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Copyright of Scientific Bulletin of Polissia is the property of Chernihiv State Institute of Economics & Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bundled package of home loans and insurance are a natural phenomenon. Banks treat insurance as the primary security for the credit. For the consumer–borrower can help in financial difficulty. The purpose of insurance added to the loan is to reduce the risk of inability of borrowers to pay back their loans to banks and to ensure the safety of the insured or beneficiary of the insurance policy Therefore, insurance added to the loans should effectively protect borrowers. However, bundled package entails the risk of mismatching the insurance cover with the individual policy-holder insurance needs. Consumer–borrower may not be aware of the scope of insurance protection, which results from the insurance contract and general insurance terms and conditions. Therefore, in order to properly understand the offer of insurance, it becomes necessary to familiarize the borrower–the consumer with the general insurance conditions. However, as research shows, there is a big problem on the insurance sector with unintelligible insurance policy. The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The aim of the article is to compare and assess the scope of insurance cover based on the provisions of the general conditions of life insurance added to home loans by the two largest banks in Poland. Methodology: The article uses a comparative analysis of the scope of insurance cover on the based on provisions of the general conditions of insurance. The following categories have been selected from the general conditions of insurance: subject of insurance, definitions of events covered by the liability of the insurer, nature of benefits, amount of insurance and exclusions and limitations of liability. Results of the research: the analysis of the scope of insurance cover at selected banks in the article shows that selected categories from the general terms and conditions of insurance limit the potential level of insurance cover. After reviewing the general terms and conditions of insurance, consumer–borrower is not sure whether he will get help from the insurer when he needs it.

This study explores the influence of national culture on mortgage and financial well-being levels in the European context. The paper employs regression analysis using mainly Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the EU-SILC dataset from Eurostat to provide a better understanding of the determinants of the decision to hold secured debts and a better explanation of the states of financial well-being. To the best of our knowledge, no study has addressed the influence of culture on mortgage and financial well-being levels in the European setting using samples from different countries and controlling for household characteristics. We conclude that power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation are negatively associated with the likelihood of holding a mortgage. The results also show that masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence are negatively associated with the amount of mortgage. Moreover, individualism and long-term orientation (power distance and uncertainty avoidance) are positively (negatively) associated with being in a state of financial well-being. Collectively, our research shows that national cultures play a crucial role in household finance. JEL Codes - D10; G40; G51

The legal force of electronic signatures in online mortgage registration activities is an important subject to study. Because basically the legal problems of electronic mortgage registration are also related to the validity of electronic signatures of persons who are not present before an LDO. Another issue that is important to study regarding the electronic signature in question is regarding the time limit of 7 (seven) days to register the Deed of Grant of Mortgage to the Land Registry Office. If it exceeds that time limit, the deed in question becomes null and void and it also causes sanctions against LDO. The research method used is normative juridical legal research that focused on two problems, namely; How is the legal force of electronic signatures in online mortgage registration? What are the legal problems of online mortgage registration? The results of the research showed that the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning/the Head of National Land Agency Number 9 Year 2019 concerning Electronically Integrated Mortgage Services substantially has a tendency to contradict some of the regulations above it. Therefore, there is no detailed data protection relating to the securities registered in the electronic mortgage registration. Ignoring the time limit of 7(seven) days will also result in administrative sanctions up to the dismissal of the LDO who neglect their duties.

The gloss discusses the rulings on the essence and content of a mortgage that break the uniform and well-established line of rulings according to which a mortgage entitles a mortgage creditor to demand payment from the owner of the object encumbered with it as a debtor in rem. In the abovemntioned rulings the Supreme Court accepted without any doubt that a mortgage is executed by monetising the object mortgaged in the course of enforcement proceedings and any other definition of its content contradicts its legal nature as the right in rem. Consequently, the Supreme Court deemed it inadmissible to apply Article 319 the Code of Civil Procedure to decisions regarding satisfaction of a mortgage creditor from the object of a mortgage, which article has been unambiguously classified as applying only to personal liability.

This paper uses the article by Barry Chevannes as a springboard to advance a proposition that the enactment of legislation to provide for the recognition of marriage in the Rastafarian context of the word, would confer on parties married pursuant to the Rastafarian tradition, the benefits afforded to persons legally married in accordance with other religions, faiths and practices, in Jamaica. After an examination of the information, it was found that there are existing examples of the co-existence of marriages conducted according to religious rites which also adhere to the formalities in the law. This article therefore addresses issues of marriage, religion, faith, practice, law and legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I investigate the tension between screening and adverse selection in markets where bank assets can be resold, such as the secondary market for residential mortgages in the U.S., via a non-cooperative, two-player game. Information acquisition is costly to a Bank and is hidden from a Purchaser. The key tradeoff is between the origination of higher-quality assets, the "public" benefit of information, and the potential for the Bank to adversely select which assets to offer for sale, the "private" (to the lender) benefit of information. If the Purchaser observes a proxy for screening costs, such as geographic distance between lenders and borrowers, then it can exert market discipline: when the private benefit of information exceeds the public benefit, markets operate in a low-information equilibrium, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the best sources of female attitudes towards credit, and many other matters as well, are the letters between Lady Peregrina Chaytor and her husband Sir William Chaytor, who was imprisoned for debt after being arrested by two of his creditors in 1701. Their letters are fascinating because Peregrina was a feme covert under the English rules of coverture. This meant that as a wife she had no legal personality. However, with her husband in prison she became responsible for running the estate for some time. Also, like many wealthier wives, she had signed a marriage contract to protect her property during the marriage, which in her case gave her and her daugh ters rights to the rents of part of Sir William’s estate during his life as well as after his death. This was quite unusual, but Peregrina’s father was one of Sir William’s main creditors. William had inherited debts of around £7,000 from his father and uncle, and he had mortgaged much of the estate in order to keep up paying the interest on them. The letters show how the increase in mortgaging came into conflict with female land rights, in an era when the rules of strict primogeniture settlement were compulsory, and how Peregrina dealt with these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a framework that views kinship and credit as interdependent social relations, we analyse the management, transfer and securitisation of debt in familial contexts in Tyrol and Lower Austria during the eighteenth century. Pronounced differences in law and practice regarding marital property and inheritance are particularly promising for comparative analysis. By drawing on a variety of sources, we reconstruct two case studies of intergenerational transfers of property and debt that reveal commonalities as well as differences in the contrasting legal contexts. In both cases, we found flexible practices of succession that did not exclude daughters even in the presence of suitable sons, provision contracts that constituted non-monetary mortgages and substantial debt due to claims on inheritance shares. Clear differences stemmed from contrasts in marital property law. In Tyrol, separation of marital property led to a weaker position of widows and marrying-in husbands regarding succession, while in Lower Austria, they had strong claims to the marital estate as a result of their community of property. We show that such institutionalised aspects of marriage and kinship had a strong impact on credit relations within these societies. It is thus important not to limit the analysis of early modern credit to financial markets or loans for investment, trade and consumption, but include claims stemming from marital and familial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High mortgage repayment-to-income ratios and unavailability of adequate and secured collateral are major setbacks for low-income households in accessing housing finance. This notwithstanding, few studies have examined housing finance strategies that are available to low-income households within a secondary city context amidst the complexities of customary land tenure. This study examined the housing finance strategies adopted by low-income households in Kumasi, Ghana and suggested alternative strategies under informal tenure. The mixed methods approach was adopted, using a survey of randomly selected households and semi-structured interviews of financial institutions. From the data analyses, the findings suggest that low-income households are priced out of formal mortgage markets, and hence they relied on the incremental building process. This approach is unsustainable and inefficient because it takes longer periods to complete, and such houses lack basic sanitary amenities. To mitigate the situation, there is the need for government social housing drives using cheaper and locally produced building materials as a long-term measure. In the short-term, urban poor can rely on rental housing options for their housing needs. There is also the need to create serviced neighborhoods in the peri-urban fringes of the city to supply cheaper and accessible housing parcels for the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Notaire is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Mortgage lending plays an important role both for the banking system and for the country’s economy as a whole. In addition to the main function of providing people with comfortable housing, mortgage system development stimulates various areas of the country's economy and creates conditions conducive for investment. The purpose of the paper is to single out the factors that have a negative impact on the home mortgage lending market on the basis of the case study of the Vologda Region. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the statistical database of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, data from an integrated housing development institution DOM.RF and the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service in the Vologda Region, as well as the Numbeo database ratings. Methods of comparison and observation, analysis and synthesis were used to study the statistics of the main indicators of the home mortgage lending market. Results. The main factors influencing the home mortgage lending market have been identified: high loan interest rates, low wages (insolvency of the client), an increase in overdue debts, high prices in the housing market, etc. The author has put forward recommendations for the development of the home mortgage lending market. Discussion and Сonclusion. The study has shown that the mortgage market in the Vologda Region has considerable growth potential and that credit institutions should work more carefully with clients, which will help to reduce overdue debts. The research materials may be useful to researchers exploring the economic issue under consideration, as well as to commercial banks, regional and local authorities that can contribute to the development of mortgage lending.

The aim of this article is to adjust the technique of comparing the standard of living in 11 countries of Central and Eastern Europe that became members of the European Union (EU) during 2004-2013 (EU-11) and 15 countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe – member states of the EU by 1995 (EU-15). We reveal that outright home ownership in the EU-11 countries exceeds on average 75%, while almost two-thirds of households in the EU-15 countries have a mortgage or pay rent spending on housing on average up to one quarter of their income. Despite 30 years of transition to a market economy, the EU-11 countries largely inherited such home ownership structure from the centrally planned economy institutions, i.e. individually-owned and cooperative housing, as well as subsidized state-owned housing stock that became the private property of tenants at the start of market reforms. We propose a technique of taking into account households’ income and housing costs (mortgage and rent) in one indicator given the current home ownership structure in an economy. After the purchasing power parity (PPP) adjustment, our calculations reveal that the standard of living disparities between the EU-11 and EU-15 states are less significant than when compared at nominal prices or PPP alone. Moreover, the disparity in average living standards between these two groups of countries turns out to be narrower than cross-regional differences within seven EU member states at the Eurostat’s NUTS 2 level.

The article studies the lines in the development of banking system in regions of the North-West Federal Area. By analyzing the banking system on the regional level within the period being researched the authors identified such key trends as a decline in the number of regional banks, a growth in the total profit of the banking system in the federal area, a rise in the volume of credits granted to individuals, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, a drop in credits given to entities of small and medium entrepreneurship, a cut in interest rates of credits to legal entities and a sharp increase in overdue debt under credit on mortgage. On the basis of the analysis the key figures of the banking system on the regional level (illustrated by regions of the North-West federal area) the authors identified negative and positive trends, which allowed them to substantiate the key lines in the development of regional banking system. The principle findings of the research can be useful for management of regional banks and state authorities. Such methods as comparative analysis, longitude, synthesis, system analysis and economic-statistic methods were used in the research.

The right of the mortgagee and the mortgage relationship as part of the content of the mortgage is a very interesting area for research and study. Within the research and studies in this area, there are a number of elements that need to be analyzed and appropriate conclusions drawn. We have covered the concept of mortgage, mortgage relationship, rights and obligations of the mortgagee and the debtor, as well as the right of the mortgagee in case of reduction of the value of the mortgage by the debtor, by his act, to jeopardize the interests of the mortgagee.

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study contributes to the extant research on foreclosure by focusing on the relevance of lender-borrower relations. Donald Black's theory of the behaviour of law is assessed by examining the association between revocation of compulsory sale by the lender and four different variables, proxying variations in the scope, history, and frequency of contact between the lender and the borrower. This association is modelled in a logistic regression framework of micro-level data on compulsory sale and mortgage borrowers in Sweden from 2010 to 2014. The results indicate that there are more revocations in cases that are deferred by the lender. There are fewer revocations in cases with digital banks and when there are also other creditors than the lender. These empirical findings partially confirm Donald Black's propositions about the association between the quantity of law and relational distance, and point at the importance of lender-borrower relations in explaining foreclosure outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contracting a mortgage with an IRPH (Spanish acronym for mortgage loan benchmark index) has always been controversial. Once again, the debate has arisen about whether these contract types comply with the criteria of transparency required of credits institutions in their dealings with clients. The present article aims to analyse two issues: firstly, the recent judicial doctrine of the Supreme Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union underlying their position on IRPH clauses and, secondly, whether these clauses really comply with the criteria of transparency that ensure a contractual balance that respects good faith and maintains loyalty between the consumer and the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law 5/2019, of 15 March, regulating real estate credit contracts and its implementing regulations seek to provide mortgage loans on residential real estate with greater transparency and a clearer regime, with greater information and control mechanisms in the formation of the contractual will. This document examines the application of this law to financing subject to foreign legislation with a mortgage guarantee constituted on a residential property located in Spanish territory and the requirements and complications that such institutions must face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the Draft Instrument on the Judicial Sale of Ships that is currently being prepared at UNCITRAL, focusing mainly on the conditions for the judicial sale of a ship conducted in one State Party to have effects in another Contracting State (including the definition of “clean title”, the notion of ship, and problematic aspects of the sale). The article considers particularly the background of the UNCITRAL Instrument and the conditions (scope of application) for the domestic judicial sale of ships to have international effect under the Convention, paying special attention to one of the most important requirements to issue a certificate of judicial sale (conferring clean title to the ship). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the process of electronically registering a mortgage guarantee deed at the Semarang City Land Office. In addition, to determine whether Law No. 4 of 1996 accommodates electronic registration of Mortgage Rights. The research method used in this thesis uses a juridical-empirical approach. Primary data sources and types of data are taken empirically, and secondary data is taken through the literature. The data collection technique used is through interviews and literature studies, and the data analysis techniques used are qualitative. The results of this research indicate that the electronic registration of Mortgage Guarantee Deeds is a policy innovation at Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN/ Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Badan Pertanahan Nasional) offices throughout Indonesia based on the regulations of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning of the National Land Agency No. 5 of 2020 concerning Electronically Integrated Mortgages. The service for registration of a mortgage guarantee deed electronically at the Semarang City Land Office is carried out with the Lentera Application System. Therefore, the policy for registering a mortgage guarantee certificate electronically regulated in Ministerial Regulation No. 5 of 2020 concerning Electronically Integrated Mortgage Services is not inconsistent with Law No. 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights on Land and Objects Related to Land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most people make very few real estate transactions on life transactions, and these, in addition to the fact that the most important financial transaction in which they are involved, also have a high degree of complexity from a legal and financial point of view. This finding is valid in all countries with market-based economic systems, regardless of their degree of development. The three elements that are common to real estate transactions in these states are: meeting demand with supply, transfer of property rights, and mortgage financing. Over time, each of these elements has been in the attention of the world's competition authorities in general and the Competition Council in particular. Activity in the UK real estate market has always been at European economic events, and its action is very important, manifesting itself both as an international trigger - a conclusive example would be the "subprime" residential crisis in the United States. and an important transmission mechanism to the real economy, which affects the transactions carried out, influencing mortgages, etc. or the effective application of competition rules. However, these measures require the construction of a consistent argument that address both the causes of these anti - competitive restrictions and their effects on consumers. It is also necessary to quantify the possible effects that they can have reforms in this area, as well as a comparison of the results obtained with empirical evidence from the states in which these reforms were undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a comparative analysis, this article aims at addressing non-accessory legal and property tools for securing claims. In the positive law of the Republic of North Macedonia the right of pledge (mortgage) still remains an accessory property right, which implies necessary correlation of the mortgage with the claims that it secures. The possibility for the right of mortgage to be independent of the claim, namely for it to be created with the intention of also securing a future or conditional claim represents an exception, which to a certain extent manages to mitigate the principle of rigorous accessoriness. The need for the independence of the mortgage from the claim that is secured with it is evident, therefore, to this demand the German law has been among the first ones to positively respond, in which non-accessoriness has found a safe troll. Such non-accessory mortgage in German law is capable of responding to the new conditions of the market economy and the needs for credit of each entity in the civil-legal circulation. However, while non-accessoriness is finding its place in different systems in contemporary law, there are still sceptical authors within the framework of legal doctrine who consider that the independence of the mortgage from the claim it secures causes legal uncertainty. In the absence of crystal clear attitudes in the judicial and professional practice, this paper aims at shedding light on the advantages and disadvantages of non-accessory legal and property tools for securing claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research objective is to analyse Jewish entrepreneurial activity in early modern Volynian towns and to clarify its significance for their economic development. The article methodology is guided by the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity and comprehensiveness. Such methods as historical and comparative, problem-chronological and retrospective were applied as well. The scientific novelty consists in the integral review of the source base of the problem which allowed presenting a wide range of Jewish commercial and industrial activities in the Volynian towns and showing its importance for the economic development of the region. Conclusions. Thorough study of the sources let for confirming the important role of Jews in the economic life of Volyn during the specified time. First of all its trading activity, though it wasn't always purely trading, but mostly combined with other types of business. Part of the Jewish population was engaged in crafts, usually connected with leather (shoemakers and skinners) and somewhat lesser number of Jews was engaged in farming. The organisation of the production of ash, soda, alcohols distillation, mead and beer brewing and their sale was popular among the Jews. The Jews kept tenement houses, were active in lending money, and engaged in driving the cattle for sale. The renting activities of the Jews were successful too. They rented duties, taverns, mills, malting and wax refineries, bridges, crossing sites and pond draining activities. What was popular was renting of a measuring levy, beverage industry levies, Schoss levies, castle and gmina revenues. Villages and cities were often rented. Sub-renting was also well-known. Not only things and houses, but also villages and cities were mortgaged to the Jews. All of this allowed collecting and accumulating large capitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study examined whether homeownership is associated with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms among older adults aged 65 or over and whether these associations differ by gender. This study further distinguished mortgagors from owner-occupiers. Methods: Using six waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N = 3540), we used generalized estimating equations as well as random- and fixed-effects regression analyses. Results: Gender-stratified fixed-effects models showed that the associations between homeownership and psychological resources are largely driven by men. Owner-occupiers are more satisfied with life and report fewer depressive symptoms than renters. By contrast, although mortgagors are more satisfied with life than renters, they have depressive symptoms similar to those of renters. These patterns are more pronounced among men than women. Discussion: Our findings lend support to policies that promote affordable homeownership as a way to reduce social inequalities in psychological well-being and health, especially among older men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate an optimal refinancing problem for an interest‐only mortgage, where the market mortgage rate is defined as the classical Black‐Scholes geometric Brownian motion with regime switching. We verify that the optimal refinancing strategy only depends on the quotient between the market mortgage rate and the borrowing rate. We show that the optimal refinancing strategy is of threshold type. By reducing the two‐dimensional optimal refinancing problem to a one‐dimensional problem, we obtain the system of equations that the function with respect to quotient satisfies. Analytic solutions are obtained in one‐ and two‐regime cases. Finally, we present some numerical results to illustrate the influence of the model parameters on the optimal refinancing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bioeconomics & Agrarian Business / Bìoekonomìka ta Agrarnij Bìznes is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Srpska Pravna Misao is the property of University Banja Luka, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is less interest in discrediting Jurisprudence in the context of mortgage. Even those who ‎don’t consider the bill a condition of the validity or necessity of the mortgage, still oppose the ‎interest mortgage‏. ‏The reason for invalidating the interests of mortgages can't be divided in to ‎two main categories. The first category is the reason that the bill is considered a condition of ‎the mortgage‏. ‏With the condition of knowing the bill and recognizing the interests of the ‎debtor. The interests of mortgages are not automatically eliminated. The second group ‎regardless of the condition of the bill consider mortgage as opposite of jurists property must ‎have characteristics that an satisfy the ultimate desirability of mortgages in security‏, ‏Because ‎the interest bill is slowly being created. It is not possible to get it‏. ‏But all these reason are ‎disputed. The necessity to own the property id to the conditional of the bill‏. ‏If the bill ‎requirement is removed is removed the need for objectivity is also eliminated. Buying and ‎selling money is not the only way to get money. This is because we can achieve this goal by ‎renting property‏.‏

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries with immense pressure on agricultural land in rural areas. Mainstream of the rural households depend on either agriculture or its associated activities for their livelihood. However, rural land distribution is highly skewed, majority of them are landless. Under such a land scarce situation, farmers in rural areas have been gradually inclining towards land tenancy. Present study steered to explore the nature and volume of temporary land transaction through tenancy agreement in studied areas and to scrutinize its role in aligning land distribution. In 2017, a total of 166 farmers were randomly selected from two different villages in Jashore district for study. Result of the study administrated that land tenancy practice has been significantly mitigating land disparity among rural farmers. Study also explored that comparatively rich farmers are leaning towards tenant out land and most of these lands tenanted in by the landless and marginal farmers. Consequently, on an average landless farm could significantly increases their cultivable land from 0.01 acre to 0.98 acre compared to the marginal farm 0.31 to 0.73 acres. At the same time, cultivable land of medium farm has decreased as of 3.74 acres to 2.83 acres in studied villages.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the role and importance of the mortgage lending development to overcome the financial and economic crisis and ensure the positive dynamics of macroeconomic indicators. The article reveals the essence of mortgage lending, substantiates the necessity of its development and improvement to create an effective mortgage lending system in Ukraine, which helps to solve the problems related to providing housing for the population and accelerating the development of not only the construction industry but also related areas of the activity. It is proven within the study that the volume and dynamics of the investment in housing has a significant impact on the macroeconomics, and therefore, by improving the mortgage lending system, it is possible to transmit positive impulses to the real sector of the economy and bring the country out of crisis. The article outlines the features of a mortgage lending which distinguish it into a separate sphere in the credit market. Based on these features, the functions of mortgage lending in modern conditions are defined, namely: investment, social, stimulating, and formation of the fictitious capital in the securities market. The research proves the importance of developing and improving mortgage lending by identifying the benefits and disadvantages of all credit entities. On the basis of statistics, the main parameters of the domestic mortgage market, which indicate a conservative approach to the formation of lending conditions and the reluctance of banking institutions to provide long-term mortgages, are determined. The main reason for this situation is the imperfect legal base of real estate lending. It has been concluded by the study results that mortgage lending is an important tool for ensuring the social and economic growth of a country, and its role and importance have increased significantly since the financial and economic crisis.

In proceedings for the division of joint property after the cessation of the joint marital property, the court’s main duties include the determination, ex officio, of not only the components, but also the value of individual components of the property. The determination of the value becomes complex, e.g. when the property consists of real estate on which a mortgage securing the bank’s receivables under a mortgage loan agreement has been established. This issue has a deep practical significance and, as a result, it was analysed in numerous judgements of the Supreme Court. However, at the moment it may be concluded that the line of case law indicating lack of necessity to take into account the mortgage burden in determining the value of the real estate has been established. Authors present the Supreme Court’s evolving approach to the issue of the mortgage impact on the value of real estate being the subject of division into co-owners’ obligations towards the bank under a mortgage loan agreement and the court’s obligation to determine the value of assets subject to the division. They also raise the issue of the effects of the division of assets consisting of the real estate encumbered with a mortgage for settlements of ex-spouses as borrowers in the context of Article 618 of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure.

This study examines whether feedback from housing price shocks factored into the availability of mortgage credit in Tanzania between 2008 and 2018. This was done by estimating a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with mortgage financing and using three measures of house pricing trends in the luxury, mid-end and economy sub-markets as dependent variables. Results showed that mortgage credit expansion is related to housing price growth in the long-run, but the impact mostly ran from housing price shocks to mortgage growth. In the short-term, changes in price for luxury houses led to a mortgage growth in the first quarter after the shocks, which in turn stimulated changes in housing prices. However, variations on mortgage credit flows had a more significant short-term impact on prices of housing units than it did for houses priced on mortgage credit. The dynamic response between mortgage credit flow and housing prices disappeared when housing price indicators for the economy and mid-end sub-markets were used in the analysis. In addition, both mortgage credit and housing markets were highly persistent, but the effect of previous shocks lasted longer in the mortgage lending process. The paper concludes that the substantial increase in housing prices might be a major concern for policymakers, in particular, because it foreshadows a mortgage crisis.

Own dwelling in ancient times was the most desired and created the largest social conflicts. National customs, social trends of recent decades and the psychology of young families feel the need to have their own home. Satisfying the existing demand on the market, entrepreneurs offer various possibilities to purchase or build their own home. The desire to earn a lot and relatively quickly together with the fact that the object of construction is accessible enough to be accepted as a mortgage guarantee, led to the emergence of various financial schemes, which in many cases proved to be fraudulent. In this article the causes of fraudulent financial schemes are examined in the Republic of Moldova. The article describes some existing schemes as well as current and proposed ways to develop housing construction sector. The authors, based on the comparative analysis of financing opportunities for home purchase transactions in the Republic of Moldova (mortgage, real estate leasing, state project "first home"), demonstrate the lack of considerable difference for the consumer between existing offers and the impossibility to use them for the vast majority of the population.

In the context of transformation of the service sector, many statements have already been made that the market of real estate services is waiting for an imminent demise and oblivion. However, the European and American market with its «saturation» of the market shows the opposite, the market of real estate services is also transformed and varies depending on the needs of customers. If initially real estate services operated on the principle of «buy-sell», now real estate agencies can help in renting an apartment, organize cleaning of real estate, provide services for maintenance of premises, etc. The market forces many service industries to change and the market poses new challenges to its participants. The article analyzes the current state of Affairs of real estate business, as well as practical examples of its development.

Abstract Background Household food insecurity is a potent marker of material deprivation with adverse health consequences. Studies have repeatedly found a strong, independent relationship between owning a home and lower vulnerability to food insecurity in Canada and elsewhere, but the reasons for this relationship are poorly understood. We aimed to examine the influence of housing asset, housing debt and housing expenditure on the relationship between homeownership status and food insecurity in Canada. Methods Cross-sectional data on food insecurity, housing tenure and expenditures, home value, income and sociodemographic characteristics were derived from the 2010 Survey of Household Spending, a population-based survey. Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to estimate odds ratios of food insecurity among households of all incomes (n = 10,815) and those with lower incomes (n = 5547). Results Food insecurity prevalence was highest among market renters (28.5%), followed by homeowners with a mortgage (11.6%) and mortgage-free homeowners (4.3%). Homeowners with a mortgage (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39–0.68) and those without a mortgage (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.16–0.35) had substantially lower adjusted odds of food insecurity than market renters, and accounting for the burden of housing cost had minimal impact on the association. Mortgage-free homeowners had lower adjusted odds ratios of food insecurity compared to homeowners with a mortgage, but differences in the burden of housing cost fully accounted for the association. When stratifying homeowners based on presence of mortgage and housing asset level, the adjusted odds ratios of food insecurity for market renters were not significant when compared to mortgage holders with low housing asset. Mortgage-free owners with higher housing asset were least vulnerable to food insecurity (adjusted OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.11–0.27). Conclusions Substantial disparities in food insecurity exist between households with different homeownership status and housing asset level. Housing policies that support homeownership while ensuring affordable mortgages may be important to mitigate food insecurity, but policy actions are required to address renters’ high vulnerability to food insecurity.

The short analysis of sources of the mortgage right is presented in article from origin till the XVI century.

This article discusses one of the most pressing problems arising in the Russian mortgage market, which has arisen as a result of hasty decisions on the part of borrowers, and not thought out a number of banks and credit policy of the country. Borrowers who received mortgage loans in hard currency, but receiving income in rubles, faced with the «payment shock» when the ruble income was not enough to pay the monthly payments due to a sharp increase in the cost of foreign exchange.