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An aluminum slab target was irradiated by 1.5×1012 W/cm2 glass-laser light. The irradiating laser light consisted of 16 pulses, each was 80 ps wide (FWHM), and the pulses were separated by 100 ps. Amplification of soft-x-ray light in the lithiumlike aluminum recombining plasma was observed, and gain–length products of 4.2 for the 15.4-nm line and 4.5 for the 10.5-nm line were obtained for a 3.0-cm-long target. The beam divergence was ∼10 mrad for a 2.5 cm-long target. The experimental result was compared with a hydrodynamics simulation coupled with a collisional–radiative model.

The ability of wheat straw, gypsum and agricultural lime to ameliorate the unstable structural condition of a degraded red-brown earth located at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, South Australia, was investigated in a field experiment lasting 5 years. Wheat straw was added at rates of 0, 5 and 10 t ha-1 y-1, and gypsum and agricultural lime were added at rates of 3.4 and 2.0 t ha-1 y-1 respectively. Most of the measurements were taken on samples collected after three and four consecutive years of treatment applications, but some were taken one year after the fifth and final application of the treatments. The amount of water-stable macroaggregation in the top 10 cm increased with increasing rate of wheat straw application. Addition of agricultural lime incorporated with straw temporarily increased macroaggregate stability to a greater extent than was observed with either amendment alone. The proportion of the soil surface occupied by macropores was also increased significantly by addition of agricultural lime, and this was attributed to a stimulation of biological activity in the soil due to the increased soil pH. Density fractionation of the soil suggested the turnover of the added wheat straw in the lime-treated soil was greater than in the gypsum-treated and control soils. Addition of gypsum decreased the content of mechanically dispersible clay by modifying the electrolyte concentration and composition, but was unable to completely resist the dispersive tendencies created by the decomposing organic residues. The high rates of wheat straw incorporated in the top 10 cm caused significant dispersion in the top 20 cm, which was thought to have mobilized clay particles causing them to move downward, resulting in pore blockage and the consequent lowering of hydraulic conductivity in the zone immediately below.

Measurements of the electrical conductivity, the magnetic susceptibility, and the thermoelectric power for the liquid TlGeTl2Te4 and TlSnTl2Te4 systems are made in wide temperature and composition ranges. It is observed that the conductivity for both systems falls near the composition of 80 mol% Tl and the diamagnetic susceptibility also shows a maximum at the corresponding composition. The thermoelectric power changes its sign around this composition. The ratio of real and free electron density of states at the Fermi level for both systems is close to 0.3 around the above mentioned critical composition, and at other compositions the value rises up to more than that. These electronic properties are discussed in the light of current transport theories employed in liquid semiconductors. Messungen der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit, der magnetischen Suszeptibilitat und der Thermospannung fur flussige TlGeTl2Te4 und TlSnTl2Te4 -Systeme werden in einem weiten Temperatur- und Zusammensetzungsbereich durchgefuhrt. Es wird beobachtet, das die Leitfahigkeit fur beide Systeme bei der Zusammensetzung von etwa 80 Mol% Tl abfallt und die diamagnetische Suszeptibilitat ebenfalls ein Maximum bei der entsprechenden Zusammensetzung aufweist. Die Thermospannung andert bei dieser Zusammensetzung ihr Vorzeichen. Das Verhaltnis von realer und freier Elektronenzustandsdichte am Ferminiveau liegt fur beide Systeme bei etwa 0,3 in der Nahe der oben erwahnten kritischen Zusammensetzung und bei anderen Zusammensetzungen steigt der Wert daruber hinaus. Die elektronischen Eigenschaften werden mit gangigen Transporttheorien fur flussige Halbleiter diskutiert.

The criterion for the onset of heavy inversion in an MOS structure with nonuniformly doped semiconductors on the basis of an appropriate definition has been derived. The present theoretical model is based upon the improved depletion approximation presented previously by one of authors [ 1]. The validity of the present criterion is confirmed compared with the results obtained from the present model and those obtained from the numerical solutions by assuming appropriate impurity distributions as a test sample. The results obtained from the present model are in excellent agreement with the numerically computed results.

As the architecture of modern software systems continues to evolve in a distributed fashion, the development of such systems becomes increasingly complex, which requires the integration of more sophisticated specification techniques, tools, and procedures into the conventional methodology. An essential capability of an integrated software development environment is a formal specification method to capture effectively the system's functional requirements as well as its performance requirements. A validation and verification (V&V) system based on a formal specification method is of paramount importance to the development and maintenance of distributed systems. There has been recent interest in integrating software techniques and tools at the specification level. It is also noted that an effective way of achieving such integration is by using wide-spectrum specification techniques. In view of these points, an integrated V&V system, called Integral, is presented that provides comprehensive and homogeneous analysis capabilities to both specification and testing phases of the life-cycle of distributed software systems. The underlying software model that supports various V&V activities in Integral is primarily based on Petri nets and is intended to be wide spectrum. The ultimate goal of this research is to demonstrate to the software industry, domestic or foreign, the availability and applicability of a new Petri-net-based software development paradigm. Integral is a prototype V&V system to support such a paradigm.

Modes of action of five antirhinovirus agents were compared. Ro 09-0410, 4',6-dichloroflavan, and RMI-15,731 were active preferentially against human rhinovirus. Serotypes of the virus varied in their susceptibility to these three agents, whereas Ro 09-0179 and enviroxime showed activity against all the serotypes of the virus tested to date. Ro 09-0410, RMI-15,731, and 4',6-dichloroflavan inactivated the virus directly, although 4',6-dichloroflavan did so only slightly. Inactivation by 4',6-dichloroflavan and RMI-15,731 was associated with the binding of the agents to the virus, since the infectivity, reduced by exposure to the agents, was restored to the original level by extraction of the agents with chloroform. The binding of [3H]Ro 09-0410 to human rhinovirus type 2 was inhibited by unlabeled Ro 09-0410, 4',6-dichloroflavan, and RMI-15,731 but not by Ro 09-0179 or enviroxime. Furthermore, subtypes resistant to both 4',6-dichloroflavan and RMI-15,731 showed cross-resistance to Ro 09-0410 and vice versa. On the other hand, sublines resistant to these three agents were not cross-resistant to Ro 09-0179 or enviroxime. These results indicate (i) that Ro 09-0410, 4',6-dichloroflavan, and RMI-15,731 exert their activities through the same mode of action, namely, binding to or interaction with some specific site on the viral capsid protein, and (ii) that the binding or interaction sites for these three agents are either the same or very close to each other.

Simple 5–5 type lignin model compounds have been synthesized from dehydro-divanillin and its ether derivatives by decarbonylation, hydrogenation, and reduction with metal hydride. The chemical shifts for the aromatic carbons of these compounds were assigned, and the substituent effects have been elucidated from 13C NMR spectra of guaiacyl-type monomeric and 5–5 type lignin model compounds. In addition, evaluation of the observed values of substituent chemical shift (SCS) for the aromatic carbons leads to formulation of a generalized SCS additivity rule for the aromatic carbons in 5–5 type substructures. The rule is complementary to the similar rule formulated earlier for the β-0−4 and β-5 type lignin substructures. The rule can be used for the estimation of the chemical shifts of aromatic carbons in lignin model compounds and lignin preparations with reasonable accuracy. On the basis of the observed 13C NMR spectral data for aromatic

Substituent effects on the chemical shifts of aromatic carbons in lignin model compounds have been elucidated from 13C NMR spectra of guaiacyl and syringyl type monomerio and β-O-4 model compounds and guaiacyl type β-5 model compounds. Evaluation of the observed values of substituent chemical shift (SCS) for the aromatic carbons leads to elucidation of a generalized SCS additivity rule, for estimation of the chemical shifts of aromatic carbons in ring A of β-O-4 and β-5 type substructures in model compounds and in ring B of β-O-4 substructures in lignin preparations, with errors of less than 1 ppm. The rule is applicable to substructures of both guaiacyl and syringyl types, using an appropriate parent compound as reference instead of benzene. Signals in the aromatic region of the 13C NMR spectra of β-O-4 and β-5 type model compounds are reassigned on the basis of the observed SCS's as well as APT spectra of the compounds.

Brace treatment for Idiopathic scoliosis was advanced and established with Milwaukee Brace by Dr. Blount in 1960's. Retently long term following up was reported, in which effect and horizon of Milwaukee Brace was clearly identified. The most defective point of Milwaukee Brace is psycologically very suppressive for the patients who wear it. Drop out ratio from treatment schedule is so high. So I thought that Uncer Arm Brace is relatively effective to reduce numbers of drop out patients.In Gunma University Hospital, we prescribed O.M.C. Brace for 81 idiopathic scoliosis patients, 102 curves, not only lumbar curves but thoracic curves; male 6 cases, female 75 cases; age 4r 9mo to 15yr 11mo, average 12yr 10mo; fitting term lmo to 4yr llmo, average 1yr 7mo; Cobb Angle (scoliosis angle) 19° to 50°, average 27°; thoracic curve 31 cases, double major curve 28 cases, thoracolumbar curve 16 cases, lumbar curve 6 cases; drop out ratio, 14%;.Initial correction ratios are thoracic 40%, double major curve upper 40%, lower 44%, thoracolumbar 57%, lumbar 45%.These correction ratios are acceptable in comparison with other reports. O.M.C. Brace is effective for the treatment of major cases of idiopathic scoliosis.

In the growing market of the Video Cassette Recorders (VCR), sales of battery operated portable models have been increasing. The most important points in consideration of this type of VCR are reduction of size and number of electronic components together with power consumption and accurate factory adjustments.

1. Sensory inputs to and locations of uncrossed spinocerebellar tract neurones in the lower lumbar cord were studied in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. 2. Neurones with axons ascending in the ipsilateral thoracic funiculi and projecting to the cerebellum were found mainly dorsal to the central canal (laminae V and VI) in the L5-L6 segments, i.e. at levels caudal to Clarke's column. Axons considered to originate from these cells were located in the dorsal half of the lateral funiculus at the level of L2, intermingled with axons of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract originating at the levels of Clarke's column. 3. Synaptic actions of primary afferents on neurones with antidromic invasion following stimuli applied to ipsilateral thoracic funiculi or to the cerebellum were investigated using intracellular or extracellular recording in the caudal lumbar segments. 4. Monosynaptic excitatory effects were evoked by electrical stimulation of group I muscle afferents of the hindlimb ipsilateral to the cell body. The majority of neurones received monosynaptic excitation from two or more muscles, predominantly extensors. They were frequently co-excited by group Ia muscle spindle and group Ib tendon organ afferents. 5. Volleys in cutaneous afferents produced excitation with short central latencies. In addition to the monosynaptic and disynaptic excitation from low-threshold cutaneous afferents, there were indications of monosynaptic effects from slightly slower conducting fibres. The majority of these neurones also received monosynaptic excitation from group I muscle afferents. Neurones with cutaneous input tended to be located more dorsally compared with those responding only to muscle afferents. 6. Volleys in joint afferents produced monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the neurones with EPSPs from group I or group I and cutaneous afferents. 7. Some neurones were disynaptically inhibited from group I muscle afferents. Convergence of monosynaptic group I excitation and disynaptic group I inhibition occurred in varieties of patterns. 8. Polysynaptic excitation, inhibition or mixed effects of both were evoked from ipsilateral cutaneous afferents and high-threshold muscle and joint afferents, whereas effects from the controlateral afferents were feeble.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Ferrite thin film disks using electroless-plated Ni-P substrates have been prepared. The practicability of attaining these disks at areal densities above 4.7 X l04bits/mm2(28 K-FRPI X 1100 TPI) has been confirmed from the following view points: read/write and error characteristics, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and wear durabilities. Over -20 K-FRPI, noise level decreases were found. As a result, more than SNR 35 dB at 40-50 K-FRPI were attained. Practical feasibilities were also confirmed at 40-50 K-FRPI. In wear durability, 20 000 contact-start-stop operations were achieved.

The formation of goethite particles by air oxidation of alkaline suspension of ferrous hydroxide is composed of (i) the formation step of ferric hydroxo-complex by oxidation of HFeO2ion, (ii) the f...

In Nagoya City, Japan, VMA mass screening for detection of neuroblastoma has been performed since 1977. Filter paper strips wetted with urine are mailed to a central laboratory. Positive tests are followed up by more definitive testing. Of the 20,053 urine samples of 6-month-old infants tested, January 1977 to March 1983, five asymptomatic infants with neuroblastoma have been discovered. All have been treated and are alive as of January 1984.

A new preparation method for γ-Fe 2 O 3 thin film recording media has been established. Using sintered Fe 3 O 4 plates as targets, Fe 3 O 4 films are directly formed over wide sputtering condition ranges through R.F. sputtering in argon atmosphere. Planar magnetron sputtering has successfully been attempted to attain sputtering rates higher than 2,000 A/min. Co, Cu doped γ-Fe 2 O 3 thin film disks have been prepared by the present method. Their read/write characteristics were experimentally evaluated using a conventional ferrite head with 20 μm core width, which has shown D -6dB density as high as 1140 BPM (bits per millimeter).

A flexible disk of continuous ferrite thin film has been prepared. Ferrite thin film media have been formed on flexible polyimide substrates through direct radio frequency (RF) sputtering deposition of Co, Cu doped Fe 3 O 4 films. The D -6 dB density for the ferrite thin film, 18 K-FRPI, which is significantly higher than the 7 K-FRPI value for conventional media, was obtained with a 1.0 μm gap length ferrite head.

Noise characteristics in Co‐Cr and Co‐Cr/Ni‐Fe perpendicular recording media were theoretically analyzed, based on an uncorrelated particle magnetization model. The analyzed results were compared with experimental results. Marked differences in noise spectra were found between single layer and double layer media, especially in the long wavelength region. The measured noise and signal spectra in a Co‐Cr/Ni‐Fe double layer medium were close to the numerically analyzed values for perpendicular magnetization, rather than for longitudinal magnetization. This indicates that the magnetization in the Co‐Cr layer is directed almost perpendicularly. Furthermore, the measured noise power decreased with increasing the medium perpendicular anisotropy, which is closely related to the medium crystal orientation. As a conclusion, noise from Co‐Cr perpendicular recording media is attributed to the medium grain magnetization direction dispersion, where the magnetizations are almost perpendicular to the medium surface.

To separately measure vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in urine, the sample is diluted 10-fold with 50 mmol/L phosphoric acid, then exactly 5 microL is injected directly onto a 50 X 4.6 mm column of Nucleosil 3C18. Samples can be injected at 5-min intervals because all peaks after these compounds of interest are washed away. VMA is eluted from the column after 2.8 min with 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer, pH 2.2, and measured by electrochemical detection. All peaks eluting after VMA are washed away together, by injection of 50 microL of acetonitrile onto the column. HVA is eluted from the column after 3.3 min with a 100/10 (by vol) mixture of the phosphate buffer and acetonitrile. All later-eluting peaks are washed away together, by injection of 50 microL of methanol onto the column. Analytical recoveries of VMA and HVA were 98.5% and 100.6%, respectively; the CVs for various concentrations of either in urine were about 3%.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of thermal cycling on the adhesive strength of the adhesive resin cements. Four kinds of adhesive resin cements, which belonged to the commercial composite resin inlay products, were used for the study. They were CR Inlay Cement, Duo Cement, Dual Cement and P-30 diluted with Enamel Bond. The shear adhesive strengths to tooth substance and composite resin inlay were measured. Adhesive strength to etched enamel : CR Inlay Cement showed the highest values of 274 kg/cm2 after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and 230 kg/cm2 after 300 thermal cycles at 4 degrees C for 3 min and at 60 degrees C for 3 min. Adhesive strength to etched dentin : P-30 diluted with Enamel Bond showed the highest values of 64 kg/cm2 after 24-hour immersion in water, and 63 kg/cm2 after 300 thermal cycles. Adhesive strength to composite resin inlay : CR Inlay Cement showed the highest values of 310 kg/cm2 after 24-hour immersion in water, 306 kg/cm2 after 300 thermal cycles, and 297 kg/cm2 after 1000 thermal cycles. Adhesive resin cements other than CR Inlay Cement, showed a decrease in adhesive strengths to tooth substance and composite resin inlay after thermal cycling. Especially, Dual Cement and Duo Cement showed considerable decreases.

The antiviral mechanisms of Ro 09-0410 (4'-ethoxy-2'-hydroxy-4,6'-dimethoxychalcone), which inactivates rhinovirus exclusively, have been investigated. It was suggested that Ro 09-0410 bound to human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV-2) and made it inactive, since the reduced infectivity was completely restored to original levels by extraction of the agent with chloroform [H. Ishitsuka, Y. Ninomiya, C. Ohsawa, M. Fujiu, and Y. Suhara (1982) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 22, 617-621]. This was confirmed using radioactively labeled Ro 09-0410 and HRV-2. HRV-2 was inactive while bound to the agent, whereas a subline of HRV-2 resistant to the agent had no binding site for the agent. Ro 09-0410 appeared to bind to some specific site(s) on the virion of susceptible virus strains. Treatment of rhinovirus at pH 5 or 56 degrees caused a change of the virion size and greatly reduced its infectivity. Ro 09-0410 could no longer bind to HRV-2 after such treatment. On the other hand, when the virion bound with Ro 09-0410 was treated at pH 5 or 56 degrees, the Ro 09-0410 remained bound and the conformational alteration of the virion did not take place. Furthermore, Ro 09-0410 protected HRV-2 from the reduction of infectivity caused by mild acid or heat treatment, as revealed by infectivity measurements after extraction of the agent with chloroform. These results suggest that Ro 09-0410 binds to the HRV-2 virion and prevents viral replication in the cell.