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Nurses have a crucial role in ensuring adequate food and fluid intake in the elderly. Nurses can improve the nutritional intake of their elderly patients by obtaining proper nutritional assessments, addressing risk factors for malnutrition and fluid deficit, providing enough staff and volunteers to help feed impaired patients, honoring each older person's meal pattern, scheduling drug regimens that do not interfere with food and fluid intake, not scheduling food-related activities and visits too near mealtime, serving food that is palatable and attractively served, ensuring adequate fluid intake, and being creative in finding ways to keep the restless, wandering patient well-nourished and hydrated. Monitoring food and fluid intake requires precise recording of what foods and fluids the older person is ingesting, keeping accurate intake and output records, determining periodic weights, informing the physician of patients' weight loss in a timely manner, and instituting corrective measures at once.

Most clinically demented elderly patients are found at autopsy to have Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We studied 5 patients clinically characterized by late onset dementia whose brains showed no pathological evidence of Alzheimer's disease, or any other specific neuropathological diagnosis. We found argyrophilic grains, coiled bodies, abundant Alz-50-positive and thioflavine S-negative neurofibrillary tangles, and neuropil threads in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and inferior olives. Ultrastructurally, the grains, threads, and tangles were composed of straight tubulofilamentous structures, 25 nm in diameter, similar to those found in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy but different from the paired helical filaments of patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that the late onset dementia with argyrophilic grains syndrome is also characterized by the presence of tangles and threads with the topographical distribution of progressive supranuclear palsy.

Quantification of synaptophysinlike immunoreactivity is a valuable method for studying the presynaptic terminals in the normal and damaged nervous system. The present report shows that in the control brain, the predominant pattern of synaptic immunostaining in the neocortex was that of an evenly distributed densely granular immunolabeling of the neuropil, while in the paleocortex and in subcortical areas of the brain most of the presynaptic terminals were distributed along the dendritic arborizations or around the neuronal somata. The immunochemical and the immunohistochemical analysis of the Alzheimer's disease tissue showed that the frontal and parietal cortex presented the most severe and widespread loss, with a 45% loss in synaptophysin immunoreactivity. These areas showed an average 35% loss of large neurons. The visual cortex, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and locus ceruleus displayed some degree of loss, but to a lesser extent. In addition to this loss, the basic patterns of organization of the presynaptic terminals were altered, with the presence of abundant, enlarged synaptophysin-labeled terminals. This study further supports the role of synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease.

Field studies using glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays L.), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted at Scottsbluff, NE, Torrington, WY, and Fort Collins, CO, over 6 yr to evaluate weed population dynamics under glyphosate- and conventional herbicide–based weed control strategies. We report the response of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), and all grasses combined to four management strategies imbedded in two crop rotations. There were no consistent or highly signifi cant benefi ts from a diverse crop rotation versus continuous corn when weed control was considered. Rotating herbicide mode of action for general weed control provided no benefi t above that provided by glyphosate at 0.8 kg acid equivalent (ae) ha –1 applied twice each year. There was no evidence that any weed species developed resistance to glyphosate. The most striking fi nding of these studies was the buildup of common lambsquarters and wild buckwheat that occurs when glyphosate is applied at 0.4 kg ae ha –1 twice each year. Such a low-use-rate approach is to be completely discouraged since it appears to enrich the gene pool for individuals that survive low rates of glyphosate. The continuing decline in the real cost of glyphosate should eliminate any legitimate reason for growers to consider using less than the full labeled rate of glyphosate. All treatments that included glyphosate at all three locations over 6 yr provided signifi cantly better grass control than the nonglyphosate conventional treatments.

Applying the relatively new technique of laser confocal imaging, vibratome sections which were double immunolabeled for amyloid beta protein and the presynaptic terminal marker synaptophysin were examined. It was found that while synaptic density was generally diminished in Alzheimer's disease (AD) cortical neuropil as compared to controls, the reduction was no greater within the diffuse plaques than outside them. Synapse loss was accentuated, however, within immature and mature plaques. These findings suggest that the pathogenetic process in AD might commence with synapse loss and neurodegeneration rather than with deposition of amyloid beta protein.

The undecagold (Au11) cluster was used to covalently label tRNA molecules at two specific ribonucleotides, one at position 75, and one at position 32 near the anticodon loop. Two different Au11 derivatives were used, one with a monomaleimide and one with a monoiodacetamide to effect efficient reactions.The first tRNA labeled was yeast tRNAphe which had a 2-thiocytidine (s2C) enzymatically introduced at position 75. This was found to react with the iodoacetamide-Aun derivative (Fig. 1) but not the maleimide-Aun (Fig. 2). Reaction conditions were 37° for 16 hours. Addition of dimethylformamide (DMF) up to 70% made no improvement in the labeling yield. A high resolution scanning transmission electron micrograph (STEM) taken using the darkfield elastically scattered electrons is shown in Fig. 3.

We measured the concentrations of the monoamines, their precursors, and their metabolites, and the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in basal ganglia and cortical regions of postmortem brains from cases with histologically verified pure Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD with diffusely distributed Lewy bodies (Lewy body variant [LBV]), and normal controls. Dopamine and homovanillic acid (HVA) were severely depleted in basal ganglia of the LBV cases but were not significantly altered in pure AD cases; tyrosine hydroxylase levels in putamen were also significantly reduced in LBV but not AD cases. These reductions in basal ganglia dopamine and HVA suggest that LBV cases have a level of dopamine depletion similar to Parkinson's disease (PD). Additionally, ChAT activity in caudate and norepinephrine concentration in putamen were significantly reduced in the LBV group, which may have contributed to the absence of resting tremor and the milder presentation of parkinsonian features in this group compared with classic PD. In frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex, activity of ChAT in the LBV group was significantly reduced compared with controls and lower than in pure AD.

Thirty-six clinically diagnosed and pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients included 13 with cortical and subcortical Lewy bodies (LBs). The patients with LBs appeared to constitute a distinct neuropathologic and clinical subset of AD, the Lewy body variant (LBV). The LBV group showed gross pallor of the substantia nigra, greater neuron loss in the locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, and substantia innominata, lower neocortical ChAT levels, and fewer midfrontal tangles than did the pure AD group, along with a high incidence of medial temporal lobe spongiform vacuolization. Analysis of neuropsychological tests from 9 LBV subjects and 9 AD patients matched for age and degree of dementia revealed greater deficits in attention, fluency, and visuospatial processing in the LBV group. Similar comparisons of neurologic examinations showed a significant increase in masked facies; in addition there was an increase in essential tremor, bradykinesia, mild neck rigidity, and slowing of rapid alternating movements in the LBV group. Extremity rigidity, flexed posture, resting tremor, or other classic parkinsonian features were not characteristic of the LBV patient. In some cases, it may be possible to diagnose LBV premortem on the basis of the clinical and neuropsychological features.

This article focuses on the evaluation and treatment of three types of child sexual abusers: fixated, regressed, and aggressive type or child rapists. It is based on the clinical study of over 125 ...

Reaction rates and saturation values were determined for H2 dissociative chemisorption on positive niobium cluster ions in an FT‐ICR apparatus. Clusters with 8,10,12, and 16 atoms were found to be particularly unreactive, in remarkable agreement with the reactivity patterns observed previously for neutral niobium clusters. Saturation coverage for most clusters was found to occur near a hydrogen/niobium ratio of 1.3, although some clusters (8–12,16, and 19) reached effectively inert compositions at considerably lower coverages. Several examples were found of clusters having two isomeric forms with different reactivities. One form of Nb+19 was found to readily react with H2, whereas a second form representing one‐third of the original sample of 19 atom clusters was completely inert to H2 chemisorption under the same FT‐ICR conditions. The geometrical shape of these niobium clusters must therefore have a critical effect on reactivity.

Recent interest in finite‐difference modeling of the wave equation has raised questions regarding the degree of match between finite‐difference solutions and solutions obtained by the more classical analytical approaches. This problem is studied by means of a comparison of seismograms computed for receivers located in the vicinity of a 90-degree wedge embedded in an infinite two‐dimensional acoustic medium. The calculations were carried out both by the finite‐difference method and by a more conventional eigenfunction expansion technique. The results indicate the solutions are in good agreement provided that the grid interval for the finite‐difference method is sufficiently small. If the grid is too coarse, the signals computed by the finite‐difference method become strongly dispersed, and agreement between the two methods rapidly deteriorates. This effect, known as “grid dispersion,” must be taken into account in order to avoid erroneous interpretation of seismograms obtained by finite‐difference techniques. Both second‐order accuracy and fourth‐order accuracy finite‐difference algorithms are considered. For the second‐order scheme, a good rule of thumb is that the ratio of the upper half‐power wavelength of the source to the grid interval should be of the order of ten or more. For the fourth‐order scheme, it is found that the grid can be twice as coarse (five or more grid points per upper half‐power wavelength) and good results are still obtained. Analytical predictions of the effect of grid dispersion are presented; these seem to be in agreement with the experimental results.

Recent interest in the extraction of fine detail from field seismograms has stimulated the search for numerical modeling procedures which can produce synthetic seismograms for complex subsurface geometries and for arbitrary source‐receiver separations. Among the various techniques available for this purpose, the replacement of the two‐dimensional wave equation by a suitable finite‐difference representation offers distinct advantages. This approach is simple and may be readily implemented. It automatically accounts for the proper relative amplitudes of the various arrivals and includes the contributions of converted waves, Rayleigh waves, diffractions from faulted zones, and head waves. Two computational schemes have been examined. For the so‐called “homogeneous formulation,” the standard boundary conditions between media of different elastic properties must be satisfied explicitly. In the case of the alternate “heterogeneous formulation”, these elastic properties may be specified at each grid point of a finite‐difference mesh, and the boundary conditions are satisfied implicitly. The proper simulation of the source requires special treatment for both cases. Synthetic seismograms computed for several models of exploration interest serve to illustrate how the technique may help the interpreter. The examples also illustrate various implementational aspects of the finite‐difference approach, which involve such phenomena as grid dispersion, artificial reflections from the edge of the model, and choice of spatial and temporal sampling increments.

This article presents three cases involving men who sexually abused children. It illustrates the point that on a superficial level each individual appears quite different, while closer attention reveals strong “Don't Be Close” injunctions and histories of being molested as children as important variables in the treatment of each offender. Theoretical and treament issues of child molestation are discussed.

While my two colleagues on the panel can supply firsthand experience from the field of teacher training, it occurred to me that possibly from my second-hand knowledge of school teachers acquired as it has been through years of museum teaching, some conclusions of general interest might be drawn. It is, of course, mostly the better secondary school teachers who bring their classes to the museum, there to turn them over thankfully to the museum instructor to be given not only a first-hand introduction to the arts of the past and present but also to be taught the art history which the teachers themselves are rarely trained to handle.

Mr. Ritchie has asked me to discuss “Problems and Methods of Adult Education in an Art Museum.” We can assume, I think, that he has a rather special class of adult in mind. He doesn't mean the, presumably, adult college students of whom Dr. Munro has spoken, nor the museum trainees of Miss Neilson's paper. I take him to mean, though he may never have heard the classic definition standardized by the Association of Adult Education, “those persons whose formal education is over, whether it stopped with the end of eighth grade, of High School, College or Graduate School.” Further, the adult student who sits at the feet of the museum instructor has no ulterior purpose in haunting the galleries, unless it be to come in out of the cold; he is not hoping to improve his economic status with vocational courses. It is these people that I have in mind, but while the proposal I wish to make applies preeminently to them, it should, I think, lie behind all our museum teaching.

Abnormal folding of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) is thought to lead to neurodegeneration and the characteristic symptoms of Lewy body disease (LBD). Since previous studies suggest that immunization might be a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease, we hypothesized that immunization with human (h)alpha-syn might have therapeutic effects in LBD. For this purpose, halpha-syn transgenic (tg) mice were vaccinated with halpha-syn. In mice that produced high relative affinity antibodies, there was decreased accumulation of aggregated halpha-syn in neuronal cell bodies and synapses that was associated with reduced neurodegeneration. Furthermore, antibodies produced by immunized mice recognized abnormal halpha-syn associated with the neuronal membrane and promoted the degradation of halpha-syn aggregates, probably via lysosomal pathways. Similar effects were observed with an exogenously applied FITC-tagged halpha-syn antibody. These results suggest that vaccination is effective in reducing neuronal accumulation of halpha-syn aggregates and that further development of this approach might have a potential role in the treatment of LBD.