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Marine algae are thought to be a source of various metabolites that have a wide range of positive effects on human health. The pharmacological properties of algal metabolites, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol homeostasis, protein clearance, and anti-amyloidergic effects, lend credence to their protective efficacy against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis, all of which are involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. There are currently no clinical trials on the effects of marine algae on neuroinflammation; however, considering the significant biological activities that have been established by in vitro and animal research, we expect that there will be clinical trials on this topic in the not-too-distant future. The most recent and important findings on the potentially neuroprotective effects of the antiinflammatory properties of marine algae were chosen for this study. Next, we conducted a literature review on the neuroprotective potential of algal compounds, along with the underlying pharmacological mechanism, and finally, we evaluated recent advances in therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution from harmful heavy metal ions such as Pb(II) and Cu(II) is causing serious environmental and health problems. In this study, Sodium and nitrogen co‐doped porous carbon material (Na/NABc) was successfully prepared from seaweed, sodium hydroxide, and dicyandiamide. The experimental results showed that Na/NABc is an excellent adsorbent for the effective removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from water bodies. Specifically, 99.8% of Pb(II) and 64.6% Cu(II) (100 mg/L) were removed within 12 h using 10 mg Na/NABc(10%) at 25 °C. The adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) in aqueous solution by Na/NABc(10%) was efficient and rapid in the first stage. The theoretical maximum removal capacities of Na/NABc for Pb(II) and Cu(II) were 959.6 and 299.1 mg/g, respectively. Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions were adsorbed quickly in the first 60 min, and the kinetics data were generally consistent with a pseudo‐second‐order model. Na/NABc(10%) had a large distribution coefficient for Pb(II) (8.38 L/mg) and Cu(II) (1.17 L/mg). The possible mechanisms were precipitation, Ion exchange, and surface complexation. The removal rate can reach about 70% after five cycles, and the release of sodium meets the standard. The results of this study demonstrate the potential applicability of Na/NABc(10%) for adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many coastal dwellers engage in seaweed farming despite of various challenges because of its simple farming technology, low capital investment, and short cultivation period. This paper explored the attitudes of seaweed farmers (n = 187) from nine coastal communities of Aborlan, Puerto Princesa, Roxas, and Taytay, Palawan towards the difficulties and challenges they experienced. The farmers' experiences in seaweed farming, mid-term aspirations, and factors affecting their positive attitudes towards seaweed farming were gathered using a Likert-scale questionnaire in KoBoToolbox. Focused group discussion (FGD) sessions were also conducted to obtain more data about their optimistic attitudes. Participants are 55% male and 45% female. Results revealed that farmers had a high level of optimism toward seaweed farming. The majority (75%) 'will continue to engage in planning the next cropping cycle', most (89%) 'are expecting to have a good harvest', and almost all (96%) 'are planning to generate raw dried seaweeds from their harvest.' Many (59%) of the respondents obtained high earnings from seaweed farming, but most (93%) experienced economic losses. As recovery options, 92% aspired to culture other organisms such as sea cucumber and abalone. Further, most of them wanted to seek assistance from government offices (91%), participate in seaweed product development (86.5%), and join a cooperative (87.5%). This study could serve as baseline information in designing relevant training and educational activities to assist seaweed farmers in managing their farms sustainably. Subsequently, this could aid in formulating effective policies to address similar problems of seaweed farmers in other municipalities of Palawan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse and extensive macrofouling of the left‐hand (eyed) side has been observed in multiple films and photographs of different specimens of Eckström's topknot Zeugopterus regius. Identified foulers include macroalgae and tunicates. Photographs of unfouled specimens and preserved juveniles have also been inspected. Macrofouling is not universal in this species; unfouled fish were observed around the strongly tidal British Isles, whereas the worst‐fouled topknots were seen in the eutrophic, microtidal northern Adriatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Seaweed aquaculture plays an important role in global food supply, but single-species intensive seaweed aquaculture has problems related to simple industrial structure and risk susceptibility. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a series of large-scale seaweed rotational culture models to address the current industrial challenges in algae culture. The culture of macroalgae is mainly affected by environmental factors such as water temperature and light. In this study, we constructed a rotational culture model by carrying out experiments with three species of macroalgae, observing in situ their photosynthetic activity responses to different temperature and light conditions. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of large-scale rotational aquaculture, which can effectively improve the ecological and economic value of macroalgae aquaculture. Seaweed farming has made outstanding contributions to food supply and the restoration of the ecological environment despite the limitations in production and ecological effects due to the current intensive farming of single algae species. These limitations can be overcome by selecting suitable algal species based on their physiological characteristics and by constructing a large-scale seaweed rotation model. This study carried out a trial culture in aquaculture sea areas, and performed in situ monitoring of the environmental conditions and physiological characteristics of Saccharina japonica, Hizikia fusiformis, and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the three macroalgae at different times was conducted to determine their response characteristics to environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) The three macroalgae had varying light tolerance. The effective quantum yield of Hizikia fusiformis and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis remained unchanged during the changes in light environment, while that of Saccharina japonica first decreased and then recovered. (2) The relative electron transport rates of the three macroalgae were significantly different under different temperature conditions. Hizikia fusiformis and Saccharina japonica exhibited the highest relative electron transport rates (70.45 and 106.75, respectively) in May (20.3 °C). Notably, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis demonstrated good growth and exhibited the highest relative electron transport rate (93.07) in September (27.5 °C). These findings collectively support the feasibility of establishing a macroalgae rotation model. Based on the combined environmental conditions of the seas in Shandong, Zhejiang, and Fujian, a macroalgae rotation model was proposed. The application of this model in the construction of artificial seaweed farms in marine ranches can provide a stable output of large-scale seaweed production and ecological benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text provides a summary of the life and work of Klaus Lüning, a prominent researcher in the field of seaweed biology. Lüning's career spanned several decades, during which he made significant contributions to the study of seaweed communities and their environmental requirements. He conducted research on the thermal requirements of seaweeds and investigated the circadian rhythms of growth in kelp species. Lüning also explored the presence of the hormone melatonin in seaweeds. Throughout his career, he supervised numerous students and collaborated with researchers from around the world. After retiring, Lüning established an algal farm and continued his research on Ulva. Unfortunately, he passed away in 2023 after battling cancer. Lüning's pioneering work and dedication to science left a lasting impact on the field of macroalgal research. [Extracted from the article]

The algae of the genus Gelidium can be found as frequent and abundant inhabitants in the rocky intertidal zone of the Mexican Atlantic. Six species of this genus have been reported in this region, but only Gelidium americanum has been confirmed with morphological and molecular tools, despite how important both tools have proven to be for the group. This research aimed to evaluate the Mexican specimens previously identified as Gelidium through morphological and molecular approaches, using rbcL and COI-5P markers. This study examined 20 specimens found living attached to the shell of a gastropod Stramonita rustica in the mid-high intertidal zone of the Mexican Atlantic and ten specimens found living on rocks. Phylogenetic analyses resolved these specimens to be an independent species closely related to G. gonzalezii, G. yangmeikengense, and G. indonesianum. Genetic distances and morphological information confirmed this. Gelidium rodrigueziae sp. nov. is described as a new species. It is distinguished from its related species by having a simpler branching pattern, a smaller number and size of medullary cells, and the smaller quantity and distribution of restricted internal rhizoid filaments around the medulla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First record of Miocene large-sized vertebrate coprolites from the western India. • Geochemical analyses confirm phosphatic character of ichnofossils. • Biotic inclusions confirm omnivorous diet of the chelonian producer. • Overall data suggest coprolites were deposited in coastal marine settings. In this paper, we provide the first data on large (cm-sized) coprolites (represented by three morphotypes) comprising a rare occurrence of eight specimens from a total of three vertebrate-bearing horizons identified within the Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Khari Nadi Formation and Middle Miocene (Burdigalian-Langhian) Chassra Formation, Kutch Basin, western India. The geochemical data confirm the phosphatic character of the investigated ichnofossils. The dominance of partly digested bone matter and presence of plant remains in all the three coprolite morphotypes reflects the omnivorous diet of the producers, which were most likely chelonians. The occurrence of an inclusion (in a coprolite specimen recorded in this study) showcasing an ultrastructure similar to mammalian dental enamel is a rarity in Neogene coprolite records. Additional biotic inclusions observed in the investigated coprolites include ostracods (assigned to genera Paractinocythereis, Hermanites, and Propontocypris); large planispiral benthic foraminifera including the genus Quinqueloculina ; uniserial and biserial benthic foraminifera belonging to genus Textularia ; marine calcareous algae genus Actinoporella ; chrysophytes (resting spores or cysts of planktonic algae); sponge spicules (represented by the morphotypes Acanthoxea and Strongyle); freshwater diatom genus Aulacoseira ; unidentified fungal remains; and phytoliths. Taken together, the biotic and abiotic (e.g., pyrite) inclusions, geochemical data and associated microbiota suggest that these ichnofossils were deposited in a dominantly coastal marine (intertidal) setting linked to a lacustrine/palustrine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds are important components of marine ecosystems with emerging potential in aquaculture and as sources of biofuel, food products and pharmacological compounds. However, an increasingly recognised threat to natural and industrial seaweed populations is infection with parasitic single‐celled eukaryotes from the relatively understudied oomycete lineage. Here we examine the eukaryomes of diverse brown, red and green marine macroalgae collected from polar (Baffin Island), cold‐temperate (Falkland Islands) and tropical (Ascension Island) locations, with a focus on oomycete and closely related diatom taxa. Using 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we show unexpected genetic and taxonomic diversity of the eukaryomes, a strong broad‐brush association between eukaryome composition and geographic location, and some evidence of association between eukaryome structure and macroalgal phylogenetic relationships (phylosymbiosis). However, the oomycete fraction of the eukaryome showed disparate patterns of diversity and structure, highlighting much weaker association with geography and no evidence of phylosymbiosis. We present several novel haplotypes of the most common oomycete Eurychasma dicksonii and report for the first time a cosmopolitan distribution and absence of host specificity of this important pathogen. This indicates rich diversity in macroalgal oomycete pathogens and highlights that these pathogens may be generalist and highly adaptable to diverse environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most inhabitants of the Arctic live near the coastline, which includes fjord systems where socio-ecological coupling with coastal communities is dominant. It is therefore critically important that the key aspects of Arctic fjords be measured as well as possible. Much work has been done to monitor temperature and salinity, but in-depth knowledge of the light environment throughout Arctic fjords is lacking. This is particularly problematic knowing the importance of light for benthic ecosystem engineers such as macroalgae, which also play a major role in ecosystem function. Here we document the creation and implementation of a high-resolution (∼50 –150 m) gridded dataset for surface photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), diffuse attenuation of PAR through the water column (KPAR), and PAR available at the seafloor (bottom PAR) for seven Arctic fjords distributed throughout Svalbard, Greenland, and Norway during the period 2003–2022. In addition to KPAR and bottom PAR being available at a monthly resolution over this time period, all variables are available as a global average, annual averages, and monthly climatologies, with standard deviations provided for the latter two. Throughout most Arctic fjords, the interannual variability of monthly bottom PAR is too large to determine any long-term trends. However, in some fjords, bottom PAR increases in spring and autumn and decreases in summer. While a full investigation into these causes is beyond the scope of the description of the dataset presented here, it is hypothesized that this shift is due to a decrease in seasonal ice cover (i.e. enhanced surface PAR) in the shoulder seasons and an increase in coastal runoff (i.e. increased turbidity and decreased surface PAR) in summer. A demonstration of the usability of the dataset is given by showing how it can be combined with known PAR requirements of macroalgae to track the change in the potential distribution area for macroalgal habitats within fjords with time. The datasets are available on PANGAEA at 10.1594/PANGAEA.962895 (Gentili et al., 2023a) and 10.1594/PANGAEA.965460 (Gentili et al., 2024). A toolbox for downloading and working with this dataset is available in the form of the FjordLight R package, which is available via CRAN (Gentili et al., 2023b, 10.5281/zenodo.10259129) or may be installed via GitHub: https://face-it-project.github.io/FjordLight (last access: 29 April 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted during 2022 and 2023 seasons on plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. Kelsy was planted in sandy soil under a drip irrigation system in a private Farm located at Salah Al-Abd Village, Bostan Region, Nubaria, Behaira Governorate, Egypt to study the effect of foliar application of molybdenum 0.5 g/L, boron at 0.5 g/L, seaweed extract at 2000 ppm, moringa leaf extract at 4000 ppm, molybdenum 0.5g/L + boron 0.5g/L, molybdenum 0.5g/L + seaweed extract 2000ppm, molybedem0.5g/L + moringa extract 4000ppm, boron 0.5g/L + seaweed extract 2000ppm, boron 0.5 g/L + moringa extract 4000 ppm, seaweed extract 2000 ppm + moringa extract 4000 ppm and molybdenum 0.5g/L + boron 0.5g/L + moringa extract4000ppm + seaweed extract 2000 ppm as compared to the control treatments on vegetative growth and yield characteristics. The trees were planted at 3 x 3.5 m in sandy soil under a drip irrigation system. Sixty uniform trees of the same age, growth and size were randomly chosen. The foliar application of the twelve treatments was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in five replicates during the two seasons. The trees were sprayed three times; before flowering, after fruit set and after one month after the second spraying. The obtained results showed that the application of the seaweed extract, moringa extract, boron and molybdenum individually or in combination effectively increased the vegetative growth attributes and fruit yield. The best results were obtained by the application of 0.5 g/L boron + 0.5 g/L molybdenum + seaweed extract + moringa extract in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study sought to determine the effects of Colpomenia sinuosa and Sargassum linifolium aqueous extracts on non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in Spinacia oleracea L. leaf extract. Glutathione synthase (GSS, EC: 6.3.2.3) and -glutamyl cysteine synthetase (-GCS, EC: 6.3.2.2) are involved in the glutathione biosynthesis process. Treatment of S. oleracea with seaweed extracts increased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and total glutathione at lower concentrations. Total phenols and total flavonoids in S. oleracea leaves accumulated more rapidly after treatment with seaweed extracts. The activity of the enzyme’s phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC: 4.3.1.25), chalcone synthase (CHS, EC: 2.3. 1.74), and chalcone isomerase (CHI, EC: 5.5.1.6) involved in the production of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid in S. oleracea leaves rose in a dose-dependent manner. Glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), glutathione peroxidase (GPX, EC: 1.11.1.9), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST, EC: 2.5.1.18) are examples of antioxidant enzymes whose activity were also elevated by the treatment. In comparison to untreated plants, the treated plants' S. oleracea leaf extract significantly reduced superoxide anion, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radicals. In light of this, the current findings imply that the use of seaweed extracts was found to boost the activity of the antioxidant system in Spinacea oleracea [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While edible algae might seem low in fat, the lipids they contain are crucial for good health and preventing chronic diseases. This study introduces a binary matrix to analyze all the polar lipids in both macroalgae (Wakame—Undaria pinnatifida, Dulse—Palmaria palmata, and Nori—Porphyra spp.) and microalgae (Spirulina—Arthrospira platensis, and Chlorella—Chlorella vulgaris) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The key lies in a new dual matrix made by combining equimolar amounts of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and 9-aminoacridine (9AA). This combination solves the limitations of single matrices: 9AA is suitable for sulfur-containing lipids and acidic phospholipids, while DAN excels as an electron-transfer secondary reaction matrix for intact chlorophylls and their derivatives. By employing the equimolar binary matrix, a wider range of algal lipids, including free fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, pigments, and even rare arsenosugarphospholipids were successfully detected, overcoming drawbacks related to ion suppression from readily ionizable lipids. The resulting mass spectra exhibited a good signal-to-noise ratio at a lower laser fluence and minimized background noise. This improvement stems from the binary matrix's ability to mitigate in-source decay effects, a phenomenon often encountered for certain matrices. Consequently, the data obtained are more reliable, facilitating a faster and more comprehensive exploration of algal lipidomes using high-throughput MALDI-MS/MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgae populations are influenced by various factors that define their spatial and temporal distribution in different habitats and regions. In Mexico, studies addressing the abundance and diversity of macroalgae communities related to environmental factors are scarce. The objective is to determine the spatio-temporal variation of the structure of the community of seaweeds in Xpicob and Villamar, Campeche, during three climatic seasons. Sampling took place during each season using transects and quadrants; additionally, the type of substrate, water temperature, transparency, depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, were recorded. The total richness was 74 taxa, corresponding to three classes: Phaeophyceae (3), Florideophyceae (36), and Ulvophyceae (35). Filamentous algae dominate in species richness in the intertidal zone at low depths, while fleshy and calcareous algae predominate in number and biomass in the subtidal zone at higher depths (60–200 cm). Twenty-eight species were common to both sites; meanwhile, 46 taxa were exclusive of specific sites, including 13 found exclusively in Xpicob and 33 in Villamar. The most favorable climatic season for the macroalgae located in Xpicob was the winter rain. For the macroalgae community in Villamar, the most favorable climatic season was the dry. These differences are likely attributed to the predominant environmental and physicochemical characteristics of each site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carried out an in-depth study on structural characteristics, both primary and conformational structure in solution of a novel sulfated polysaccharide from green seaweed Codium geppiorum collected in central coast of Vietnam. Primary structure of the polysaccharide was determined mainly by NMR spectra, while conformation was elucidated by using small-angle X-ray scattering method. The polysaccharide was evaluated for its cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cell lines. The results indicated that dominant structure of Codium geppiorum polysaccharide is a linear sulfated galactan, and it was composed of → 4)-β-D-Galp3S-(1 → , → 3)-β-D-Galp4S-(1 → and → 3)-β-D-Galp-(1 → residues connected through 1,3-linkages. The polysaccharide has a rodlike conformation in aqueous solution, and it shows chain association with cross-sectional radius of gyration, Rgc, around 0.70 nm as estimated from small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. The polysaccharide exhibited a significant cytotoxic activity against HT29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), 8505c (undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas) and Hela (cervical cancer) human cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 51.85 ± 2.30, 89.30 ± 2.35 and 72.22 ± 6.73 µg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bread can be a major contributor to sodium intake, but sodium chloride reduction poses difficulties since it influences the functional properties of dough and flavor of bread. This study evaluated dough and bread properties in reduced-sodium systems containing fermented or unfermented macroalgae Saccharina latissima or Alaria esculenta. Recipes contained equal amounts of sodium (4 mg Na+/g flour), where sodium chloride contributed 3 or 3.5 mg Na+/g flour and 8.9–33.3 mg macroalgae/g flour contributed the remaining 0.5 or 1 mg Na+/g flour. A full-salt and three salt-reduced controls (6, 4, 3.5, and 3 mg Na+/g flour) were used for comparison. Empirical dough rheology, stickiness, ratios of polymeric to monomeric proteins, and bread characteristics (specific volume, crumb structure, and firmness) were measured. A trained sensory panel conducted a descriptive sensory analysis. Macroalgae addition increased water absorption and decreased dough development time, dough stability, the polymeric to monomeric protein ratio, and specific volume in a dose-dependent manner. Macroalgae addition increased the perception of saltiness, but also algae flavor and odor. Bread with fermented S. latissima received lower scores for certain undesirable sensory attributes than other bread with algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine whether the macroalgae Ulva papenfussi and Ulva nematoidea could be alternatives for preventing Litopenaeus vannamei vibriosis caused by the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Phytochemical screening was performed on methanolic extracts to qualitatively determine the main groups of bioactive compounds, previous to an in vitro antibacterial test against V. parahaemolitycus. Phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, and the high presence of carbohydrates were found in both macroalgae. U. papenfussi showed more presence of lipids and alkaloids than U. nematoidea. Macroalgae extracts prepared (v:v) with a 1:1 methanol: dichloromethane solvent was used for the in vitro test using the disc diffusion method (MDD). Filter paper discs impregnated with 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg of the extracts showed antibacterial activity against V. Parahaemolitycus in a dose-dependent manner in both macroalgae. The inhibition zone varied significantly (p < 0.05) from 8.33 ± 0.12 to 11.41 ± 0.73 mm for 1 to 3 mg of extract levels, respectively. In conclusion, both macroalgae have antibacterial activity in their crude extracts against this bacteria. It is suggested to evaluate it as a feed additive for L. vannamei. This study is the first report on a phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of these macroalgae against V. parahaemolyticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brining and dry salting are traditional preservation techniques used to extend the shelf life of foods including seaweeds. In this study, brining (40% NaCl solution weight/volume) and dry salting (30% weight/weight) processes were applied to fresh kelp to achieve a target water activity of less than 0.77, and the effect of salting treatment on consumer acceptance was assessed. The processed samples were stored at 4 °C for 2 weeks until the sensory analysis. Processed kelp samples were used as the primary ingredient in a salad with shredded carrots and sesame dressing. Three salad samples (salad with fresh kelp (control), brined, or dry salted sugar kelp) were presented to the panelists to assess the liking of sensory attributes including salt intensity, color, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall liking. Significant differences in the liking of flavor and texture were observed, with consumers rating both treatments made with salted seaweed higher than a salad made from fresh seaweed. Panelists identified the availability and lack of information regarding nutritional benefits as barriers to their seaweed consumption. These results indicate that in addition to extending shelf life, the preservation of kelp by salting may increase consumer acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'cosmeceutical' refers to cosmetic products that offer medicinal or drug-like benefits. Marine algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds, particularly carbohydrates and peptides, which have gained attention for their potential in cosmeceuticals. These compounds are abundant, safe, and have minimal cytotoxicity effects. They offer various benefits to the skin, including addressing rashes, pigmentation, aging, and cancer. Additionally, they exhibit properties such as antimicrobial, skin-whitening, anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-melanogenic effects. This review surveys the literature on the cosmeceutical potentials of algae-derived compounds, focusing on their roles in skin whitening, anti-aging, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial applications. The discussion also includes current challenges and future opportunities for using algae for cosmeceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale strandings of Sargassum spp. seaweeds occur annually on the beaches of the Caribbean islands and cause major environmental, health, and economic problems. In order to support an approach of valorisation of algae, an exhaustive characterisation of the composition of these seaweeds has been performed by analysing the contents in alginates, structural carbohydrates (fucans and glucans), minerals, proteins, lipids, mannitol, polyphenols, and heavy metals. Nine batches were collected at different harvesting sites over the years 2021 and 2022, to estimate the spatial and temporal variation in Sargassum composition. A batch of floats was harvested and analysed to estimate the differences in composition between floats and whole algae. Samples collected during the same year (floats or entire plant, freshly collected or stored) showed no significant differences in composition. However, slight differences were observed between batches collected in the two years. Some samples showed significant amounts of heavy metals, especially arsenic. A detailed structural carbohydrates analysis was carried out and discussed with literature data. As the nitrogen content of algae is an interesting parameter for food or agronomic uses, protein analysis enabled us to calculate a new nitrogen–protein conversion factor, specific to these algae species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cellulite represents a common multi‐factorial condition that affects nearly all women and is now recognized as a clinical condition associated with systemic factors and negative psychological effects. Several noninvasive and minimally invasive treatments were developed during the last few years, but limited evidence supports many of them due to lack of evidence, insufficient participants, and potential adverse effects. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a seaweed mud application in improving both the structure and function of tissues affected by cellulite. Sixty women with cellulite underwent 4‐week applications of seaweed mud on the buttocks and thighs. The following assessments were performed at baseline and after the last treatment: photographic, clinical, and anthropometric evaluation; tests for elasticity and hydration; ultrasonography of cellulite nodules; and cellulite biopsies in the trochanteric region. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a 5‐point Likert‐scale questionnaire. Results: The treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the severity of cellulite severity between the initial assessment and the 4‐week follow‐up, with enhanced structure, elasticity, and hydration of the affected tissues. Microscopic analysis of the cellulite biopsies revealed a significant restoration of dermal organization with induced collagen synthesis and reduced inflammation, edema, and lipid deposition following the 4‐week seaweed mud applications. Additionally, the treatment led to a remarkable improvement in comfort and satisfaction as well as a reduction in body circumferences. Conclusions: The cosmetic application of seaweed mud has proven to be a safe, non‐invasive treatment for improving the tissue alterations characteristic of cellulite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Maerl-associated communities have received considerable attention due to their uniqueness, biodiversity and functional importance. Although the impacts of human activities are well documented for maerl-associated macrofauna, the spatio-temporal variations of macroalgae have comparatively been neglected, and the drivers that influence their dynamics are poorly known. We investigate the links between maerl-associated macroalgal communities, anthropogenic pressures and environmental conditions, and hypothesize that sites under human pressure would exhibit different dynamics when compared to reference sites. Methods To better understand community variation through space and time, four subtidal maerl beds under different pressures were consistently monitored over one year in the bay of Brest, Brittany, France. Both macroalgae community monitoring and environmental data were acquired through field sampling and available models. Key Results Higher macroalgal biomass was observed within eutrophic sites, especially in summer (more than ten times higher than in the Unimpacted site), caused by free-living forms of opportunistic red macroalgae. The Dredged site also exhibited distinct macroalgal communities during summer from the Unimpacted site. Nutrient concentrations and seasonality proved to be key factors affecting the macroalgal community composition, although dredging and its effects on granulometry also had a strong influence. Over the long term, fewer than half of the species identified during historical surveys were found, indicating major temporal changes. Conclusions Human pressures have strong impacts on maerl-associated macroalgal communities. Nutrient concentrations and dredging pressure appear as the main anthropogenic factors shaping maerl-associated macroalgal communities. Additionally, our results suggest historical changes in maerl-associated macroalgal communities over 25 years in response to changes in local human pressure management. This study suggests that maerl-associated macroalgal communities could be used as indicators of anthropogenically driven changes in this habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intertidal macroalgae play a vital role in marine ecosystems, necessitating effective monitoring of their coverage and diversity. Traditional monitoring methods are labour-intensive and costly, prompting exploration of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to characterize intertidal ecosystems. We propose an alternative process integrating UAV red-green-blue (RGB) imagery and topographic indexes to classify complex intertidal macroalgae assemblages automatically. We studied two intertidal areas capturing eight flights between May and September 2023. Orthoimages and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were generated. Manual segmentations for 24 classes were cropped into images of individual labels. Additional channels with five topographic indices were added to the RGB images. The resulting dataset of 6412 images was then used to train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We tested the benefit of the additional topographic indices by training the CNN with and without the topographic channels. The best results were given by the inclusion of the Analytical hillshade to the RGB images, showing a relative 11.3% increase in classification accuracy. This indicates that 3D data can enhance the performance of macroalgae classification models. However, there was no significant improvement when using more than one topographic index to train the CNN. Our workflow offers a cost-effective and robust solution for intertidal macroalgae monitoring, contributing to ecological conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited knowledge is available regarding biochar (BC) obtained from beach-cast seaweed, which needs to be characterized to better prospect its potential applications. Beach-cast seaweed BCs were produced at two temperatures (300 and 600 °C) and two residence times (1 and 3 h). First, an extensive characterization of feedstock and their derived BCs was performed. Then, an incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of these BCs as ameliorants in two acidic soils, classified as Umbrisols. Proximate and elemental analyses suggested the presence of more stable C structures in BCs at 600 °C with a high C, fixed carbon (FC) and low H, O and volatile matter (VM); additionally, thermogravimetric graphics showed less weight loss. Some features from the raw material were present in biochars obtained at 300 °C but absent at 600 °C. Dissolved organic carbon was much lower in BCs pyrolyzed at 600 °C than at 300 °C, suggesting the higher aromaticity of the former, allowing more resistance to water extraction. The breakdown of proteinaceous soluble materials after pyrolysis was revealed by fluorescence. Residence time caused minor effects in biochar properties compared to temperature. The soil pH and macronutrient availability of the two studied soils increased after beach-cast seaweed biochar addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed extracts have several functions in agriculture due to their composition that is rich in nutrients, plant hormones, and bioactive substances. It is a natural product used as a biostimulant especially to promote the growth and development of plants and their tolerance to environmental stresses. The objective of this study was to analyze the response to a biostimulant containing seaweed extract derived from Ascophyllum nodosum in the cultivation of tomato and eggplant seedlings, analyzing the growth and physiological parameters in two different regions of Brazil. Cherry tomato and eggplant were cultivated in polyethylene trays for 30 days. In each crop, five treatments were tested, comparing the use of a commercial seaweed extract in application doses and forms, which were the control (without seaweed application); 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of the seaweed extract applied by irrigation water; and treatment with 0.2% of the seaweed extract by foliar application. This study confirms the efficacy of incorporating seaweed extract from Ascophyllum nodosum as a bio-input into the production phase of Solanaceae seedlings. The seedlings which received the seaweed extract significantly increased some morphological parameters, mainly regarding the biomass and length of leaves, stems, and roots. In general, applying both methods through irrigation water and foliar application were effective in providing benefits compared to the control treatment. The intermediate dose (0.2%) was the most effective in promoting improvement in the analyzed parameters. This underscores the importance of obtaining quality seedlings for subsequent planting in the field, potentially leading to better acclimatization and initial adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improper plastic waste management and excessive fertilizer use in agriculture have had significant environmental repercussions. Developing biodegradable enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) presents a promising approach to optimizing nutrient application and minimizing losses, promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This study focuses on producing carrageenan (KC) and alginate (ALG) based cast films, evaluating the effects of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) at different concentrations (0, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.%) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer (20 wt.%) on thermal, structural, morphological, and mechanical properties. The films were cast on Teflon-coated aluminum, polypropylene, and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene substrates, and their biodegradation, swelling, and release of PO43− ions in water were examined. Higher CNF concentrations altered composite morphology, aiding fertilizer dispersion and slowing release. Fertilizer inclusion influenced biodegradation, promoting microbiota growth and enhancing tensile strength. In conclusion, combining CNFs and fertilizer produced more robust films with reduced fertilizer release speed, demonstrating potential use for various applications, particularly in developing environmentally friendly biodegradable pots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Environmental context: Seaweeds are known to accumulate high levels of arsenic, and cellular concentrations may reach several orders of magnitude higher than that of the surrounding environment. Arsenic may be methylated by seaweed cells and further metabolised to water-soluble arsenic-containing sugars through unknown pathways. Whether these compounds are the result of a detoxification process or are produced with a biological purpose remains to be seen. Rationale: Seaweeds are known to accumulate high levels of arsenic, which may be subsequently metabolised to small, methylated compounds or become incorporated into large biological molecules such as arsenosugars. The mechanism of arsenosugars production in macroalgae is still largely unknown. Method: This study reports the arsenic speciation of 13 brown, red and green macroalgae collected in May 2021 and February 2022. Water-soluble arsenic speciation was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) after extraction with a 3% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide solution. Results: Arsenosugars were found to account for the majority of the extracted arsenic in all seaweed samples (>50%), with only small amounts of dimethylarsinate and monomethylarsonate present. Levels of toxic iAs were also low (−1). Sulfur-containing arsenosugars were the dominant arsenicals in brown macroalgae, whereas the phosphate ribose was most abundant in red and green. Discussion: The majority of seaweed species appear to have the ability to synthesise all four arsenosugar derivatives; however, it is unclear why some are produced in higher abundances. The production of arsenosugars may be an efficient way of excluding arsenic from the cytosol, or may serve as useful components in the cell wall matrix, as extremely high levels can be tolerated by the seaweed with no ill effects. AsSug-gly and AsSug-PO4 were detected in every sample analysed, which might suggest that AsSug-gly is the starting point for AsSug-PO4, which could be formed by AsSug-gly binding to phosphate-containing lipids in the cell membrane. Further studies should use both imaging and speciation techniques to investigate the formation of arsenosugars. Environmental context. Seaweeds are known to accumulate high levels of arsenic, and cellular concentrations may reach several orders of magnitude higher than that of the surrounding environment. Arsenic may be methylated by seaweed cells and further metabolised to water-soluble arsenic-containing sugars through unknown pathways. Whether these compounds are the result of a detoxification process or are produced with a biological purpose remains to be seen. (Image credit: Rebecca Sim.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgal wracks can be considered unpleasant for beach users and, consequently, they are usually collected from most touristic beaches and discarded. However, seaweeds are an important source of bioactive lipid compounds, such as phospholipids, glycolipids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), displaying multiple health-promoting properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study is to characterize the lipid composition of twelve marine seaweed species (two green, six red, and four brown species) from macroalgal wracks of Gran Canaria Island, and to evaluate their potential use for several purposes, including human and animal nutrition. Lipid content, lipid classes, and fatty acid profiles of isolated specimens from the macroalgal wracks were determined. Lipid contents ranged between 0.27 and 3.17% of dry weight, with all species showing high phytosterols proportions and balanced omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratios. In addition, Cymopolia barbata, Asparagopsis sp., and Hypnea spinella seem to be an attractive source of both mono- and di-galactosyl-diacylglycerols, while A. stellata, Jania sp., and Lobophora sp. are relatively rich in n-3 LC−PUFA. Finally, both green algae showed the most favorable values for the nutritional indicators of cardiovascular health promotion. Overall, the macroalgal species analyzed could be considered as interesting sources for human and animal nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva rigida green macroalgae contain a variety of polysaccharides. A recent study investigated the optimum concentration and yield of polysaccharide extraction from oven-dried U. rigida biomass using a water-soluble polysaccharide extraction method that adhered to safety standards. This study utilised complete factorial experiments to examine the effects of varying factors on polysaccharide extraction. Results showed a positive correlation between increased levels of all factors and higher polysaccharide extraction yield. This study also found that the main factors and their interaction had a significant impact on the extracted polysaccharides from U. rigida. The highest polysaccharide content and yield were 9.5 mg/mL and 189 mg/g, respectively. Water-soluble polysaccharides demonstrated the presence of reducing sugar (8 mg/g), phenolics (0.69 mg/g) and flavonoids (1.42 mg/g) and exhibited antioxidant properties. Results revealed that freeze-dried polysaccharide powders were primarily composed of the monosaccharide rhamnose. Preliminary results on the effect of these powders on probiotics demonstrated that supplementation of polysaccharides from U. rigida promoted viable Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 growth during cultivation. This discovery has the potential to revolutionise the human food industry and promote the development of functional ingredients for novel and future food products, with numerous applications in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of green macroalgae as a novel, natural feed additive for broilers that have a greater concentration of active ingredients. Materials and Methods: Four experimental groups of 180-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned, with three replicates in each group: the control group [T0, maintained only with basal diet] and three treatment groups supplemented with macroalgae for 35 days along with basal diet [T1 = 0.05% (w/w); T2 = 0.1% (w/w); T3 = 0.2% (w/w) macroalgae]. Live weight, carcass weight, and organs' weight were noted at the conclusion of the experiment. The meat quality was examined using the muscles of the thighs and breasts, and blood serum was obtained for biochemical assessment. Results: The results revealed that dietary supplementation of green macroalgae (0.1%) in broiler rations significantly (p < 0.05) improved the growth performance compared to other treated groups and controls. With increasing weight, it enhanced meat quality traits assessed by increased water holding capacity, ultimate pH, redness and yellowness, and decreased lightness of muscles in the thighs and breasts. Both the levels of serum cholesterol and abdominal fat decreased and showed no unwholesome effects on liver and kidney functions. Conclusions: For the production of safe and high-quality poultry meat, marine green macroalgae (Enteromorpha intestinalis) could be used as a potential feed additive. It enhanced the growth rate in broilers and improved meat quality and serum biochemical parameters for supplying healthy meat in the human food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune mechanisms present in most prokaryotes that play an important role in the adaptation of bacteria and archaea to new environments. Shewanella algae is a marine zoonotic pathogen with worldwide distribution, which accounts for the majority of clinical cases of Shewanella infections. However, the characterization of Shewanella algae CRISPR-Cas systems has not been well investigated yet. Through whole genome sequence analysis, we characterized the CRISPR-Cas systems in S. algae. Our results indicate that CRISPR-Cas systems are prevalent in S. algae, with the majority of strains containing the Type I-F system. This study provides new insights into the diversity and function of CRISPR-Cas systems in S. algae and highlights their potential role in the adaptation and survival of these marine pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial communities related to seaweed can vary considerably across different locations, and these variations influence the seaweed's nutrition, growth, and development. To study this further, we evaluated the bacteria found on the green marine seaweed Ulva prolifera from Garorim Bay and Muan Bay, two key locations on Republic of Korea's west coast. Our analysis found notable differences in the bacterial communities between the two locations. Garorim Bay hosted a more diverse bacterial population, with the highest number of ASVs (871) compared to Muan Bay's 156 ASVs. In Muan Bay, more than 50% of the bacterial community was dominated by Pseudomonadota. On the other hand, Garorim Bay had a more balanced distribution between Bacteroidota and Pseudomonadota (37% and 35.5%, respectively). Additionally, Cyanobacteria, particularly Cyanothece aeruginosa, were found in significant numbers in Garorim Bay, making up 8% of the community. Mineral analysis indicated that Garorim Bay had higher levels of S, Na, Mg, Ca, and Fe. Function-wise, both locations exhibited bacterial enrichment in amino acid production, nucleosides, and nucleotide pathways. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the bacterial communities associated with Ulva prolifera in Korean waters and provides a foundation for future research on the relationships between U. prolifera and its bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional food factors can play a preventive and therapeutic role in several human diseases. The marine alga Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) has restorative effects in several types of metabolic disorders, including osteoporosis, diabetes, inflammatory conditions, and cancer cell growth. Osteoporosis is widely recognized as a major public health problem. Bone loss associated with ageing and diabetic states was prevented through the intake of bioactive compounds from S. horneri water extract in vivo by stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. The intake of S. horneri water extract was found to have preventive effects on diabetic findings with an increase in serum glucose and lipid components. Furthermore, the S. horneri component has been shown to suppress adipogenesis from rat bone marrow cells and inflammatory conditions in vitro. Notably, the growth of bone metastatic human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, which induce bone loss with osteolytic effects, was suppressed through culturing with the S. horneri water extract component in vitro. The S. horneri component, which has a molecular weight of less than 1000, was found to suppress the activation of NF-κB signaling by tumor necrosis factor-α, a cytokine associated with inflammation, in osteoblastic cells and macrophage RAW264.7 cells in vitro, suggesting a molecular mechanism. The bioactive component of S. horneri may play a multifunctional role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. This review outlines the advanced knowledge of the biological activity of the aqueous extract components of S. horneri and discusses the development of health supplements using this material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, two extraction methods, including maceration and ultrasound, were performed to prepare extracts from two brown algae: Padina distromatic and Sargassum angustifolium. Then, it aimed to evaluate extraction efficiency, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of extracts. The phytochemical compositions of algal extracts characterized by gas chromatographymass spectrometry revealed numerous active secondary metabolites in all aqueous extracts. While S. angustifolium extracted by sonication exhibited the maximum content of phenols and flavonoids, the maximum DPPH scavenging activity (IC50=43 mg/mL) was observed for P. distromatic extract prepared by maceration. Moreover, P. distromatic extract prepared by sonication (UPE) provided the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and strongest inhibition against nitric oxide production (2.0 ± 0.3%), compared to other extracts. The antimicrobial activity was appraised against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi, through the well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The maximum diameter of the inhibition zone (18.30 mm at 200 mg/mL), minimum MIC, and MBC were obtained with UPE against all selected bacteria, particularly S. aureus. Collectively, the obtained results provide valuable evidence for antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and antimicrobial activity driven by P. distromatic and S. angustifolium, which can highlight their possible approaches in therapeutic utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L., is a leguminous crop widely cultivated for its edible oil seeds. It faces significant challenges from soil-borne diseases, including Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., which severely affect groundnut production and productivity. Biological control methods offer broader treatment alternatives than traditional chemical approaches. The present study investigated the activation of defense enzymes such as peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in groundnut plants under pot culture conditions. The plants were treated with different marine macroalgae and bioagent combinations, where inoculation with S. rolfsii was challenged. Among the nine treatments, T4 {seed treatment [ST] by Sargassum wightii extract at 2% + soil application (SA) of S. wightii at 100 g/pot + ST by Trichoderma asperellum (Tr-3) at 4 g/kg of seeds + SA with T. asperellum (Tr-3) at 50 g/pot} concentrations gave the maximum increased activities of PO (1.40 changes in absorbance min/g of leaf tissue), PPO (2.03 changes in absorbance min/g of leaf tissue), and PAL (9.56 changes in absorbance min/g of leaf tissue). In contrast, the inoculated control exhibited minimal activity of these enzymes. The increased enzyme activities were recorded until 24 days after sowing, and a gradual decrease was observed afterward. The present study showed that marine macroalgae and bioagents could enhance defense enzyme activity in groundnut plants and significantly prevent the disease caused by S. rolfsii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine macroalgae are of broad interest because of their abundant bioactive phenolic compounds. However, only a few previous studies have focused on bound phenolic compounds. In this study, there were significant differences in total phenolic content, total phlorotannin content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant ability in free and bound forms, as well as in their bound-to-free ratios, among 11 marine macroalgal species from the South China Sea. Padina gymnospora had the highest total phenolic content of free fractions, and total phlorotannin content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of free fractions. Sargassum thunbergii had the highest total phlorotannin content of bound fractions, whereas Sargassum oligocystum had the highest total flavonoid content and total phenolic content of bound fractions. Moreover, 15 phenolic acids, 35 flavonoids, 2 stilbenes, 3 bromophenols, and 3 phlorotannins were characterized and quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with Xevo triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and 42 phenolic compounds were reported in the bound fractions of seaweeds for the first time. Among the species, the number and amount of free and bound phenolic compounds varied greatly and the main components were different. Padina gymnospora had the largest total phenolic number, while Turbinaria ornata showed the highest total phenolic amount. Coutaric acid and diosmetin were dominant in Sargassum polycystum, and hinokiflavone was dominant in Caulerpa lentillifera, and cyanidin was dominant in the other seaweeds. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to divide the seaweed species into seven groups. This study revealed that Padina gymnospora, Sargassum thunbergii, Turbinaria ornata, and Sargassum oligocystum are promising functional food resources.

Algae are increasingly becoming the center for interest due to researchers for their composition of various important bioactive molecules. The objective of this study is to investigate the seasonal variations in the concentrations of flavonoids, polyphenols, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, as well as the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts from the red alga Corallina officinalis collected from western Algeria. The results of the biochemical assays show that the best polyphenol contents are recorded by the summer extract with a concentration of 33.29 μgEqAG/mg. The recorded flavonoid contents are 967.33; 869; 239.66 and 156 µgEQ/mg for summer, autumn, spring and winter respectively. For chlorophyll a and b the winter extract recorded the highest values. The best results of antibacterial tests were noted for the summer season with diameters of 14.33 mm against the two-bacteria E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (SARM). The autumn extract gave low activity against E. coli, Pseudomonas, SARM and Klebsiella. For the winter extract we noted resistance against B. cereus, Pseudomonas and B. subtilis while E. coli, SARM, Klebsiella and the yeast Candida albicans recorded low activity. For the spring extract, resistance was observed against all the bacteria tested except for the E. coli and Klebsiella strains. The extracts obtained can be used as an antibacterial due to their rich content of bioactive molecules. The best results of antibacterial tests are noted for the summer season.

Seaweeds or marine algae with their three main taxa are recognized as a potential pot for numerous products. This has been imperative to valorize their components at an industrial scale in the context of the sustainability goals of the United Nations (UN). Biorefinery approaches have been attempted for several decades to produce bioactive, biofuels, fine chemicals, and nutritional products from seaweeds. However, with the recent UN goals, climatic changes, and the global economic situation, it is essential to assess all the production processes involved concerning several factors. Numerous steps are performed following algae collection, including optimization of downstream processing (e.g., drying, extraction, and purification), in addition to suitable preservation to maintain products’ integrity till their usage. Moreover, breakthroughs in biotechnologies and the biological sciences are also targeted to achieve the goals of the blue circular bioeconomy which focuses on renewable resources of foods, drug discovery, and energy, while preserving the ocean ecosystem. Hence, the current article provided new insights into the various processes to valorize marine algae in the frame of circular bioeconomy and sustainability concepts.