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Peptidic ligands selectively targeting distinct G protein-coupled receptors that are highly expressed in tumor tissue represent a promising approach in drug delivery. Receptor-preferring analogues of neuropeptide Y (NPY) bind and activate the human Y1 receptor subtype (hY1 receptor), which is found in 90% of breast cancer tissue and in all breast-cancer-derived metastases. Herein, novel highly boron-loaded Y1 -receptor-preferring peptide analogues are described as smart shuttle systems for carbaboranes as (10) B-containing moieties. Various positions in the peptide were screened for their susceptibility to carbaborane modification, and the most promising positions were chosen to create a multi-carbaborane peptide containing 30 boron atoms per peptide with excellent activation and internalization patterns at the hY1 receptor. Boron uptake studies by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed successful uptake of the multi-carbaborane peptide into hY1 -receptor-expressing cells, exceeding the required amount of 10(9) boron atoms per cell. This result demonstrates that the NPY/hY receptor system can act as an effective transport system for boron-containing moieties.

Inflammation and metabolism have been shown to be evolutionary linked and increasing evidence exists that pro-inflammatory factors are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Until now, most data suggest that within adipose tissue these factors are secreted by cells of the innate immune system, e. g. macrophages. In the present study we demonstrate that B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is increased in human obesity. In contrast to several pro-inflammatory factors, we found the source of BLyS in human adipose tissue to be the adipocytes rather than immune cells. In grade 3 obese human subjects, expression of BLyS in vivo in adipose tissue is significantly increased (p

The focus of this work is to change surface chemistry and properties without deteriorating the bulk behaviour of deep-drawing steels. Therefore, possibilities and limits of surface modification by reactive gases such as CO–H2–N2 and NH3–H2–N2 atmospheres during continuous annealing of interstitial free (IF) steel grades were investigated. By this, the surface hardness, the bake-hardening properties, the proneness to secondary work embrittlement (SWE), and the surface reactivity in regard to coating processes should be affected. The study showed that the input of interstitials into the surface proceeded within seconds in accordance with the continuous annealing process. If a carburizing treatment was applied after recrystallization took place, an increase in strength combined with good deep-drawability and a still high r-value of two could be obtained. The resistance against SWE improved significantly. Bake-hardening capability could be achieved combined with moderate ageing tendency. Applying very strong carburizing treatments with carburizing times of 60 s, the chemical composition of the surface layer could be altered into a 20 μm thick austenite layer, thus leading to bainitic or martensitic transformations during cooling. Nitriding modified the surface chemistry affecting the Zn–Fe reactivity during galvannealing.

Orthopaedic surgery in patients with clotting disor-ders represents a technical surgical challenge. Man-agement of these high-risk patients requires inputfrom a multidisciplinary team consisting of: anorthopaedic surgeon, a haematologist, the servicesof an expert haemostasis laboratory as well as theusual input from physiotherapy, occupational ther-apy and nursing staff. The first documented openknee synovectomy in a haemophiliac occurred in1966 performed by Storti [1]. More recently a seriesof elective orthopaedic procedures has been docu-mented confirming that elective orthopaedic surgerycan be successfully performed on haemophilicpatients with inhibitors [2]. The first of these wasin 1988 [3], under the cover of recombinant FVIIawith two further reports in 1994 describing the useof FVIIa in haemophilic patients with inhibitorsundergoing elective orthopaedic procedures [3].Arthroscopic techniques have been developingsince the 1970s and the use of arthroscopic synovec-tomy in the knee is well documented. Arthroscopy ofthe shoulder has been performed for synovectomybut the use of reconstructive shoulder arthroscopy inpatients with clotting disorders has not been previ-ously documented [4]. Reconstructive arthroscopicprocedures such as tendon and instability repairshave become increasingly common over the last10 years in non-haemophilic subjects. Adequatevisualization during these procedures is essential toensure the procedure can be performed successfullyand for this adequate haemostasis is required duringthe procedure. To our knowledge, there are noprevious reports in the literature addressing thisissue.We report a case series of six therapeutic arthro-scopic procedures in five patients with clottingdisorders.

The purpose of this study was to examine 2‐year public college students'satisfaction with career planning and job placement services offered at their college by gender and job cluster. The 2,873 students included in this study attended 212‐year public colleges in 11 states, predominantely in the Midwest. The results revealed significant differences in students'satisfaction with career planningandjob placement services. Women were more satisfied with these services than were their male counterparts. Students in the Business Operations job cluster were significantly more satisfied with career planning and job placement than were students in other job clusters. Students were significantly more satisfied with career planning services they received than with job placement services.

In human and small animal intensive care medicine percutaneous sheath introducer (PSI) sets are commonly used for repeated insertion of an arterial or a venous catheter with only one vascular puncture. We used PSI for chronic catheterization of swine with a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter via a surgically exposed external jugular vein. In this way we were able to change defective catheters or correct the position of the catheter tip without renewed surgical intervention.

Adult rats often produce 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), particularly the frequency-modulated varieties, in appetitive situations. These calls are thought by some to reflect positive affective states and the reinforcing value of drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine. The objective of this study was to determine whether the number of unconditioned 50-kHz USVs elicited by amphetamine predicts the development and/or magnitude of drug-conditioned motivation. In three experiments, we recorded USVs before and after injections of 1 mg/kg amphetamine (i.v. or i.p.) administered once per session. Rats were categorized as “high callers” or “low callers” according to individual differences in the number of 50-kHz USVs elicited by their first amphetamine injection. We examined the conditioned appetitive behavior and conditioned place preference (CPP) that emerged in high and low callers after repeated pairings of amphetamine with specific contexts. We also examined whether amphetamine-induced calling was affected by treatment within an unfamiliar (test chamber) versus familiar (home cage) context. Within an unfamiliar environment, the high callers consistently produced more amphetamine-induced 50-kHz USVs than the low callers. Compared to the low callers, high callers showed significantly greater amphetamine CPP as well as enhanced conditioned 50-kHz USVs and locomotor activity during anticipation of amphetamine. Individual differences were stable when amphetamine was administered in test chambers, but when it was administered in home cages, low callers showed an increase in 50-kHz calling that matched the high callers. These findings suggest that individual differences in drug-induced USVs can reveal environment-sensitive traits involved in drug-related appetitive motivation.

In medicinal chemistry, carbaboranes can be employed either as boron carriers for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) or as scaffolds for radiodiagnostic or therapeutic agents. We have developed a suitable synthesis employing the phosphoramidite method to connect meta-carbaboranyl bis-phosphonites with the 6'-OH group of isopropylidene-pro- tected galactose, followed by oxidation or sulfurization to give the corresponding bis-phos- phonates. Deprotection yielded water-soluble compounds. The corresponding disodium salts exhibit especially low cytotoxicity. Preliminary results on the in vivo toxicity and biodistribu - tion of two compounds in mice indicated a lack of selectivity for the cotton rat lung (CRL) tumor chosen for the experiment. For the incorporation of carbaboranes into breast tumor- selective modified neuropeptide Y, (F 7 , P 34 )-NPY, a synthesis of a carbaborane-modified lysine derivative was developed. Linkage of the lysine to the boron cluster was achieved by using a propionic acid spacer. Incorporation of the amino acid derivatives into NPY and (F 7 , P 34 )-NPY by solid-phase peptide synthesis was successful. Preliminary studies showed that the receptor binding affinity and signal transduction of the boron-modified peptides were very well retained. Asborin, the carbaborane analogue of aspirin, is a rather weak inhibitor of cyclo - oxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, but a highly potent aldo/keto reductase 1A1 (AKR1A1) inhibitor. Modification either at the carboxyl group or at the chlorophenyl ring in indomethacin with ortho- and meta-carbaboranyl derivatives gave active derivatives only for the ortho-carbaborane directly attached to the carboxyl group, while the corresponding adamantyl and meta-carbaboranyl derivatives were inactive.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High frequency electrosurgery has a key role in the broadening application of liver surgery. Its molecular signature, i.e. the metabolites evolving from electrocauterization which may inhibit hepatic wound healing, have not been systematically studied. METHODS: Human liver samples were thus obtained during surgery before and after electrosurgical dissection and subjected to a two-stage metabolomic screening experiment (discovery sample: N = 18, replication sample: N = 20) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In a set of 208 chemically defined metabolites, electrosurgical dissection lead to a distinct metabolic signature resulting in a separation in the first two dimensions of a principal components analysis. Six metabolites including glycolic acid, azelaic acid, 2-n-pentylfuran, dihydroactinidiolide, 2-butenal and n-pentanal were consistently increased after electrosurgery meeting the discovery (p

In an experimental study laparoscopic partial liver resection with an ultrasonic dissector was evaluated. Eight domestic pigs with a body weight of approximately 25kg were operated using an ultrasonic dissector during temporary occlusion of the hepatoduodenal ligament (Pringle manoeuvre). Peripheral parts of the liver were resected. Haemostatis was accomplished using electro-coagulation for smaller vessels and titan-clips for larger ones. The same techniques were used for bile duct ligation. One animal died during surgery from undetected bleeding within the lesser sac, which was attributed to the Pringle manoeuvre. The postoperative course of the other animals was uneventful. Three weeks after the initial operation, the animals underwent laparoscopy to evaluate the result. Laparoscopic partial liver resection can be performed using an ultrasonic dissector. The line of resection is determined by the position of the trocars. The combination of electro-coagulation of delicate and clipping of larger blood ves...

This paper describes a high-power flywheel energy storage device with 1 kWh of usable energy. A possible application is to level peaks in the power consumption of seam-welding machines. A rigid body model is used for controller design, stability, and robustness analysis. Flywheel systems tend to have strong gyroscopic coupling which must be considered in the controller design. The gyroscopic coupling can cause instability in addition with system nonlinearities, digitization, time delay, filter characteristics, and adaptive unbalance cancellation. Different approaches, such as decentralized control, controller design with a linear quadratic regulator (LQR), and cross feedback control are analyzed. Cross feedback control leads to a better system performance and is easy to implement. Experimental results are given. The startup behavior and the disturbing forces of the system while rotating are shown.

The Pringle maneuver (PM) is recognized in conventional liver surgery as a method of controlling bleeding. To determine the hemodynamic effects of the PM during pneumoperitoneum (PP) for laparoscopic liver resection, we measure hemodynamic and blood gas changes in 7 healthy pigs. All variables were recorded 5 min before and 10 and 30 min after employing PP or PM and 10 min after discontinuation of PM. After the induction of PP, cardiac index and arterial carbon dioxide tension significantly increased, accompanied by a significant decrease in pH. After the beginning of PM, cardiac index and mean arterial and central venous pressures decreased significantly, whereas the heart rate rose markedly. After discontinuation of the PM, the systemic vascular resistance index decreased, and the heart rate remained elevated. These results demonstrate severe hemodynamic deterioration with PP and a subsequent PM. The latter should, therefore, be considered only as a last resort for the control of bleeding during laparoscopic liver surgery.

In prior work, the synthesis of alpha, beta, and gamma-Re2Si2O7 powders (Re= Y and Ho) at temperatures from 1000 degrees to 1400 degrees C h in air was reported, along with the Vickers hardness of dense gamma-Y2Si2O7 and gamma-Ho2Si2O7 polymorphs. Dense gamma-Y2Si2O7 and & gamma-Ho2Si2O7 pellets were made by a pressureless sintering technique at 1400 degrees C/8h. Using the pressureless sintering technique, densification of alpha and beta-Y2Si2O7 powder compacts at their phase formation temperature (1000 degrees C - 1200 degrees C) was not successful and prevented the determination of their hardness values. In this work, the field assisted sintering technique (FAST) was used to form dense alpha, beta and gamma-Y2Si2O7 pellets at a pressure of 20KN and temperatures of 1050 degrees C to 1200 degrees C. Subsequently, their Vickers hardness was measured. SCS-0 fibers were also incorporated into alpha, beta and gamma-Re2Si2O7 matrices and densified at 1050 degrees C to 1200 degrees C/1 h using the FAST approach. Fiber push-out experiments were conducted, and the average sliding stress values were determined.

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) require large sample sizes to obtain adequate statistical power, but it may be possible to increase the power by incorporating complementary data. In this study we investigated the feasibility of automatically retrieving information from the medical literature and leveraging this information in GWAS. Methods: We developed a method that searches through PubMed abstracts for pre-assigned keywords and key concepts, and uses this information to assign prior probabilities of association for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with the phenotype of interest - the Adjusting Association Priors with Text (AdAPT) method. Association results from a GWAS can subsequently be ranked in the context of these priors using the Bayes False Discovery Probability (BFDP) framework. We initially tested AdAPT by comparing rankings of known susceptibility alleles in a previous lung cancer GWAS, and subsequently applied it in a two-phase GWAS of oral cancer. Results: Known lung cancer susceptibility SNPs were consistently ranked higher by AdAPT BFDPs than by p-values. In the oral cancer GWAS, we sought to replicate the top five SNPs as ranked by AdAPT BFDPs, of which rs991316, located in the ADH gene region of 4q23, displayed a statistically significant association with oral cancer risk in the replication phase (per-rare-allele log additive p-value [p(trend)] = 2.5 x 10(-3)). The combined OR for having one additional rare allele was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76-0.90), and this association was independent of previously identified susceptibility SNPs that are associated with overall UADT cancer in this gene region. We also investigated if rs991316 was associated with other cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), but no additional association signal was found. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential utility of systematically incorporating prior knowledge from the medical literature in genome-wide analyses using the AdAPT methodology. AdAPT is available online (url: http://services.gate.ac.uk/lld/gwas/service/config).

We investigated the association between occupational history and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer risk in the ARCAGE European case-control study. The study included 1,851 patients with incident cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx or esophagus and 1,949 controls. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ever employment in 283 occupations and 172 industries, adjusting for smoking and alcohol. Men (1,457 cases) and women (394 cases) were analyzed separately and we incorporated a semi-Bayes adjustment approach for multiple comparisons. Among men, we found increased risks for occupational categories previously reported to be associated with at least one type of UADT cancer, including painters (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.01-3.00), bricklayers (1.58, 1.05-2.37), workers employed in the erection of roofs and frames (2.62, 1.08-6.36), reinforced concreters (3.46, 1.11-10.8), dockers (2.91, 1.05-8.05) and workers employed in the construction of roads (3.03, 1.23-7.46), general construction of buildings (1.44, 1.12-1.85) and cargo handling (2.60, 1.17-5.75). With the exception of the first three categories, risks both increased when restricting to long duration of employment and remained elevated after semi-Bayes adjustment. Increased risks were also found for loggers (3.56, 1.20-10.5) and cattle and dairy farming (3.60, 1.15-11.2). Among women, there was no clear evidence of increased risks of UADT cancer in association with occupations or industrial activities. This study provides evidence of an association between some occupational categories and UADT cancer risk among men. The most consistent findings, also supported by previous studies, were obtained for specific workers employed in the construction industry. © 2011 UICC.

Significant attention has been focused on establishing a framework of standards and generic guidelines for a layered, distributed approach to network management for broadband transport networks. Initial field deployment trials based on these efforts, using SNCs (subnetwork controllers) or EMs (element managers), have just begun. The paper outlines early distributed management applications that are being considered for deployment in the 1995 time frame. The focus is on the key challenges that must be addressed in realizing initial field deployment of distributed broadband management applications. >

♦ LHB pathology is a commonn cause of anterior shoulder pain♦ Clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging are both imprecise♦ Isolated biceps pathology may be present in the younger athlete♦ Degenerative biceps pathology is often associated with rotator cuff pathology♦ Failure to treat concomitant LHB pathology is a cause for surgical failures in many other shoulder conditions

Nontoxic ortho-carbaborane is one of the most promising structure for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). For directed uptake of ortho-carbaborane by tumor cells, receptor-subtype selective neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its derivatives were modified with ortho-carbaborane. The derivative [F(7), P(34)]-NPY has been shown to be a breast cancer selective ligand that binds to the Y(1)-receptor subtype, whereas [Ahx(5-24)]-NPY selectively addresses Y(2)-receptor subtypes that are found in neuroblastoma cells. ortho-Carbaboranyl propionic acid was synthesized and linked to the ε-amino group of N(α)-Fmoc protected L-lysine. The characterization of the compounds was performed by NMR, IR, and MS studies. The carbaborane-modified amino acid was incorporated into NPY, [F(7), P(34)]-NPY, and [Ahx(5-24)]-NPY by an optimized solid phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc protection. Binding studies and IP accumulation assays confirmed nanomolar affinity and activity of the modified analogues despite of the large carbaborane cluster. Internalization studies revealed excellent and receptor subtype specific uptake of the conjugates into respective cells.

Sediments from the Berlin area were analysed for heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons. the sedimentological and hydrogeological aspects of the Holocene sediments are discussed and an adapted sampling device for muds with a high water content is described. the contamination of surface sediments and dated cores is shown back in the 19th century; the hydrological influences on the degree of contamination and potential threats to groundwater and, via remobilisation, to surface waters are considered. It is concluded that the sediments of the Berlin area are highly contaminated.

Subtypes of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats are thought to reflect positive affect and occur with cocaine or amphetamine delivery. In contexts predicting forthcoming cocaine, pre-drug anticipatory USVs are initially minimal during daily sessions but gradually escalate over several weeks, presumably as the animal learns to expect and look forward to impending drug access. To gain more insight into motivational aspects of cocaine intake in animal models of drug dependence studies, it is important to compare experience-dependent changes in lever response rate, USVs, and locomotion during cocaine conditioning and extinction trials. To address whether cocaine-induced increases in lever responding and locomotor activity correspond with USV production. The study also determined whether short-term cocaine and context deprivation effects could be detected during conditioning or extinction. Rats underwent 20 days of 60-min sessions of self- or yoked administration of cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.), followed by 19 days of extinction training (8 weeks total, weekends off). Lever responding for cocaine and cocaine-induced locomotor activity increased across conditioning sessions. In contrast, the number of frequency modulated 50-kHz USVs evoked in response to cocaine infusion decreased with cocaine experience, suggesting perhaps tolerance to the rewarding properties of the drug. In addition, USVs but not lever pressing or locomotion are affected after brief periods of drug and/or drug context abstinence. Except for initial drug exposure, increased cocaine seeking during cocaine delivery could reflect either enhanced drug motivation or the development of drug tolerance, but not enhanced positive affect.

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and relapse. Various types of behavioral activity are commonly utilized as measures of drug motivation in animals. However, a crucial component of drug abuse relapse in abstinent cocaine users is "drug craving", which is difficult to model in animals, as it often occurs in the absence of overt behaviors. Yet, it is possible that a class of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats may be a useful marker for affective responses to drug administration, drug anticipation and even drug craving. Rats vocalize in ultrasonic frequencies that serve as a communicatory function and express subjective emotional states. Several studies have shown that different call frequency ranges are associated with negative and positive emotional states. For instance, high frequency calls ("50-kHz") are associated with positive affect, whereas low frequency calls ("22-kHz") represent a negative emotional state. This article describes a procedure to assess rat USVs associated with daily cocaine self-administration. For this procedure, we utilized standard single-lever operant chambers housed within sound-attenuating boxes for cocaine self-administration sessions and utilized ultrasonic microphones, multi-channel recording hardware and specialized software programs to detect and analyze USVs. USVs measurements reflect emotionality of rats before, during and after drug availability and can be correlated with commonly assessed drug self-administration behavioral data such lever responses, inter-response intervals and locomotor activity. Since USVs can be assessed during intervals prior to drug availability (e.g., anticipatory USVs) and during drug extinction trials, changes in affect associated with drug anticipation and drug abstinence can also be determined. In addition, determining USV changes over the course of short- and long-term drug exposure can provide a more detailed interpretation of drug exposure effects on affective functioning.

Various LTCC-tape materials have been characterized regarding their RF-properties at elevated temperature by means of impedance measurement of square-shaped capacitor samples up to a frequency of 3 MHz. Parameters of an equivalent circuit were fitted to reconstruct the impedance characteristics and the parameters extracted. The activation energies of samples were derived from the impedance model.

For more than 2 decades ventral derotation spondylodesis (Zielke VDS) as a major improvement over Dwyer instrumentation (DI) was the gold standard of instrumented curve correction and stabilization from the anterior approach. As the first available system it enables a true three-dimensional curve correction. A disadvantage is the low internal stabilization capability with a need for long-term external stabilization by means of cast and brace treatment postoperatively. Meanwhile with the development of modern single and dual solid rod systems these disadvantages can be avoided completely. Video-assisted (thoracoscopic) anterior scoliosis surgery accounts for less than 2% of anteriorly treated scoliosis cases, mainly due to a long operating time and significant learning curve.From the posterior approach the Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation (CDI) as a polysegmentally attached posterior hook threaded dual rod system used to be state of the art for a long time, since it eliminated the disadvantages of Harrington instrumentation (HI) in terms of only one-dimensional correction and low stabilization capabilities. However even with CDI effective derotation was impossible. In posterior scoliosis surgery there is a strong trend away from hook systems towards transpedicular segmentally fixed dual rod systems not only in the lumbar spine but also in the thoracic area. Advantages of these newer techniques are shorter fusion, improved correction, and less loss of correction over time.Advantages of modern anterior instrumentation systems in comparison to posterior transpedicular instrumented dual rod systems are less blood loss, better derotation, slightly shorter fusion levels, and a better influence on sagittal plane control or improvement especially for hypokyphotic thoracic scoliosis cases. Our data also document a superior spontaneous correction of the lumbar curve after selective anterior instrumented correction (Lenke 1B+C), although other studies could not find significant differences. In our experience the neurological risk of anterior instrumented correction is also lower than that of posterior scoliosis surgery, although the morbidity and mortality data of the Scoliosis Research Society could not prove that anymore in recent years. A negative effect of anterior transthoracic scoliosis surgery in comparison to posterior surgery is a more negative effect on lung function, which improves slower after surgery and does not quite reach the levels of posterior surgery at follow-up. But new data on posterior segmental transpedicular correction and fusion also prove a lordosating effect with negative effect on lung function.

In the German health system the payment of a hospital stay is standardised. The common basis is the G-DRG System (German diagnosis-related groups) in which every stay is paid by a lump sum. Scoliosis correction in our times means pedicle screw-based multilevel double rod instrumentation or anterior plate-rod instrumentation with primary stability. The outcome of those methods has improved the results of correction and decreased the complication rate but also means high costs due to the implants. Scoliosis correction is covered by DRG I06. Due to constant efforts a general improvement took place in the assessment of DRG I06. That is the reason why the losses incurred in DRG I06C could be lowered to 38% and in I06D to 22% in 2008. For an appropriate assessment further improvements are required.

Most of Earth (71%) is covered by oceans, whose fisheries provide an important protein source for people, both locally and globally. Fisheries also contribute economically to the well-being of coastal communities and other sectors of society. The demand for marine fish continues to increase because of human population growth, migration to coastal zones, increased income and health concerns that strengthen a luxury-seafood market, and growth of fishmeal-based aquaculture, and livestock production. About 20% of the most food-deficient countries export fish to provide foreign exchange and to service their national debt—a further motivation to increase fish harvests (Pauly et al. 2005). Fishing capacity has increased substantially to meet this demand, primarily through development of large industrial-scale fleets that can harvest fish that were once too remote, deep, or dispersed for efficient commercial harvest. As a result, the annual global fish catch has more than tripled in the last 50 years. Since about 1985, however, global landings appear to have declined, despite continued increase in fishing capacity, suggesting that past harvest levels are not sustainable.

Recent evidence in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests that exercise and other forms of motor enhancement can be beneficial when applied during the degeneration of dopamine neurons. Behaviours that depend on adequate levels of striatal dopamine may provide particularly favourable targets for therapeutic motor interventions. Task-specific motor enrichment procedures have been used to improve functional and neural outcomes following unilateral infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the nigrostriatal pathway in rats. In contrast, forced non-use procedures can exaggerate the degree of degeneration. Limb-use akinesia and ultrasonic vocalization in the 50-kHz range may be useful behavioural indices of nigrostriatal integrity and may model common deficits found in PD. These deficits in movement initiation and fine sensorimotor control are potential targets for early training interventions.

This paper describes the current views on the pathology of lesions of the tendon of the long head of biceps and their management. Their diagnosis is described and their surgical management classified, with details of the techniques employed.

A cycloconverter-fed gearless mill drive is a drive system that has hardware and software protection functions to protect the equipment in case of abnormal operating conditions, malfunctions or failures. For demanding applications in the mining industry, protections systems need to be reviewed considering special or abnormal operating conditions as well as the need of high system availability. Some protection functions have tripped in the gearless mill drives operating at Minera Escondida and have been reviewed subsequently. This paper describes improvements in the protection system implemented in the gearless mill drives currently operating at the Laguna Seca concentrator of Minera Escondida Ltda. The background of the new protection functions, related analysis and solutions are explained and experimental results are presented showing their operation.

We present the development and application of a generic analysis scheme for the measurement of neutrino spectra with the IceCube detector. This scheme is based on regularized unfolding, preceded by an event selection which uses a Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm to select the relevant variables and a random forest for the classification of events. The analysis has been developed using IceCube data from the 59-string configuration of the detector. 27,771 neutrino candidates were detected in 346 days of livetime. A rejection of 99.9999 % of the atmospheric muon background is achieved. The energy spectrum of the atmospheric neutrino flux is obtained using the TRUEE unfolding program. The unfolded spectrum of atmospheric muon neutrinos covers an energy range from 100 GeV to 1 PeV. Compared to the previous measurement using the detector in the 40-string configuration, the analysis presented here, extends the upper end of the atmospheric neutrino spectrum by more than a factor of two, reaching an energy region that has not been previously accessed by spectral measurements., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Underwater video cameras (UVC) provide a non-lethal technique to sample fish in dense submersed aquatic vegetation. Fish often inhabit densely vegetated areas, but deficiencies of most sampling gears bias relative abundance estimates that inform fisheries management. This study developed methods using UVC to estimate relative abundance in dense vegetation using three experimental ponds covered with surface-matted hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) stocked at different densities of Lepomis spp. and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We conducted UVC point counts over 13 weeks to measure relative fish abundance and occurrence from video analysis. Ponds were then drained to obtain true fish densities. In total, fish were detected in 55% of all counts and juvenile and adult Lepomis spp. and largemouth bass were enumerated. End-of-season true fish densities ranged across ponds (from 52 to 37000 fishha � 1 ). Additionally, pond 2's true density changed substantially from 370 to 12300 fishha � 1 . True population size was accurately reflected in differences in estimated relative abundances obtained from fish counts, as in pond 2 where mean fish counts increased from 0.10 in week 1 to 2.33 by week 13. Underwater video accurately and precisely quantified relative abundance at naturally-occurring fish densities, but this success was reduced at low densities. Additional keywords: complex habitats, fish sampling, Hydrilla verticillata, invasive aquatic plants, largemouth bass, sunfish, video cameras.

The hormonally active form of vitamin D 3 , 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), prevents adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line. In this paper, both a shortened side-chain non-calcemic analog, (20 S )-1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-bishomopregnacalciferol (2MbisP), as well as a highly bone-selective compound, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20 S )-1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (2MD), are shown to completely prevent adipocyte differentiation in this cell line. 2MbisP is slightly less potent than 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , whereas 2MD is approximately two orders of magnitude more potent that the parent hormone in preventing adipocyte differentiation. The ability to block differentiation requires binding to the vitamin D receptor. Both 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and the analogs prevent the induction of the C/EBPα and PPARγ2 transcription factors, which is necessary for terminal differentiation. In contrast, the normal increase in C/EBPβ protein that occurs shortly after the induction of differentiation occurs both in the presence and absence of vitamin D compounds, and the C/EBPβ protein appears functional with respect to DNA binding and nuclear localization. Transient transfection studies show that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 prevents transactivation through the 5′ region of the PPARγ2 promoter, and thus acts at the transcriptional level to inhibit the normal upregulation of PPARγ2 that occurs during the course of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation.

Nanotechnology is proliferating at a rapid rate in many areas including semiconductor lasers, biotechnology, and optoelectronics, as researchers create applications which capitalize on the unique advantages operating on the nanoscale afford them. In the case of semiconductor lasers it was found that by creating active layers on order of the de Broglie wavelength in all spatial directions, the movement of the free electrons would be restricted. This electron confinement inhibits the spreading of carriers thereby reducing the thermal sensitivity of a device. In fact thermal effects should be zero when electrons are three dimensionally confined. In such a system the density of states is defined as a delta function resulting in a larger and narrower gain profile for the laser (Arakawa and Sakaki, 1982; Asada et al., 1986). Quantum dots are the closest representation of a semiconductor system where there is three dimensional electron confinement. The emission spectrum of a quantum dot can be tuned across a wide range of wavelengths due to the quantum size effect, making the technology ideal for use in light emitting diode (LED) active layers (Alivisatos, 1996). Semiconductor materials from the III-V group are used in high-efficiency LEDs at both ends of the visible spectrum, III-arsenide-phosphide (III-AsP) materials provide emission from yellow to infrared, and III-nitride (III-N) materials emit from blue-green into the ultraviolet. However only III-nitride LEDs are fabricated with InGaN quantum dots which are epitaxially grown, and there is no material in either the III-AsP or III-N regime that provides efficient deep green (555-585nm) emission. Highly efficient deep green colloidal CdSe quantum dot emitters are available however, and it has been recently suggested to use these colloidal quantum dots as the active layer in a GaN heterostructure to create a LED (Stokes et al.,2005). Presented are efforts to integrate colloidal quantum dots into GaN heterostructures to act as luminescent centers forming the active layer of a LED

Due to the large installed electrical power and the large number of electric drives in cement plants power factor compensation has always been an issue. However, harmonic filters as advanced type of power factor compensation have become increasingly important because more and more variable speed drives that produce harmonic disturbances have been installed during the last years. Furthermore, the awareness for harmonic distortions has got stronger as well. For the design of harmonic filter and power factor compensation installations several approaches can be taken. The paper describes different concepts and their advantages. This is done for new green field installations as well as for revamp projects. It also highlights areas where problems can occur and which points need to be paid attention to when additional drives are installed, parts of a cement plant are modified or when cement plants are expanded. Problems that occurred in cement plants are briefly analyzed. The root cause of the problems is explained, solutions are discussed, and the improvement of the behavior is shown. Furthermore, the paper gives guidelines what can be checked to find out whether there is a problem with harmonics and how such problems can and should be analyzed.

A 1Mb CMOS EPROM with 150ns access time power dissipation of 250mW and cell size of 20.25μm2will be described. The die measures 79K mil2.