily and successfully. The present study evaluated the enhancement of the monitoring count on the skin surface in SLN detection based on the magnet movement in a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles., Methods: After induction of general anesthesia, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were injected sub-dermally into the subareolar area or peritumorally. The neodymium magnet was moved over the skin from the injection site to the axilla to promote migration of the magnetic tracer without massage. A total of 62 patients were enrolled from February 2018 to November 2018: 13 cases were subjected to magnet movement 20 times (Group A), 8 were subjected to 1-min magnet movement (Group B), 26 were given a short (about 5 min) interval from injection to 1-min magnet movement (Group C), and 15 were given a long (about 25 min) interval before 1-min magnet movement using the magnetometer's head (Group D). In all cases, an SNB was conducted using both the radioisotope (RI) and SPIO methods. The monitoring counts on the skin surface were measured by a handheld magnetometer and compared among the four groups. Changes in the monitoring count by the interval and magnet movement were evaluated., Results: The identification rates of the SPIO and RI methods were 100 and 95.2%, respectively. The mean monitoring counts of Group A, B, C, and D were 2.39 μT, 2.73 μT, 3.15 μT, and 3.92 μT, respectively (p < 0.0001; Kruskal-Wallis test). The monitoring counts were higher with longer magnet movement and with the insertion of an interval. Although there were no relationships between the monitoring count on the skin surface and clinicopathologic factors, magnet movement strongly influenced the monitoring count on the skin surface., Conclusion: Moving a small neodymium magnet is effective for promoting migration of a magnetic tracer and increasing monitoring counts on the skin surface., Trial Registration: UMIN, UMIN000029475. Registered 9 October 2017.