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This introduction positions the essays in this special issue in relation to Pascale Casanova’s model of inequality and value in the world republic of letters. Arguing that the vernacular has been a...

Purpose: Youth represents the most vulnerable population, mainly due to their lifestyle derived from risky sexual behaviours. The aim of the study was to identify specific HPV genotypes correlating with cervical smear cytologic abnormalities, well as sociodemographic/behavioural characteristics and history of sexually transmitted diseases in Bosnian women age up to 30 years. Methods: The longitudinal study was performed at the Department of Microbiology School of Medicine University of Sarajevo and Institute for Public Health dr. Andrija Stampar, Zagreb, Croatia from June 2017 to January 2018. Thirty (30) cervical smears were taken from tested females were screened using COBAS assay for HPV DNA testing. Routine Pap screening was performed in the Public Institution Department for Health Care of Women and Maternity of Sarajevo Canton. A self-administered questionnaire was applied. Results: A total of 30 sexually active women with abnormal cytological reports were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 26 IQR (20.75, 29.0) year. The overall prevalence of HR HPV was 66.7 %. Women age of ≤25 years had a positive association with positive results of HPV testing, OR=1.91. Consummation of alcohol, cigarettes had a strong positive association with positive HPV testing. Conclusions: The data obtained from this study indicate that HPV 16 is the most common HPV type found in the cervical specimens among young Bosnian women, followed by HPV 18. HPV DNA testing using as a screening test should be considered in the development of cervical cancer prevention programs in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction/Objective. Benign transient hyperphosphatasemia (BTH) is a pathogenetic insufficiently clear clinical entity that is mostly seen in infants and young children. The objective of this paper is to present our experience regarding the age of occurrence, the conditions of the discovery, and the length of duration of BTH in children. Methods. The study was realized on a sample of 18 children, nine boys and nine girls, aged 10?42 (21.06 ? 9.35) months with BTH. The diagnosis of BTH is based on the absence of bone and hepatobiliary diseases, and its spontaneous disappearance over the course of several months. Results. One patient was in the first year, 13 in the second, three in the third, and one in the fourth. Isolated high activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, which was 2.04?21.9 (8.05 ? 5.31) times above the upper reference value for the corresponding age, in 14 cases it was found during the acute diarrhea, and in four with acute rhinopharyngitis, of which in two complicated with otitis media. The cause of diarrhea in six cases was rotavirus, in two Campylobacter, and in one adenovirus, and otitis media in one case was caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, while in others, etiologic factors of infection were not identified. Spontaneous normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase activity was recorded between one and three months after the onset. Conclusion. BTH is a harmless biochemical disorder that spontaneously subsides within three months after initial observation. It is found randomly as a routine laboratory finding most often within the treatment of acute gastrointestinal and respiratory infections.

Ein Beitrag zur 8. Tagung des Verbands "Digital Humanities im deutschsprachigen Raum" - DHd 2022 Kulturen des digitalen Gedächtnisses.

Ein Beitrag zur 8. Tagung des Verbands "Digital Humanities im deutschsprachigen Raum" - DHd 2022 Kulturen des digitalen Ged��chtnisses.

This paper presents, an in situ monitoring of the behaviour of a partially saturated soil, subjected to an unloading stress path resulting from excavations. The study case is a 30m deep excavation for the construction of a metro station, The aim of the study is to monitor the evolution of displacements and pore pressure during and after the different stages of excavation. The monitored soil is an expansive marl. The first results have been collected and analysed. Nevertheless the monitoring system should remain in place for a few years.

For drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DIILD) translational imaging biomarkers are needed to improve detection and management of lung injury and drug-toxicity. Literature was reviewed on animal models in which in vivo imaging was used to detect and assess lung lesions that resembled pathological changes found in DIILD, such as inflammation and fibrosis. A systematic search was carried out using three databases with key words “Animal models”, “Imaging”, “Lung disease”, and “Drugs”. A total of 5749 articles were found, and, based on inclusion criteria, 284 papers were selected for final data extraction, resulting in 182 out of the 284 papers, based on eligibility. Twelve different animal species occurred and nine various imaging modalities were used, with two-thirds of the studies being longitudinal. The inducing agents and exposure (dose and duration) differed from non-physiological to clinically relevant doses. The majority of studies reported other biomarkers and/or histological confirmation of the imaging results. Summary of radiotracers and examples of imaging biomarkers were summarized, and the types of animal models and the most used imaging modalities and applications are discussed in this review. Pathologies resembling DIILD, such as inflammation and fibrosis, were described in many papers, but only a few explicitly addressed drug-induced toxicity experiments.

BackgroundTertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid organs that are localized near tumors and other sites of inflammation, and are commonly believed to support antitumor immunity. We previously published studies that show that most desmoplastic melanomas contain TLS, and that TLS in cutaneous metastatic melanomas varied widely in maturation state, in proportions of proliferating T and B cells, and in markers of B cell function, including AID and CD21. Thus, we hypothesized that there may be diversity in TLS function, or immunologic activity, among melanomas. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated TLS in primary desmoplastic melanomas (DM), and non-desmoplastic melanomas (non-DM) for markers of cell proliferation which are indicative of early immune activity.MethodsDM and non-DM tumor specimens, which included primary melanomas (PM), and cutaneous metastatic melanomas (CMM), were evaluated for TLS by multiplex Immunofluorescence histology, by staining for CD20, CD8, PNAd, Ki67, FoxP3, and DAPI. Lymphoid aggregates were identified in 20x spectrally unmixed images by visual inspection and identified as TLS if possessing organized T-cell and B-cell regions in addition to high endothelial venule-like vasculature (PNAd+). TLS were identified in 30 out of 64 screened (48%) CMM, 4/4 non-DM PM, and 8 out of 11 screened (73%) DM. Immune cells localized in TLS were enumerated using Halo software (Indica Labs). Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical assessments.ResultsDM commonly contain a dense network of fibroblasts and associated stroma, which are not typical for other non-DM (PM and CMM). TLS in DM are located throughout the tumors, intratumorally, in sharp distinction from the peritumoral location of TLS in non-DM. Furthermore, when compared to TLS of non-DM (PM and CMM), TLS of DM contain increased densities of CD20+ B cells (PM p=0.007; CMM pConclusionsRecently published studies have identified tumor-associated fibroblasts as the likely initiating cells for TLS formation in murine melanomas. The intratumoral location of TLS in DM puts them in close proximity to the dense fibroblasts and desmoplastic stroma in these tumors, which may be responsible for their intratumoral location. The increased density of B and T cells, and higher proportion of proliferating (Ki67+) B cells, in DM than in non-DM, suggests that there may be greater immune activation, increased germinal center maturation, or less regulation in TLS of DM.Ethics ApprovalApproval was obtained for these studies under IRB protocol #’s 10598 and 19694.

Background: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are prognostic in many human cancers. However, the prognostic value of lymphocytes infiltrating glioblastoma (GBM), and roles in tumor control or progression are unclear. We hypothesized that B and T cell density, and markers of their activity, proliferation, differentiation, or function, would have favorable prognostic significance for patients with GBM. Methods: initial resection specimens from 77 patients with IDH1/2 wild type GBM who received standard-of-care treatment were evaluated with multiplex immunofluorescence histology (mIFH), for the distribution, density, differentiation, and proliferation of T cells and B cells, as well as for the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), and IFNγ expression. Immune infiltrates were evaluated for associations with overall survival (OS) by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results: in univariate analyses, improved OS was associated with high densities of proliferating (Ki67+) CD8+ cells (HR 0.36, p = 0.001) and CD20+ cells (HR 0.51, p = 0.008), as well as CD8+Tbet+ cells (HR 0.46, p = 0.004), and RORγt+ cells (HR 0.56, p = 0.04). Conversely, IFNγ intensity was associated with diminished OS (HR 0.59, p = 0.036). In multivariable analyses, adjusting for clinical variables, including age, resection extent, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), and MGMT methylation status, improved OS was associated with high densities of proliferating (Ki67+) CD8+ cells (HR 0.15, p < 0.001), and higher ratios of CD8+ cells to CD4+ cells (HR 0.31, p = 0.005). Diminished OS was associated with increases in patient age (HR 1.21, p = 0.005) and higher mean intensities of IFNγ (HR 2.13, p = 0.027). Conclusions: intratumoral densities of proliferating CD8 T cells and higher CD8/CD4 ratios are independent predictors of OS in patients with GBM. Paradoxically, higher mean intensities of IFNγ in the tumors were associated with shorter OS. These findings suggest that survival may be enhanced by increasing proliferation of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and that approaches may be needed to promote CD8+ T cell dominance in GBM, and to interfere with the immunoregulatory effects of IFNγ in the tumor microenvironment.

Post-acute consequences of COVID-19, also termed long COVID, include signs and symptoms persisting for more than 12 weeks with prolonged multisystem involvement, most often, however, malnutrition is ignored. Method: The objective was to analyze persistent symptoms, nutritional status, the evolution of muscle strength and performance status (PS) at 6 months post-discharge in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors. Results: Of 549 consecutive patients hospitalized for COVID-19 between 1 March and 29 April 2020, 23.7% died and 288 patients were at home at D30 post-discharge. At this date, 136 of them (47.2%) presented persistent malnutrition, a significant decrease in muscle strength or a PS ≥ 2. These patients received dietary counseling, nutritional supplementation, adapted physical activity guidance or physiotherapy assistance, or were admitted to post-care facilities. At 6 months post-discharge, 91.0% of the 136 patients (n = 119) were evaluated and 36.0% had persistent malnutrition, 14.3% complained of a significant decrease in muscle strength and 14.9% had a performance status &gt, 2. Obesity was more frequent in patients with impairment than in those without (52.8% vs. 31.0%, p = 0.0071), with these patients being admitted more frequently to ICUs (50.9% vs. 31.3%, p = 0.010). Among those with persistent symptoms, 10% had psychiatric co-morbidities (mood disorders, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress syndrome), 7.6% had prolonged pneumological symptoms and 4.2% had neurological symptoms. Conclusions: Obese subjects as well as patients who have stayed in intensive care have a higher risk of functional loss or undernutrition 6 months after a severe COVID infection. Malnutrition and loss of muscle strength should be considered in the clinical assessment of these patients.

Freedom, according to the editors of the volume, is “one of the central narratives of our late modern society” (3). The key word here is “narrative,” because freedom is a story which began in many different places and histories as an expression of peoples’ local concerns, and in some cases, such as the Greek polis, resulted in the development of the notion of citizenry. Freedom-as-narrative, apparently volatile and open to any practitioner, has now gone global and became commodified. For this...

Asthma exacerbations are commonly triggered by rhinovirus infections. Viruses can activate the NFκB pathway resulting in airway inflammation and increased Th2 cytokine expression. NFκB signaling is also involved in early activation of IFNβ, which is a central mediator of antiviral responses to rhinovirus infection. Using a mouse model, this study tests our hypothesis that NFκB signaling is involved in impaired IFNβ production at viral-induced asthma exacerbations. C57BL/6 wild-type and NFκB1−/− mice were challenged with house dust mite for 3 weeks and were subsequently stimulated with the rhinoviral mimic poly(I:C). General lung inflammatory parameters and levels of the Th2 upstream cytokine IL-33 were measured after allergen challenge. At exacerbation, production of IFNβ and antiviral proteins as well as gene expression of pattern recognition receptors and IRF3/IRF7 was assessed. In the asthma exacerbation mouse model, lack of NFκB1 resulted in lower levels of IL-33 after allergen challenge alone and was associated with reduced eosinophilia. At exacerbation, mice deficient in NFκB1 exhibited enhanced expression of IFNβ and antiviral proteins. This was accompanied by increased IRF3/IRF7 expression and induction of pattern recognition receptor expression. In a human asthma dataset, a negative correlation between IRF3 and NFκB1 expression was observed. NFκB may impair antiviral responses at exacerbation, possibly by reducing expression of the transcription factors IRF3/IRF7. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for targeting NFκB pathways at viral infection-induced exacerbations.

Background: Salmonellosis, a disease which occurs following the consumption of food contaminated with salmonella, is most frequently present in young children and older immunocompromised individuals. This condition must be treated with antibiotics. The increased degree of morbidity comes in relation to the increased resistance of Sallmonellae species to antibiotics. Resistance has considerably been increased in approximately the last twenty years, thanks mostly to the establishment of diagnoses ex juvantibus, the prescription of therapies without antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance testing, as well as the massive, unjustified usage of antibiotics. Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine the representation of antibiotic susceptibility/resistance of Salmonella species isolated in non-hospitalised patients. Materials and methods: In a microbiological laboratory in the Institute for Public Health Canton of Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), analysed were samples of stool and urine of non-hospitalised patients with our without developed symptoms of salmonellosis in the period from one year. Results: Of the total 69 patients infected with salmonella, in 65 (94.2%) S. enteritidis group D was isolated, in 3 (4.3%) S. species group B, and in 1 (1.4%) patient there was a S. enteritidis group D and a S. species group C. Isolated strains were resistant to Ampicillin in 63 (91.3%) patients, while to Ciprofloxacin and Bactrim there was no established resistance. Conclusions: The most commonly isolated bacterial strain was S. enteritidis group D. Isolated strains show different susceptibility/resistance to tested antibiotics, and thus the completion of an antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance test is necessary before adding an antibiotic to the patient’s treatment.

Introduction/Objective. Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease (CD) in children. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, severity and type of anemia in children with a classical CD, as well as the differences between anemic and non-anemic patients in their age, duration of illness, percentile body length or height, percentage of body weight (BW) deviation compared to ideal, and the degree of damage to the small intestine mucosa. Methods. The study was based on a sample of 90 children, 56 females and 34 males, ages 7?90 (18.23 ?} 12.7) months with classical CD. The diagnosis of CD is based on the ESPGHAN criteria from 1990 and 2012, and of anemia on the 2011 WHO reference values. Results. Anemia was found in 47 (52.22%) patients, of which it was mild in 23 cases [hemoglobin (Hb) 100?109 g/L] and moderately severe in 24 (Hb 70?99 g/L), in 34 (72.34%) it was microcytic [mean cell volume (MCV) < 70 fl] and normocytic (MCV 70?87 fl) in 13 patients. Low serum iron levels (< 10.7 ?mol/L) were found in 68 (75.56%), and hypoferritinemia (< 16 ng/ml) in 77 (85.56%) patients. Except for a greater deficit of BW in patients with anemia compared to those without anemia (-14.64 ? 9.60 vs. -8.56 ? 11.87%, p < 0.01), differences in other defined features were not significant. Conclusion. Mild or moderate iron deficiency anemia occurs in slightly more than half of children with a classical type CD. In anemic compared to non-anemic patients, there is a significantly higher BW deficit, while differences in other characteristics typical for this type of disease are not significant. This article has been corrected. Link to the correction 10.2298/SARH1910649E

Background Oil and gas industry workers appear to suffer from anxiety and depression more frequently than the general population. Aims To establish the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among offshore workers working for an oil and gas company and to identify the main stressors that lead to symptoms of these disorders. Methods One thousand seven hundred and forty-seven workers employed in an offshore oil and gas company in the Middle East completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Patient Health (PHQ-9) questionnaires. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were estimated from these surveys. Results Anxiety and depression symptoms were reported by nearly 15% of workers surveyed. Ordered logistic regression analyses showed that age, rotation length, years of service and local origin (versus expatriate) were significant predictors for symptoms of anxiety. With adjustment for age, older local workers had a lower risk of anxiety symptoms than expatriates. Conclusions Younger workers, workers with longer rotations and those with fewer years of service were more likely to report anxiety symptoms. In addition, older local workers and expatriates had a lower prevalence of anxiety symptoms than younger local workers. Future recommendations should address improvements in psychological health of offshore workers in the gas and oil industries.

Introduction/Objective. The anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is rare congenital disease, which causes myocardial ischemia and subsequent heart failure in infants. The aim is early and mid-term follow up evaluation of the heart function after surgical repair of ALCAPA. Methods. Investigation was retrospective and included medical records of the ALCAPA patients treated surgically, between 2009 and 2017, at the tertiary referent heart center. Results. Five patients (four girls) with coronary anomaly were included in the study. All patients had significantly increased left ventricular end diastolic diameter (z-score 6.6 ? 2.43) and left atria size (z-score 3.09 ? 0.37), along with decreased systolic function (ejection fraction 34.8 ? 7.4% and fractional shortening 15.5 ? 3.4%). The surgery was performed on average at the age of 8.2 ? 7.8 months. Operative treatment was associated with early improvement in echocardiographic parameters (except the size of the left atria). Patients were followed for 4.5 ? 2.6 years. Improvement in echocardiographic parameters was age-related. Patients under four months had recovery early after surgery, those treated at 5.5?6 months of age had normalization after 12 months, and patient who was recognized in the second year of life had late recovery (after ? 24 months). Conclusion. Operative treatment in the first 3?4 months of life is related with the most favorable prognosis and rapid normalization of the echocardiographic parameters.

Introduction/Objective Isolated hypertransaminasemia (IHTS) is a common, benign, and transient appearance in patients with celiac disease (CD). The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of IHTS in children up to two years old with clinically classical CD, as well as its connection with the onset of the first symptoms of the disease, the age of diagnosis, the clinical and laboratory nutritional parameters, and the degree of damage of small intestinal mucosa. Methods The study was based on a sample of 82 children, 55 female and 27 male, ages 7?24 (14.28 ? 4.41) months. The diagnosis of CD was based on the revised ESPGHAN criteria and the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by standard laboratory methods. Results IHTS was found in 39 (47.56%) patients, 27 of whom (69.23%) had elevated levels of both transaminases and 12 of only one ? eight of AST and four of ALT. The increase in relation to the aforementioned reference value for ALT was 1.1?10.08 (1.67 ? 1.73), and for AST it was 1.08?7.91 (1.56 ? 1.29) times. In patients with IHTS compared to those with normal transaminasemia, the age of onset of CD was significantly lower (9.83 ? 3.69 vs. 12.95 ? 4.43 months, p = 0.001), as well as the age of diagnosis (12.97 ? 3.88 vs. 15.47 ? 4.56 months; p = 0.01), while the differences in the other observed parameters were not significant. Conclusions IHTS occurs in almost half of children up to two years old with classical CD. Hypertransaminasemia is in most cases mild and significantly more frequent in patients with earlier clinical expression of the CD.

Introduction/Objective. The classic type of celiac disease (CD) is most common in children under two years of age. The aim of this study was to investigate whether breastfeeding, particularly breastfeeding during gluten introduction, and timing of gluten introduction, influence the onset of CD at this age. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 93 children, 40 in the first and 53 in the second year, with a classic CD diagnosed at the University Children?s Hospital, Belgrade between 2000 and 2010. The diagnosis of CD was based on the criteria of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) from 1989. Results. Duration of breastfeeding reduced the onset of the CD in the first year p = 0.039 (OR = 1.43 95% CI 1.019?1.899). Also, breastfeeding at the time of gluten introduction significantly delayed the age at diagnosis (F = 1.671, t = 2.39, p = 0.029). The timing of gluten introduction did not affect the age of occurrence of CD in these group of children. Conclusion. Longer breastfeeding, and breastfeeding at the time of gluten introduction, postponed the onset of classic CD in patients up to two years. The association between the occurrence of CD and the time of introduction of gluten in this age group of patients has not been established.

Amaranthaceae Juss. family encompasses many edible plants with prominent biological activity. This investigation tested the bioactive properties of ethanolic and methanolic extract of three well-known species: spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris), and orache (Atriplex hortensis L.) through the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties. The particular goal was to evaluate the antibiofilm potential of extracts and to demarcate concentration-depending changes in the biofilm-forming category of included bacterial strains. The mass of the chard and orache methanolic extracts gained by maceration are lower in comparison to the mass of ethanolic extracts obtained by the Soxhlet method. In the case of spinach, the results are the opposite. All extracts have an antiradical activity that can be attributed to the established amounts of phenols and flavonoids. Total phenolics in dry leaves ranged from 0.09 to 0.44 mg GAE/g dw, and total flavonoids from 0.42 to 1.9 mg RTE/g dw. All investigated extracts performed inhibitory potential in terms of bacterial growth, while there was no bactericidal effect observed. Values of the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 125 µg/ml to 500 µg/ml. Overall results suggested orache extracts as the strongest inhibitory agents. Antibiofilm assays showed that examined extracts of spinach, chard, and orache caused changes in the biofilm-forming capacity of investigated bacterial pathogens. Fluctuations in observed biofilm-forming categories after application of extracts were concentration-dependent.

The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is correlated with prolonged patient survival in a variety of solid cancers, including melanoma. However, few methods have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the organization and functionality of TLS in solid cancers. In this chapter, we describe multiplex immunohistochemistry and microscopy approaches for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying TLS and intra-tumoral immune infiltrates in melanoma. The described methods are not limited to melanoma alone and could be used to evaluate tertiary lymphoid structures in a wide variety of human cancers.

In vivo diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is limited in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and acquisition time, which constrains spatial resolution to the macroscale regime. Ex vivo imaging, which allows for arbitrarily long scan times, is critical for exploring human brain structure in the mesoscale regime without loss of SNR. Standard head array coils designed for patients are sub-optimal for imaging ex vivo whole brain specimens. The goal of this work was to design and construct a 48-channel ex vivo whole brain array coil for high-resolution and high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging on a 3T Connectome scanner. The coil was validated with bench measurements and characterized by imaging metrics on an agar brain phantom and an ex vivo human brain sample. The two-segment coil former was constructed for a close fit to a whole human brain, with small receive elements distributed over the entire brain. Imaging tests including SNR and G-factor maps were compared to a 64-channel head coil designed for in vivo use. There was a 2.9-fold increase in SNR in the peripheral cortex and a 1.3-fold gain in the center when compared to the 64-ch head coil. The 48-channel ex vivo whole brain coil also decreases noise amplification in highly parallel imaging, allowing acceleration factors of approximately one unit higher for a given noise amplification level. The acquired diffusion-weighted images in a whole ex vivo brain specimen demonstrate the applicability of the developed coil for high-resolution and high b-value diffusion-weighted ex vivo brain MRI studies.

Every year, the European Respiratory Society (ERS) organises the Lung Science Conference (LSC) in Estoril, Portugal, to discuss basic and translational science. The topic of the LSC 2020 was “Metabolic alterations in lung ageing and disease”. In addition to an outstanding scientific programme, the LSC provides excellent opportunities for career development and inclusion of Early Career Members (ECMs). All scientific and poster sessions are chaired by an ECM who is paired with a senior faculty member to allow ECMs to become acquainted with session chairing. In addition, 40 travel bursaries are made available to abstract authors and all bursary recipients are invited to take part in a mentorship lunch. Moreover, there is a session organised by the Early Career Members Committee (ECMC) dedicated to career development. Here, we describe the scientific highlights of LSC 2020 for those who could not attend., The Lung Science Conference 2020 brought together leading experts in the field to discuss the latest cutting-edge science, as well as various career development opportunities for early career members https://bit.ly/2XZ5YGQ

The presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is correlated with prolonged patient survival in a variety of solid cancers, including melanoma. However, few methods have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the organization and functionality of TLS in solid cancers. In this chapter, we describe multiplex immunohistochemistry and microscopy approaches for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying TLS and intra-tumoral immune infiltrates in melanoma. The described methods are not limited to melanoma alone and could be used to evaluate tertiary lymphoid structures in a wide variety of human cancers.

Följande studie handlar om lärares förhållningssätt till användandet av flerspråkighet i undervisningen samt transspråkande arbetssätt. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad klasslärare och SvA-lärare i årskurs F–3 samt 4–6 har för inställning till användandet av flerspråkighet i undervisningen för andraspråkselever inom ämnet svenska. Vidare undersöks det i studien om lärare anser att användandet av elevers språkliga resurser är ett fungerande arbetssätt i flerspråkiga klassrum. Studiens metod och material består av intervjuer som genomförts med totalt 10 lärare. Dessa är fem klasslärare och fem SvA-lärare i årskurs F–3 samt 4–6. Datamaterialet har analyserats utifrån en fenomenografisk analysmetod som syftar till att ta reda på hur människor uppfattar olika fenomen i omvärlden. Datan har kategoriserats utifrån studiens två forskningsfrågor och utifrån forskningsfrågorna har vi skapat två huvudkategorier och totalt sex underkategorier. Resultatet visar att användandet av elevers modersmål som resurs i undervisningen används i olika utsträckning. Arbetssättet transspråkande används vid enstaka tillfällen i undervisningen. Lärarnas attityder till användandet av flerspråkighet i undervisningen speglar ett positivt synsätt. Deras synsätt visade både möjligheter och svårigheter med att använda andraspråkselevers modersmål som resurs i undervisningen.

Microbial division rates determine the speed of mutation accumulation and thus the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Microbial death rates are affected by antibiotic action and the immune system. Therefore, measuring these rates has advanced our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and antibiotic action. Several methods based on marker-loss or few inheritable neutral markers exist that allow estimating microbial division and death rates, each of which has advantages and limitations. Technical bottlenecks, i.e., experimental sampling events, during the experiment can distort the rate estimates and are typically unaccounted for or require additional calibration experiments. In this work, we introduce RESTAMP (Rate Estimates by Sequence Tag Analysis of Microbial Populations) as a method for determining bacterial division and death rates. This method uses hundreds of fitness neutral sequence barcodes to measure the rates and account for experimental bottlenecks at the same time. We experimentally validate RESTAMP and compare it to established plasmid loss methods. We find that RESTAMP has a number of advantages over plasmid loss or previous marker based techniques. (i) It enables to correct the distortion of rate estimates by technical bottlenecks. (ii) Rate estimates are independent of the sequence tag distribution in the starting culture allowing the use of an arbitrary number of tags. (iii) It introduces a bottleneck sensitivity measure that can be used to maximize the accuracy of the experiment. RESTAMP allows studying microbial population dynamics with great resolution over a wide dynamic range and can thus advance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions or the mechanisms of antibiotic action.

Background - Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, is a complex disease that occurs when different kinds of traumatic events happen. The symptoms are individual and vary due to the kind of traumatic experience and the persons reaction. There are many of us that have experienced various traumatic events such as sexual abuse, war events, assault, or accidents at some point in life, but only a few percent develop PTSD as a consequence. PTSD also often occurs along with other diseases. Common symptoms are flashbacks, involuntary memory images, avoidant behavior, hopelessness, sleeping disorders and the ‘’fight or flight response’’ overactivity. One of the criteria that need to be fulfilled in order to be diagnosed with PTSD is that the symptoms have lasted for at least a month. Usually, the survival instinct is activated when your body is exposed to danger. For people suffering from PTSD the responses to danger and stress are distorted. The process for when a human is exposed to stress starts with the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA-axis that together will lead to a release of ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex and releases cortisol in the body. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists primarily of CB1 and CB2 receptors as well as endogenous cannabinoids and is important for cognitive and emotional processes. Studies have shown that activating the CB1 receptor shortly after the traumatic event could reduce flashbacks. Tetrahydrocannabidiol has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties as well as a high agonist affinity for CB1 and the CB2 receptors. Cannabidiol (CBD), which is the second component extracted from the cannabis plant, has weaker affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors. The effects of CBD are anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety and antispasmodic. Nabilon is an example of a synthetic CB1 receptor agonist. Today, some evidence for a correlation exists between improved PTSD symptoms and cannabis use. The aim - The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of synthetic cannabinoids on the different symptoms caused by PTSD. Method - This literature review study analyzed five studies and their results of the efficacy of synthetic cannabinoids on the different PTSD symptoms. Three studies included the efficacy of nabilon on different PTSD symptoms. One study evaluates the efficacy of oral THC on the different types of symptoms caused by PTSD. The last study includes the worsening of symptoms of PTSD associated with marijuana use. The article was chosen due to that availability of articles was limited and because it was relevant for the aim of this study even though they did not use synthetic cannabinoids. Results - The results that were obtained from these five studies showed that there was an improvement in the various PTSD symptoms in the treatment of synthetic cannabinoids. A reduction in pain and nightmares were demonstrated together with improved quality of life. One study resulted in increased difficulty of symptoms during the use of marijuana. The five studies showed mild side effects such as dry mouth, headache, and dizziness. Conclusion - In summary, it is hard to draw a general conclusion, but the results that were obtained showed that there is an advantage to use synthetic cannabinoids. Since, it has a beneficial efficacy on the different PTSD symptoms. However, it would be of interest to see if synthetic cannabinoids have a beneficial efficacy and safety in a larger study with a study population including different ages and a longer study period. It could be suggested to use synthetic cannabinoid as a treatment for resistant symptoms caused by PTSD.