2,473 results on '"Mäder, Paul"'
Search Results
152. Chapter Four - Improved Phosphorus Recycling in Organic Farming: Navigating Between Constraints
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Möller, Kurt, Oberson, Astrid, Bünemann, Else K., Cooper, Julia, Friedel, Jürgen K., Glæsner, Nadia, Hörtenhuber, Stefan, Løes, Anne-Kristin, Mäder, Paul, Meyer, Gregor, Müller, Torsten, Symanczik, Sarah, Weissengruber, Lina, Wollmann, Iris, and Magid, Jakob
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- 2018
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153. Nitrogen Budgets and Soil Nitrogen Stocks of Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems: Trade-Off between Efficiency and Sustainability of Nitrogen Use
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Oberson, Astrid, Jarosch, Klaus A., Bosshard, Christine, Dubois, David, Frossard, Emmanuel, Hammelehle, Andreas, Mäder, Paul, and Mayer, Jochen
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"Organics" in general ,Soil quality ,Soil tillage - Abstract
Organic and conventional cropping systems differ in the nature and amounts of nitrogen (N) inputs, which may affect efficiency and sustainability of N use. In the DOK (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, Konventionell) field experiment, organic and conventional cropping systems have been compared since 1978 at two fertilization levels. Nitrogen inputs via manure and/or mineral fertilizers, and N exports from plots with harvested products have throughout been recorded. For all treatments, N outputs with harvests have exceeded the inputs with fertilizers. Over the past years, symbiotic N2 fixation by soybean and clover grown in the trial has additionally been assessed, indicating average annual inputs of about 100 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N fixed from the atmosphere. Soil surface budgets opposing N inputs via fertilization, symbiotic fixation, seeds and deposition to N outputs via harvested products have been computed at the plot level for the duration from 1985 to 2012. The resulting balances range from negative values of about -20 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (where outputs exceed the sum of said N inputs) to surpluses of about +50 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The budget based N use efficiency (NUE; N output via harvested products divided by sum of N inputs) in the case of negative balances suggests irrationally high NUE (>100%), while positive balances are related to lower NUE for treatments with inputs exceeding outputs. Negative balances, however, indicate soil N mining, while surpluses point to a risk of N losses, and/or N accumulation in the soil. Estimation of soil N stock changes based on yearly total N concentration measurements in the topsoil layer is currently ongoing. Preliminary results suggest that soil N stocks in the topsoil decreased under all treatments more than expected from the N balance, and that positive N balances are needed to maintain topsoil N stocks. An increase in soil N concentration was observed in none of the treatments. In conclusion, the results indicate an efficiency-sustainability trade-off. Treatments with a higher NUE lose more soil stock N than those with a lower NUE. Treatments with lower NUE indicate higher N losses from the studied crop-topsoil system. Sustainable soil N management in addition to organic fertilizer inputs might at this site require reduced soil tillage. The significance of N contained in deeper soil layers, and deep rooting crops in recovering leached N should as well be investigated.
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- 2018
154. Urban soil quality assessment-a comprehensive case study dataset of urban garden soils
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Tresch, Simon, Moretti, Marco, Le Bayon, Renée-Claire, Mäder, Paul, Zanetta, Andrea, Frey, David, Stehle, Bernhard, Kuhn, Anton, Munyangabe, Adolphe, and Fliessbach, Andreas
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heavy metal contents in urban soils ,urbanization ,home gardens ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,Surveys and statistics ,Soil ,urban soil quality assessment ,urban gardening ,allotment gardens ,soil quality indicators ,private gardens ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, ISSN:2296-665X
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- 2018
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155. Conservation tillage in organic farming
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Krauss, Maike, Mäder, Paul, Peigne, Joséphine, Cooper, Julia, Debiez, Oriane, Ulrich Köpke, and Köpke, Prof. Ulrich
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[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Soil tillage - Abstract
Conservation tillage in organic farming combines the principles of organic farming with the benefits of soil erosion control achieved by the conversion from ploughing to either reduced tillage or no-tillage/direct-seeding. This chapter reviews more than two decades of on-station and on-farm research. The chapter outlines the main benefits of conservation tillage before considering its main challenges. The chapter also contains a number of specific case studies from the field. Finally, the chapter looks ahead to future research trends in this area and offers detailed guidance on where to find further information about this subject.
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- 2018
156. Design and Manual to Construct Rainout-Shelters for Climate Change Experiments in Agroecosystems
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Kundel, Dominika, Meyer, Svenja, Birkhofer, Herbert, Fliessbach, Andreas, Mäder, Paul, Scheu, Stefan, van Kleunen, Mark, and Birkhofer, Klaus
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ddc:570 ,rainout-shelter design, summer drought, climate change, precipitation, wheat, CAD drawings ,Environmental aspects ,General Environmental Science ,Technology transfer - Abstract
Climate change models predict reduced summer precipitations for most European countries, including more frequent and extreme summer droughts. Rainout-shelters which intercept part of the natural precipitation provide an effective tool to investigate effects of different precipitation levels on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we evaluate and describe in detail a fixed-location rainout-shelter (2.5 × 2.5 m) with partial interception of natural rainfall. We provide a complete parts list, a construction manual and detailed CAD drawings allowing to rebuild and use these shelters for rainfall manipulation studies. In addition, we describe a rainout-shelter control treatment giving the possibility to quantify and account for potential shelter artifacts. To test the rainout-shelters, we established the following three treatments each in eight winter wheat plots of the agricultural long-term farming system comparison trial DOK in Therwil (Switzerland): (1) A rainout-shelter with 65% interception of rainfall, (2) a rainout-shelter control without interception of rainfall, and (3) an ambient control. The rainout-shelter effectively excluded 64.9% of the ambient rainfall, which is very close to the a priori calculated exclusion of 65.1%. In comparison to the ambient control plots, gravimetric soil moisture decreased under the rainout-shelter by a maximum of 11.1 percentage points. Air temperature under the rainout-shelter differed little from the ambient control (−0.55°C in 1.2 m height and +0.19°C in 0.1 m height), whereas soil temperatures were slightly higher in periods of high ambient temperature (+1.02°C), but remained basically unaffected in periods of low ambient temperature (+0.14°C). A maximum edge effect of 0.75 m defined a sampling area of 1 × 1 m under the rainout-shelter. The rainout-shelters presented here, proved to sustain under heavy weather and they were well-suited to be used in agricultural fields where management operations require the removal of the rainout-shelters for management operations. Overall, the results confirmed the good performance of the presented rainout-shelters regarding rainout-shelter artifacts, predictable rain exclusion, and feasibility for experimental studies in agricultural fields. published
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- 2018
157. FE 8: Complex arable-ley rotation in organic farming
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Krauss, Maike, Perrochet, Frédéric, Rindisbacher, Stefan, and Mäder, Paul
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Crop husbandry ,"Organics" in general - Abstract
Mid-term trial in Fislisbach, Switzerland, Start: 2018
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- 2018
158. Impact of long-term agricultural management practices on therhizosphere microbiome and plant health
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Babin, Doreen, Chowdhury, Soumitra Paul, Sandmann, Martin, Sommermann, Loreen, Nelkner, Johanna, Windisch, Saskia, Fließbach, Andreas, Mäder, Paul, Schlüter, Andreas, Neumann, Günter, Geistlinger, Jörg, Rothballer, Michael, Smalla, Kornelia, and Grosch, Rita
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Crop health, quality, protection ,Soil quality - Abstract
Increasing food and energy demands have resulted in a considerable intensification of farming practices, whichbrought about severe consequences for agricultural soils during last decades. In order to maintain soil quality andhealth for the future, the development of more extensive and sustainable farming strategies is urgently needed.The soil and rhizosphere microbiome play an integral role in virtually all soil processes and are intimately linkedto plant performance. Various studies indicated that agricultural management practices affect soil microbiomes.We therefore hypothesized that this external impact is conveyed by the microbial communities to the currentcrops at the time of their establishment. We used twelve differently managed soils from three long-term fieldtrials established in 1978 (Therwil, Switzerland), 1992 (Bernburg, Germany), and 2006 (Thyrow, Germany) toanalyze the impact of various management strategies (crop rotation, fertilization, tillage) on soil and its associatedrhizosphere microbiomes under consideration of plant productivity, plant health, and the ability of the soils tosuppress soil-borne phytopathogens. The model plant lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was cultivated for ten weeks undergrowth-chamber conditions in these soils. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes or fungalITS fragments, respectively, PCR- amplified from total community DNA of rhizosphere and soil samples showedsignificant differences in microbial community compositions between soils that originated from the different fieldsites and long-term farming practices. Moreover, differences depending on long-term agricultural managementin plant productivity and health as measured by RT-qPCR of stress-related plant genes were observed. Localizedanalysis of rhizosphere soil solution was performed using non-invasive sampling techniques with sorption filtersplaced onto the surface of soil-grown roots along the root observation windows with subsequent HPLC-MSprofiling. Amino acids, sugars and antifungal organic acids such as benzoic acid detected in the rhizosphere soilsolutions confirmed variations in concentrations depending on the site and management practice indicating differ-ent stress potentials of farming practices for plants. Agricultural management also affected soil suppressiveness tothe soil-borne model pathogen Rhizoctonia solani.Under controlled growth chamber conditions, we could show the legacy of long-term agricultural managementpractices on the establishment and performance of a subsequent plant generation and its associated rhizospheremicrobiome.
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- 2018
159. I Fondamenti della fertilità del terreno
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Berner, Alfred, Dierauer, Hansueli, Fuchs, Jacques, Fliessbach, Andreas, Koller, Martin, Mäder, Paul, Müller, Adrian, Pfiffner, Lukas, Patzel, Nikola, Böhm, Herwart, Brandhuber, Robert, Braun, Josef, Brede, Uwe, Colling-von Roesgen, Jean-Louis, Demmel, Markus, Doppler, Georg, Ewald, Bernd, Fisel, Thomas, Gantlett, Richard, Häberli, Hansueli, Hess, Jürgen, Hülsbergen, Kurt-Jürgen, Köchli, Martin, Kolbe, Hartmut, Neessen, Peter, Schmidt, Harald, Weller, Stefan, Tolhurst, Iain, and Wild, Melanie
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Soil - Abstract
La fertilità del suolo è riconosciuta come valore fondante sin dai pionieri dell'agricoltura biologica ma, ancor oggi, alla conservazione di un suolo fertile non viene attribuita abbastanza attenzione. Eppure l'agricoltura biologica dipende da una buona e naturale fertilità del suolo.
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- 2018
160. Soil organic carbon cycling in a long-term agricultural experiment,Switzerland
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Bliedtner, Marcel, Stalder, Tobias, Mäder, Paul, Fließbach, Andreas, Salazar, Gary, Sönke, Szidat, and Zech, Roland
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Soil quality ,Switzerland - Abstract
Soils are one of the largest organic carbon pools and changes in the carbon release from soils has considerable impact on the composition of atmospheric CO2. Alongside the accelerated carbon release from soils by anthro-pogenic warming (Crowther et al., 2016), agricultural use strongly affects soil organic carbon (SOC) (Johnstonet al., 2009). Conversion from conventional to organic farming has been suggested a valuable contribution to sequester SOC providing a great mitigation potential within agricultural practices (Smith et al., 2008).Here we present SOC contents and 14C activity under two different farming practices in the long-termagricultural DOK trial at Therwil, Switzerland (Mäder et al., 2002). In this long-lasting agricultural experiment, we compare biodynamic farming (biodyn), which receives manure and biodynamic preparations, with conventional farming (conmin), which receives only mineral fertilizers. We analyzed functional SOC fractions from both farming practices for SOC concentration and radiocarbon (∆14C) in two soil layers (0-20 cm and 20-50 cm).Three SOC fractions were obtained by density and particle size fractionation: particular organic matter (POM,labile pool), mineral-associated organic matter 20μm (MOM >20μm, labile pool).Our results clearly show higher SOC concentrations for biodyn compared to conmin in all SOC fractions in the upper soil layer (0-20 cm). In the subsoil (20-50 cm) we found a negligible influence of farming practices with depth. High ∆14C values in the POM and >20μm fraction indicated that they are a more labile and fastcycling carbon pool, whereas lower∆14C values in the 20μm fraction, with higher ∆14C values in the biodyn system suggesting greater input of fresh plant material with a faster turnover.
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- 2018
161. Reduced tillage, but not organic matter input, increased nematode diversity and food web stability in European long‐term field experiments
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Bongiorno, Giulia, primary, Bodenhausen, Natacha, additional, Bünemann, Else K., additional, Brussaard, Lijbert, additional, Geisen, Stefan, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Quist, Casper W., additional, Walser, Jean‐Claude, additional, and de Goede, Ron G. M., additional
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- 2019
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162. Long-term organic matter application reduces cadmium but not zinc concentrations in wheat
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Grüter, Roman, primary, Costerousse, Benjamin, additional, Mayer, Jochen, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Thonar, Cécile, additional, Frossard, Emmanuel, additional, Schulin, Rainer, additional, and Tandy, Susan, additional
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- 2019
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163. Soil suppressiveness to Pythium ultimum in ten European long-term field experiments and its relation with soil parameters
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Bongiorno, Giulia, primary, Postma, Joeke, additional, Bünemann, Else K., additional, Brussaard, Lijbert, additional, de Goede, Ron G.M., additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Tamm, Lucius, additional, and Thuerig, Barbara, additional
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- 2019
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164. Effect of long‐term organic and mineral fertilization strategies on rhizosphere microbiota assemblage and performance of lettuce
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Paul Chowdhury, Soumitra, primary, Babin, Doreen, additional, Sandmann, Martin, additional, Jacquiod, Samuel, additional, Sommermann, Loreen, additional, Sørensen, Søren Johannes, additional, Fliessbach, Andreas, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Geistlinger, Joerg, additional, Smalla, Kornelia, additional, Rothballer, Michael, additional, and Grosch, Rita, additional
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- 2019
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165. Effects of Reduced Tillage on Weed Pressure, Nitrogen Availability and Winter Wheat Yields under Organic Management
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Hofmeijer, Merel, primary, Krauss, Maike, additional, Berner, Alfred, additional, Peigné, Joséphine, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, and Armengot, Laura, additional
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- 2019
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166. Sensitivity of labile carbon fractions to tillage and organic matter management and their potential as comprehensive soil quality indicators across pedoclimatic conditions in Europe
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Bongiorno, Giulia, primary, Bünemann, Else K., additional, Oguejiofor, Chidinma U., additional, Meier, Jennifer, additional, Gort, Gerrit, additional, Comans, Rob, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Brussaard, Lijbert, additional, and de Goede, Ron, additional
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- 2019
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167. Decision making in patients with acute abdominal pain at a university and at a rural hospital: does the value of abdominal sonography differ?
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Dinkel Hans, Weissmann Monika, Mäder Paul, Sadowski-Cron Charlotte, Exadaktylos Aristomenis K, Negri Marco, and Zimmermann Heinz
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Surgery ,RD1-811 ,Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid ,RC86-88.9 - Abstract
Abstract Introduction and objectives Abdominal sonography is regarded as a quick and effective diagnostic tool for acute abdominal pain in emergency medicine. However, final diagnosis is usually based on a combination of various clinical examinations and radiography. The role of sonography in the decision making process at a hospital with advanced imaging capabilities versus a hospital with limited imaging capabilities but more experienced clinicians is unclear. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the relative importance of sonography and its influence on the clinical management of acute abdominal pain, at two Swiss hospitals, a university hospital (UH) and a rural hospital (RH). Methods 161 patients were prospectively examined clinically. Blood tests and sonography were performed in all patients. Patients younger than 18 years and patients with trauma were excluded. In both hospitals, the diagnosis before and after ultrasonography was registered in a protocol. Certainty of the diagnosis was expressed on a scale from 0% to 100%. The decision processes used to manage patients before and after they underwent sonography were compared. The diagnosis at discharge was compared to the diagnosis 2 – 6 weeks thereafter. Results Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of sonography were high: 94%, 88% and 91%, respectively. At the UH, management after sonography changed in only 14% of cases, compared to 27% at the RH. Additional tests were more frequently added at the UH (30%) than at the RH (18%), but had no influence on the decision making process-whether to operate or not. At the UH, the diagnosis was missed in one (1%) patient, but in three (5%) patients at the RH. No significant difference was found between the two hospitals in frequency of management changes due to sonography or in the correctness of the diagnosis. Conclusion Knowing that sonography has high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain, one would assume it would be an important diagnostic tool, particularly at the RH, where tests/imaging studies are rare. However, our pilot study indicates that sonography provides important diagnostic information in only a minority of patients with acute abdominal pain. Sonography was more important at the rural hospital than at the university hospital. Further costly examinations are generally ordered for verification, but these additional tests change the final treatment plan in very few patients.
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- 2008
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168. Distinct Nitrogen Provisioning From Organic Amendments in Soil as Influenced by Farming System and Water Regime
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Lori, Martina, Symanczik, Sarah, Mäder, Paul, Efosa, Norah, Jaenicke, Sebastian, Buegger, Franz, Tresch, Simon, Goesmann, Alexander, Gattinger, Andreas, Lori, Martina, Symanczik, Sarah, Mäder, Paul, Efosa, Norah, Jaenicke, Sebastian, Buegger, Franz, Tresch, Simon, Goesmann, Alexander, and Gattinger, Andreas
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The majority of soil organic nitrogen (N) is bound in protein-like compounds and therefore its proteolysis in peptides and amino acids is considered the initial and rate limiting step of N mineralization. Proteolysis of N bound in organic fertilizer and subsequent provisioning for crops is a central element in agro-ecological intensification. Long-term farming system effects on N provisioning from organic fertilizer to crops and its underlying functional microbial communities were analyzed in experiments conducted in soils from the “DOK” system comparison trial (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, and “Konventionell”) subjected to optimal and future projected drought scenarios. A plant nutrition experiment using 15N labeled lupine as a fertilizer (green manure) identified 30% higher amounts of N derived from fertilizer in ryegrass grown on organically compared to conventionally managed soil, but only when subjected to dry conditions. A second experiment, also amended with lupine green manure, assessed the effect of farming system and drought stress on N cycling microbes with a focus on alkaline (apr) and neutral (npr) metallopeptidase encoding microbial communities. apr encoding microbial communities were more strongly affected by farming system and water treatment than npr encoding communities. Differences in structure and diversity of apr encoding microbial communities showed concomitant patterns with distinct N provisioning from organic fertilizer in the plant nutrition experiment. It is suggested that conventionally managed systems are less capable in maintaining diversity and initial structure of apr encoding microbial communities when subjected to drought scenarios. Overall, we demonstrated organically managed soils to provide a more stable N provisioning potential from organic fertilizer under future drought scenarios, likely facilitated by a distinct and more adaptive proteolytic microbial community. This work contributes to an in-depth comprehension of yet poorly stu
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- 2018
169. Effects of agricultural management practices on soil quality: A review of long-term experiments for Europe and China
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Bai, Zhanguo, Caspari, Thomas, Ruiperez Gonzalez, Maria, Batjes, Niels H., Mäder, Paul, Bünemann, Else K., de Goede, Ron, Brussaard, Lijbert, Xu, Minggang, Santos Ferreira, Carla Sofia, Bai, Zhanguo, Caspari, Thomas, Ruiperez Gonzalez, Maria, Batjes, Niels H., Mäder, Paul, Bünemann, Else K., de Goede, Ron, Brussaard, Lijbert, Xu, Minggang, and Santos Ferreira, Carla Sofia
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In this paper we present effects of four paired agricultural management practices (organic matter (OM) addition versus no organic matter input, no-tillage (NT) versus conventional tillage, crop rotation versus monoculture, and organic agriculture versus conventional agriculture) on five key soil quality indicators, i.e., soil organic matter (SOM) content, pH, aggregate stability, earthworms (numbers) and crop yield. We have considered organic matter addition, no-tillage, crop rotation and organic agriculture as “promising practices”; no organic matter input, conventional tillage, monoculture and conventional farming were taken as the respective references or “standard practice” (baseline). Relative effects were analysed through indicator response ratio (RR) under each paired practice. For this we considered data of 30 long-term experiments collected from 13 case study sites in Europe and China as collated in the framework of the EU-China funded iSQAPER project. These were complemented with data from 42 long-term experiments across China and 402 observations of long-term trials published in the literature. Out of these, we only considered experiments covering at least five years. The results show that OM addition favourably affected all the indicators under consideration. The most favourable effect was reported on earthworm numbers, followed by yield, SOM content and soil aggregate stability. For pH, effects depended on soil type; OM input favourably affected the pH of acidic soils, whereas no clear trend was observed under NT. NT generally led to increased aggregate stability and greater SOM content in upper soil horizons. However, the magnitude of the relative effects varied, e.g. with soil texture. No-tillage practices enhanced earthworm populations, but not where herbicides or pesticides were applied to combat weeds and pests. Overall, in this review, yield slightly decreased under NT. Crop rotation had a positive effect on SOM content and yield; rotation with le
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- 2018
170. Improved Phosphorus Recycling in Organic Farming: Navigating Between Constraints
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Sparks, Donald, Möller, Kurt, Oberson, Astrid, Bünemann, Else K., Cooper, Julia, Friedel, Jürgen K., Glaesner, Nadia, Hörtenhuber, Stefan, Løes, Anne-Kristin, Mäder, Paul, Meyer, Gregor, Müller, Torsten, Symanczik, Sarah, Weissengruber, Lina, Wollmann, Iris, Magid, Jakob, Sparks, Donald, Möller, Kurt, Oberson, Astrid, Bünemann, Else K., Cooper, Julia, Friedel, Jürgen K., Glaesner, Nadia, Hörtenhuber, Stefan, Løes, Anne-Kristin, Mäder, Paul, Meyer, Gregor, Müller, Torsten, Symanczik, Sarah, Weissengruber, Lina, Wollmann, Iris, and Magid, Jakob
- Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms. At the current rate of extraction, global reserves of mineable deposits will be exhausted within the next few centuries. This publication aims to summarize the current knowledge on P recycling for organic farming. The evaluation of recycled P fertilizers (RPFs) includes (i) a chemical characterization, (ii) assessment of their plant P availability and added effects in the soil, (iii) life cycle assessments, (iv) a risk assessment of their long-term impacts on soil pollution, and (v) the compilation of other environmental impacts of different treatment approaches to produce RPFs. The highest nutrient recovery rates for P are achieved by rather simple process approaches of P recycling, while more sophisticated approaches often result in lower P recovery rates (e.g., chemical approaches for P precipitation), lower plant P availability in the final product (e.g., most thermal approaches), and losses of organic matter and nutrients like nitrogen and sulfur (e.g., thermal approaches). The plant P availability of many RPFs is higher than that of phosphate rock. Each P recycling approach has strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that any decision not to use a potential recycled P source or to introduce sophisticated treatments may have consequences compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Nevertheless, we need to minimize risks for current and future generations caused by contamination linked to fertilization. Therefore, any management of nutrient recycling requires navigation between constraints. The challenge for the organic agriculture sector is to assess RPFs using a balanced approach that compromises neither the principle of ecology nor the principle of care.
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- 2018
171. Soil quality – A critical review
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Bünemann, Else K., Bongiorno, Giulia, Bai, Zhanguo, Creamer, Rachel E., de Deyn, Gerlinde, de Goede, Ron, Fleskens, Luuk, Geissen, Violette, Kuyper, Thom W., Mäder, Paul, Pulleman, Mirjam, Sukkel, Wijnand, van Groeningen, Jan Willem, Brussaard, Lijbert, Bünemann, Else K., Bongiorno, Giulia, Bai, Zhanguo, Creamer, Rachel E., de Deyn, Gerlinde, de Goede, Ron, Fleskens, Luuk, Geissen, Violette, Kuyper, Thom W., Mäder, Paul, Pulleman, Mirjam, Sukkel, Wijnand, van Groeningen, Jan Willem, and Brussaard, Lijbert
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Sampling and analysis or visual examination of soil to assess its status and use potential is widely practiced from plot to national scales. However, the choice of relevant soil attributes and interpretation of measurements are not straightforward, because of the complexity and site-specificity of soils, legacy effects of previous land use, and trade-offs between ecosystem services. Here we review soil quality and related concepts, in terms of definition, assessment approaches, and indicator selection and interpretation. We identify the most frequently used soil quality indicators under agricultural land use. We find that explicit evaluation of soil quality with respect to specific soil threats, soil functions and ecosystem services has rarely been implemented, and few approaches provide clear interpretation schemes of measured indicator values. This limits their adoption by land managers as well as policy. We also consider novel indicators that address currently neglected though important soil properties and processes, and we list the crucial steps in the development of a soil quality assessment procedure that is scientifically sound and supports management and policy decisions that account for the multi-functionality of soil. This requires the involvement of the pertinent actors, stakeholders and end-users to a much larger degree than practiced to date.
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- 2018
172. A Gardener's Influence on Urban Soil Quality
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Tresch, Simon, Moretti, Marco, Le Bayon, Renée-Claire, Mäder, Paul, Zanetta, Andrea, Frey, David, Fliessbach, Andreas, Tresch, Simon, Moretti, Marco, Le Bayon, Renée-Claire, Mäder, Paul, Zanetta, Andrea, Frey, David, and Fliessbach, Andreas
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Gardens are hot spots for urban biodiversity and provide habitats for many plant and animal species, both above- and below-ground. Furthermore, gardens provide a wide range of ecosystem services, including carbon (C) storage and nutrient cycling. Although the soil is the foundation of sustainable gardens providing those ecosystem services, very little is known about the consequences of garden management on soil quality. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of urban garden soil quality, including biotic and abiotic site characteristics combined with land-use history and garden management information in a multivariate evaluation. A set of 44 soil quality indicators was measured at 170 sites of 85 gardens in the city of Zurich, Switzerland, comprising contrastingly managed garden habitats along a gradient of urban density. Taken together, our results show that garden management was the driving factor that influenced soil quality and soil functions. Eco-physiological soil quality indices were useful to identify differences in disturbance and intensity of soil use, showing highest microbial [microbial biomass (Cmic)/soil organic carbon (SOC)] and lowest metabolic (qCO2) quotients in perennial grass sites compared to annual vegetable sites. Despite the intensity of soil disturbance in annual vegetable and flower beds, the highest endogeic earthworm biomass and diversity were found in those habitats. Whereas decomposition of green tea bags was higher in grass sites. Soil heavy metal contents varied considerably and could not be linked with gardenmanagement practices, but with spatial patterns of industry and traffic. We conclude that understanding soil quality in urban ecosystems needs multi-indicator frameworks to capture the complexity of soil characteristics and the influencing factors in space and time. This study contributes to a better understanding of urban gardens and enhances the development of sustainable soil management strategies aimed at long-term improv
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- 2018
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173. Biochar affects community composition of nitrous oxide reducers in a field experiment
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Krause, Hans-Martin, Hüppi, Roman, Leifeld, Jens, El-Hadidi, Mohamed, Harter, Johannes, Kappler, Andreas, Hartmann, Martin, Behrens, Sebastian, Mäder, Paul, Gattinger, Andreas, Krause, Hans-Martin, Hüppi, Roman, Leifeld, Jens, El-Hadidi, Mohamed, Harter, Johannes, Kappler, Andreas, Hartmann, Martin, Behrens, Sebastian, Mäder, Paul, and Gattinger, Andreas
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N2O is a major greenhouse gas and the majority of anthropogenic N2O emissions originate from agriculturally managed soils. Therefore, developing N2O mitigation strategies is a key challenge for the agricultural sector and biochar soil treatment is one reported option. Biochar's capacity to increase soil pH and to foster activity of specialized N2O reducers has been proposed as possible mechanisms for N2O mitigation. An experiment was undertaken to investigate whether changes in the community composition of N2O reducers was observed under field conditions after biochar application. The study objective was to assess the abundance and taxonomic composition of the functional marker genes nosZ and nosZ –II across a vegetation period of Zea mays L. after biochar or lime addition compared to an untreated control. After fertilization, biochar amendment resulted in a significant increase of nosZ gene copy numbers compared to the control and the lime treatment. Simultaneously a shift in community composition of nosZ-II bearing bacteria was observed in the biochar treatment that went beyond the sole liming effect. This study broadens our understanding of the functional impact of biochar on N2O emissions and emphasizes the possibility to shape the functioning of the N2O reducing microbial community through the addition of biochar at a field scale.
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- 2018
174. Phosphorus availability on many organically managed farms in Europe
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Cooper, Julia, Reed, Eleanor Y., Hörtenhuber, Stefan Josef, Lindenthal, Thomas, Løes, Anne-Kristin, Mäder, Paul, Magid, Jakob, Oberson, Astrid, Kolbe, Hartmut, Möller, Kurt, Cooper, Julia, Reed, Eleanor Y., Hörtenhuber, Stefan Josef, Lindenthal, Thomas, Løes, Anne-Kristin, Mäder, Paul, Magid, Jakob, Oberson, Astrid, Kolbe, Hartmut, and Möller, Kurt
- Abstract
Maintaining sufficient soil phosphorus (P) levels for non-limiting crop growth is challenging in organic systems since off-farm inputs of P are restricted. This study assessed the status of P on organic farms in Europe using soil test results for extractable P. Data was obtained from published literature, unpublished theses, and various national and regional databases of soil test values. Most of the data (15,506 observations) came from field scale soil tests, but in some cases (1272 observations) values had been averaged across a farm. Farm scale and field scale data were analysed separately and the impact of farm type (arable, dairy, grassland, horticulture, mixed, poultry, unknown) was assessed. Soil test results were assigned to P classes from very low (P class 1) to very high (P class 5). The farm scale data came primarily from Norway, Sweden and Switzerland and did not indicate deficiencies in extractable P; 93% of farms fell into class 3 or above. The majority of the field scale data came from Germany and indicated sufficient or higher levels of P availability for arable and grassland systems on 60% of fields; the remaining fields had low or very low available P. Adaptations in organic systems may improve P uptake and utilization efficiency allowing yields to be maintained in the short-term, nevertheless there is cause for concern about the long-term P sustainability of some organic farming systems in Europe. This highlights the need to reassess allowable P inputs in organic farming systems to improve overall sustainability.
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- 2018
175. Improving Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency via Biofertilization - A Global Meta-analysis
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Schütz, Lukas, Gattinger, Andreas, Meier, Matthias, Müller, Adrian, Boller, Thomas, Mäder, Paul, Mathimaran, Natarajan, Schütz, Lukas, Gattinger, Andreas, Meier, Matthias, Müller, Adrian, Boller, Thomas, Mäder, Paul, and Mathimaran, Natarajan
- Abstract
The application of microbial inoculants (biofertilizers) is a promising technology for future sustainable farming systems in view of rapidly decreasing phosphorus stocks and the need to more efficiently use available nitrogen (N). Various microbial taxa are currently used as biofertilizers, based on their capacity to access nutrients from fertilizers and soil stocks, to fix atmospheric nitrogen, to improve water uptake or to act as biocontrol agents. Despite the existence of a considerable knowledge on effects of specific taxa of biofertilizers, a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the performance of biofertilizers with different traits such as phosphorus solubilization and N fixation applied to various crops at a global scale is missing. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify benefits of biofertilizers in terms of yield increase, nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency, based on 171 peer reviewed publications that met eligibility criteria. Major findings are: (i) the superiority of biofertilizer performance in dry climates over other climatic regions (yield response: dry climate +20.0 ± 1.7%, tropical climate +14.9 ± 1.2%, oceanic climate +10.0 ± 3.7%, continental climate +8.5 ± 2.4%); (ii) meta-regression analyses revealed that yield response due to biofertilizer application was generally small at low soil P levels; efficacy increased along higher soil P levels in the order arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), P solubilizers, and N fixers; (iii) meta-regressions showed that the success of inoculation with AMF was greater at low organic matter content and at neutral pH. Our comprehensive analysis provides a basis and guidance for proper choice and application of biofertilizers.
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- 2018
176. Conservation tillage in organic farming
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Köpke, Prof. Ulrich, Krauss, Maike, Mäder, Paul, Peigne, Joséphine, Cooper, Julia, Köpke, Prof. Ulrich, Krauss, Maike, Mäder, Paul, Peigne, Joséphine, and Cooper, Julia
- Abstract
Conservation tillage in organic farming combines the principles of organic farming with the benefits of soil erosion control achieved by the conversion from ploughing to either reduced tillage or no-tillage/direct-seeding. This chapter reviews more than two decades of on-station and on-farm research. The chapter outlines the main benefits of conservation tillage before considering its main challenges. The chapter also contains a number of specific case studies from the field. Finally, the chapter looks ahead to future research trends in this area and offers detailed guidance on where to find further information about this subject.
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- 2018
177. Potentials to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from Swiss agriculture
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Necpalowa, Magdalena, Lee, Juhwan, Skinner, Colin, Büchi, Lucie, Wittwer, Raphaël, Gattinger, Andreas, van der Heijden, Marcel, Mäder, Paul, Charles, Raphaël, Berner, Alfred, Mayer, Jochen, Six, Johan, Necpalowa, Magdalena, Lee, Juhwan, Skinner, Colin, Büchi, Lucie, Wittwer, Raphaël, Gattinger, Andreas, van der Heijden, Marcel, Mäder, Paul, Charles, Raphaël, Berner, Alfred, Mayer, Jochen, and Six, Johan
- Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify and evaluate management practices for their biophysical potential to maintain productivity under climate change while mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from individual cropping systems under specific pedo-climatic conditions. Here, we examined, through DayCent modeling, the long-term impact of soil management practices and their interactions on soil GHG emissions and GHG intensity from Swiss cropping systems. Based on experimental data from four long-term experimental sites in Switzerland (Therwil, Frick, Changins, and Reckenholz), we robustly parameterized and evaluated the model for simulating crop productivity, soil C dynamics and soil N2O emissions across a range of management practices and pedo-climatic conditions. Net soil GHG emissions (NSGHGE) were derived from changes in soil C, N2O emissions and CH4 oxidation. Soils under conventional management acted as a net source of soil GHG emissions (1361–1792 kg CO2eq ha−1 yr−1) and NSGHGE were dominated by N2O (50–63%). Reduced tillage and no-tillage reduced long-term NSGHGE by up to 31 and 58%, respectively. Organic farming, represented by organic fertilization, reduced NSGHGE by up to 31% compared to systems based solely on mineral fertilization. Replacement of slurries with a composted FYM led to an additional reduction in NSGHGE by 46%, although our approach considered only soil GHG emissions and thus did not take into account GHG emissions from the composting process. Cover cropping did not significantly influence NSGHGE, however vetch tended to reduce NSGHGE (-19%). The highest mitigation potential was associated with organic farming plus reduced tillage management, it reduced long-term NSGHGE by up to 128%. Soil C sequestration accounted, on average, for 89% of GHG mitigation potentials, consequently N2O dominated NSGHGE across all treatments and sites (60 − 80%). This indicates that these mitigation potentials are time limited and reversible, if the management is
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- 2018
178. Improved Phosphorus Recycling in Organic Farming:Navigating Between Constraints
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Möller, Kurt, Oberson, Astrid, Bünemann, Else K., Cooper, Julia, Friedel, Jürgen K., Glæsner, Nadia, Hörtenhuber, Stefan, Løes, Anne Kristin, Mäder, Paul, Meyer, Gregor, Müller, Torsten, Symanczik, Sarah, Weissengruber, Lina, Wollmann, Iris, Magid, Jakob, Möller, Kurt, Oberson, Astrid, Bünemann, Else K., Cooper, Julia, Friedel, Jürgen K., Glæsner, Nadia, Hörtenhuber, Stefan, Løes, Anne Kristin, Mäder, Paul, Meyer, Gregor, Müller, Torsten, Symanczik, Sarah, Weissengruber, Lina, Wollmann, Iris, and Magid, Jakob
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Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms. At the current rate of extraction, global reserves of mineable deposits will be exhausted within the next few centuries. This publication aims to summarize the current knowledge on P recycling for organic farming. The evaluation of recycled P fertilizers (RPFs) includes (i) a chemical characterization, (ii) assessment of their plant P availability and added effects in the soil, (iii) life cycle assessments, (iv) a risk assessment of their long-term impacts on soil pollution, and (v) the compilation of other environmental impacts of different treatment approaches to produce RPFs. The highest nutrient recovery rates for P are achieved by rather simple process approaches of P recycling, while more sophisticated approaches often result in lower P recovery rates (e.g., chemical approaches for P precipitation), lower plant P availability in the final product (e.g., most thermal approaches), and losses of organic matter and nutrients like nitrogen and sulfur (e.g., thermal approaches). The plant P availability of many RPFs is higher than that of phosphate rock. Each P recycling approach has strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that any decision not to use a potential recycled P source or to introduce sophisticated treatments may have consequences compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Nevertheless, we need to minimize risks for current and future generations caused by contamination linked to fertilization. Therefore, any management of nutrient recycling requires navigation between constraints. The challenge for the organic agriculture sector is to assess RPFs using a balanced approach that compromises neither the principle of ecology nor the principle of care.
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- 2018
179. Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization histories
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Oberson, Astrid, Tagmann, Hans, Langmeier, Monika, Dubois, David, Mäder, Paul, Frossard, Emmanuel, Oberson, Astrid, Tagmann, Hans, Langmeier, Monika, Dubois, David, Mäder, Paul, and Frossard, Emmanuel
- Abstract
Organic farming largely depends on animal manure as a source of phosphorus (P) and the recycling of animal manure globally is becoming increasingly important. In a pot experiment, using radioactive P labeling techniques, we studied ryegrass uptake of P applied with animal manure and water soluble mineral fertilizer to soils that had been cropped for 22years according to organic or conventional farming practices. The soils differed in P status and microbial activity. Labeling soil-available P also allowed assessing the uptake from residual P that remained in the soils because of their different fertilization histories. On each soil, recovery of fresh manure P in four harvests of ryegrass shoots was lower than recovery of mineral P. It ranged from 24% to 35% for manure P and from 37% to 43% for mineral P. Recovery of fresh manure P was affected by soil-available P contents. It was lower at a higher available P in a conventional soil. Different levels in microbial activity among soils were of lesser importance for the recovery of fresh manure P in plants. The recovery of residual P ranged from 9% to 15%. Residual P contained in organic cropped soils contributed less to P nutrition of ryegrass than the residual P contained in conventional cropped soils, probably due to their lower residual P contents being composed of stable P forms. The indirect isotope dilution technique is useful in assessing manure P uptake by plants, but attention must be given to added P interactions, i.e., the potential impact of organic amendments on P uptake from non-labeled soil and residual P
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- 2018
180. Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Oehl, Fritz, Sieverding, Ewald, Mäder, Paul, Dubois, David, Ineichen, Kurt, Boller, Thomas, Wiemken, Andres, Oehl, Fritz, Sieverding, Ewald, Mäder, Paul, Dubois, David, Ineichen, Kurt, Boller, Thomas, and Wiemken, Andres
- Abstract
Previous work has shown considerably enhanced soil fertility in agroecosystems managed by organic farming as compared to conventional farming. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in nutrient acquisition and soil fertility. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of AMF in the context of a long-term study in which replicated field plots, at a single site in Central Europe, had been cultivated for 22years according to two "organic” and two "conventional” farming systems. In the 23rd year, the field plots, carrying an 18-month-old grass-clover stand, were examined in two ways with respect to AMF diversity. Firstly, AMF spores were isolated and morphologically identified from soil samples. The study revealed that the AMF spore abundance and species diversity was significantly higher in the organic than in the conventional systems. Furthermore, the AMF community differed in the conventional and organic systems: Glomus species were similarly abundant in all systems but spores of Acaulospora and Scutellospora species were more abundant in the organic systems. Secondly, the soils were used to establish AMF-trap cultures using a consortium of Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne as host plants. The AMF spore community developing in the trap cultures differed: after 12months, two species of the Acaulosporaceae (A. paulinae and A. longula) were consistently found to account for a large part of the spore community in the trap cultures from the organic systems but were found rarely in the ones from the conventional systems. The findings show that some AMF species present in natural ecosystems are maintained under organic farming but severely depressed under conventional farming, indicating a potentially severe loss of ecosystem function under conventional farming
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- 2018
181. Crop traits drive soil carbon sequestration under organic farming
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García-Palacios, Pablo, Gattinger, Andreas, Bracht-Jørgensen, Helene, Brussaard, Lijbert, Carvalho, Filipe, Castro, Helena, Clément, Jean-Christophe, De Deyn, Gerlinde, D’Hertefeldt, Tina, Foulquier, Arnaud, Hedlund, Katarina, Lavorel, Sandra, Legay, Nicolas, Lori, Martina, Mäder, Paul, Martínez-García, Laura B., Martins da Silva, Pedro, Müller, Adrian, Nascimento, Eduardo, Reis, Filipa, Symanczik, Sarah, Paulo Sousa, José, Milla, Rubén, García-Palacios, Pablo, Gattinger, Andreas, Bracht-Jørgensen, Helene, Brussaard, Lijbert, Carvalho, Filipe, Castro, Helena, Clément, Jean-Christophe, De Deyn, Gerlinde, D’Hertefeldt, Tina, Foulquier, Arnaud, Hedlund, Katarina, Lavorel, Sandra, Legay, Nicolas, Lori, Martina, Mäder, Paul, Martínez-García, Laura B., Martins da Silva, Pedro, Müller, Adrian, Nascimento, Eduardo, Reis, Filipa, Symanczik, Sarah, Paulo Sousa, José, and Milla, Rubén
- Abstract
1. Organic farming (OF) enhances top soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in croplands compared with conventional farming (CF), which can contribute to sequester C. As farming system differences in the amount of C inputs to soil (e.g. fertilization and crop residues) are not enough to explain such increase, shifts in crop residue traits important for soil C losses such as litter decomposition may also play a role. 2. To assess whether crop residue (leaf and root) traits determined SOC sequestration responses to OF, we coupled a global meta-analysis with field measurements across a European-wide network of sites. In the meta-analysis, we related crop species averages of leaf N, leaf-dry matter content, fine-root C and N, with SOC stocks and sequestration responses in OF vs. CF. Across six European sites, we measured the management-induced changes in SOC stocks and leaf litter traits after long-term ecological intensive (e.g. OF) vs. CF comparisons. 3. Our global meta-analysis showed that the positive OF-effects on soil respiration, SOC stocks, and SOC sequestration rates were significant even in organic farms with low manure application rates. Although fertilization intensity was the main driver of OF-effects on SOC, leaf and root N concentrations also played a significant role. Across the six European sites, changes towards higher leaf litter N in CF also promoted lower SOC stocks. 4. Our results highlight that crop species displaying traits indicative of resource-acquisitive strategies (e.g. high leaf and root N) increase the difference in SOC between OF and CF. Indeed, changes towards higher crop residue decomposability was related with decreased SOC stocks under CF across European sites. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study emphasizes that, with management, changes in crop residue traits contribute to the positive effects of organic farming (OF) on soil carbon sequestration. These results provide a clear message to land managers: the choice of crop species, and m
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- 2018
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182. Above- and belowground nitrogen distribution of a red clover-perennial ryegrass sward along a soil nutrient availability gradient established by organic and conventional cropping systems
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Hammelehle, Andreas, Oberson, Astrid, Lüscher, Andreas, Mäder, Paul, Mayer, Jochen, Hammelehle, Andreas, Oberson, Astrid, Lüscher, Andreas, Mäder, Paul, and Mayer, Jochen
- Abstract
Aims Belowground legume nitrogen (N) composed of roots and rhizodeposition is an important N input to soils, but published data of belowground N vary broadly, probably due to extrapolation from short-term experiments and dissimilar growing conditions. We quantified belowground N inputs of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) during two consecutive years in a clover-grass sward along a soil nutrient availability gradient. Methods We established a red clover-perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) model sward in microplots located in field plots of the DOK experiment, which has a 33-year history of organic and conventional cropping, resulting in a soil nutrient availability gradient. Four treatments were examined: the zero fertilisation control, bio-organic with half and full dose manure application, and the conventional system with mineral fertilisation at full dose. We studied the development of clover aboveground and belowground N using multiple pulse 15N urea leaf labelling. Results Belowground clover N increased over time and with rising nutrient availability and was proportional to aboveground clover N at all times. Belowground clover N amounted to 40% of aboveground clover N during two consecutive years, irrespective of the nutrient availability status. Belowground clover N development was initially dominated by fast root growth, followed by enhanced root turnover during the second year. Potassium availability limited clover growth and total N accumulation in treatments with low nutrient availability. Conclusions Belowground red clover N inputs could be estimated from aboveground N by a constant factor of 0.4, regardless of the nutrient availability and cultivation time. Root turnover led to a distinct absolute increase of N rhizodeposition over time. Hence, N rhizodeposition, with an 80% share of belowground N, was the predominant N pool at the end of the second year.
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- 2018
183. Crop traits drive soil carbon sequestration under organic farming
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Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Dutch Research Council, Foundation for Science and Technology, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, Swiss National Science Foundation, García-Palacios, Pablo, Gattinger, Andreas, Bracht-Jørgensen, Helene, Brussaard, Lijbert, Carvalho, Filipe, Castro, Helena, Clément, Jean-Christophe, Deyn, Gerlinde De, D'Hertefeldt, Tina, Foulquier, Arnaud, Hedlund, Katarina, Lavorel, Sandra, Legay, Nicolas, Lori, Martina, Mäder, Paul, Martínez-García, Laura B., Martins da Silva, Pedro, Muller, Adrian, Nascimento, Eduardo, Reis, Filipa, Symanczik, Sarah, Sousa, José Paulo, Milla, Rubén, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Dutch Research Council, Foundation for Science and Technology, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, Swiss National Science Foundation, García-Palacios, Pablo, Gattinger, Andreas, Bracht-Jørgensen, Helene, Brussaard, Lijbert, Carvalho, Filipe, Castro, Helena, Clément, Jean-Christophe, Deyn, Gerlinde De, D'Hertefeldt, Tina, Foulquier, Arnaud, Hedlund, Katarina, Lavorel, Sandra, Legay, Nicolas, Lori, Martina, Mäder, Paul, Martínez-García, Laura B., Martins da Silva, Pedro, Muller, Adrian, Nascimento, Eduardo, Reis, Filipa, Symanczik, Sarah, Sousa, José Paulo, and Milla, Rubén
- Abstract
1. Organic farming (OF) enhances top soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in croplands compared with conventional farming (CF), which can contribute to sequester C. As farming system differences in the amount of C inputs to soil (e.g. fertilization and crop residues) are not enough to explain such increase, shifts in crop residue traits important for soil C losses such as litter decomposition may also play a role. 2. To assess whether crop residue (leaf and root) traits determined SOC sequestration responses to OF, we coupled a global meta-analysis with field measurements across a European-wide network of sites. In the meta-analysis, we related crop species averages of leaf N, leaf-dry matter content, fine-root C and N, with SOC stocks and sequestration responses in OF vs. CF. Across six European sites, we measured the management-induced changes in SOC stocks and leaf litter traits after long-term ecological intensive (e.g. OF) vs. CF comparisons. 3. Our global meta-analysis showed that the positive OF-effects on soil respiration, SOC stocks, and SOC sequestration rates were significant even in organic farms with low manure application rates. Although fertilization intensity was the main driver of OF-effects on SOC, leaf and root N concentrations also played a significant role. Across the six European sites, changes towards higher leaf litter N in CF also promoted lower SOC stocks. 4. Our results highlight that crop species displaying traits indicative of resource-acquisitive strategies (e.g. high leaf and root N) increase the difference in SOC between OF and CF. Indeed, changes towards higher crop residue decomposability was related with decreased SOC stocks under CF across European sites. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study emphasizes that, with management, changes in crop residue traits contribute to the positive effects of organic farming (OF) on soil carbon sequestration. These results provide a clear message to land managers: the choice of crop species, and m
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- 2018
184. Beikrautsamenvorrat im Vergleich reduzierter und konventioneller Bodenbearbeitung unter Biobedingungen
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Geißler, M., Armengot, Laura, Mäder, Paul, Krauss, Maike, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Heuwinkel, Hauke, Reents, Hans Jürgen, Wiesinger, Klaus, and Hülsbergen, Kurt-Jürgen
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Crop health, quality, protection ,Weed management ,Soil tillage - Abstract
Armengot L, Berner A, Blanco-Moreno J, Mäder P & Sans FX (2014) Long-term feasibility of reduced tillage in organic farming. Agron Sustain Dev 35(1): 339-346. Cooper J et al. (2016) Shallow non-inversion tillage in organic farming maintains crop yields and increases soil C stocks: a meta-analysis. Agron Sustain Dev 36: 1-20. Gruber S & Claupein W (2009) Effect of tillage intensity on weed infestation in organic farming. Soil and Tillage Research 105(1): 104-111. Montgomery DR (2007) Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations. University of California Press, California. Moonen AC & Barberi P (2004) Size and composition of the weed seedbank after 7 years of different cover-crop-maize management systems. Weed Research 44(3): 163-177.
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- 2017
185. Stickstoffbilanzen in biologischen und konventionellen Anbausystemen Das Effizienz-Nachhaltigkeits-Dilemma
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Mayer, Jochen, Jarosch, KA., Hammelehle, Andreas, Dubois, David, Gunst, Lucie, Bosshard, C., Frossard, Emmanuel, Mäder, Paul, Oberson, Astrid, Heuwinkel, Hauke, Hülsbergen, Kurt-Jürgen, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Wiesinger, Klaus, and Reents, Hans Jürgen
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Biodiversity and ecosystem services ,Farm nutrient management - Abstract
N-balances over 35 years from the DOK trial are presented and combined with Nstock changes in DOK treatments on different fertilisation levels. Results strongly indicate an N efficiency-sustainability dilemma: DOK treatments with a high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) lose more soil stock N than those with a lower NUE but higher N losses from the system. The biodynamic system showed little advantage in terms of soil N stocks sustainability while the solely mineral fertilised conventional treatment had highest NUE across all inputs including soil N change.
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- 2017
186. Reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung reichert Humus und mikrobielle Biomasse oberflächlich an
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Fließbach, Andreas, Krauss, Maike, Maurer, C., Dierauer, Hansueli, Mäder, Paul, Heuwinkel, Hauke, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Wiesinger, Klaus, Reents, Hans Jürgen, and Hülsbergen, Kurt-Jürgen
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Soil ,Soil biology ,complex mixtures ,Soil quality - Abstract
When residues and organic fertilizers are not incorporated into the soil, they build a top soil layer that is enriched in soil organic matter. This is leading to a soil layer with increased biological activity, while the soil layers below, receive less inputs in form of residues or manures and show a reduction in soil organic matter and biological activity. Soils from a replicated field trial and two on-farm trials were analysed for biological soil quality 6 years after the implementation of reduced tillage (RT) as compared to plough. Whilst crop yields were slightly lower with RT, weed cover was increasing, but not to a level that would compromise yields. Soils under RT accumulated soil organic matter in the tilled top layer of 0-10 cm, while in the layer below either no change or a decrease as compared to the plough system was found. The same was true for microbial biomass, but the difference between RT and plough became more pronounced. Dehydrogenase activity was found to react most to the tillage induced changes. Accumulated soil organic matter, living and active organisms at the soil surface render soils more resistant to the weather impact.
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- 2017
187. Quantification et modélisation de la production et des bilans C et N en systèmes de culture biologiques (AB)
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Beaudoin, Nicolas, Autret, Bénédicte, Rakotovololona, Lucia, Ronceux, Aïcha, Bertrand, Michel, Mäder, Paul, Olesen, Jorgen, Chlébowski, Florent, Strullu, Loïc, Lengrand, Amélie, Léonard, Joël, and Mary, Bruno
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- 2017
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188. Grössere Biomassen und aktivere mikrobielle Gemeinschaften in Böden unter biologischer Bewirtschaftung eine globale Meta-Analyse
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Lori, M., Symanczik, Sarah, Mäder, Paul, Gattinger, Andreas, Heuwinkel, Hauke, Hülsbergen, Kurt-Jürgen, Reents, Hans Jürgen, Wiesinger, Klaus, and Wolfrum, Sebastian
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Soil biology ,Nutrient turnover - Abstract
Population growth, climate change and other impacts challenge our food and farming system and provide arguments for further intensification in agriculture. One option is eco-functional intensification through organic farming, an approach based on exploiting internal natural resources and processes for securing and improving agricultural productivity whilst minimizing negative environmental impacts. In this concept an active soil microbiota plays a crucial role. Thus, we conducted a literature search followed by meta-analysis to quantify possible differences in key indicators for soil microbial abundance and activity in organic and conventional farming systems. We integrated data from 57 studies including 148 pairwise comparisons and found significant differences for almost all investigated effect sizes. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, total phospholipid fatty acids, basal respiration, dehydrogenase, urease and protease activity were increased up to 84% in organic systems. The metabolic quotient remained unaffected with regard to the overall effect. Summarizing, this study shows that long-term organic farming enhances microbial abundance and activities in agricultural soils.
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- 2017
189. The project fertiledatepalm – bio-inoculation and organic matter management for sus- tainable date palm propagation and cultivation
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Symanczik, Sarah, Bouamri, Rachid, Hafidi, Mohamed, Fki, Lotfi, and Mäder, Paul
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- 2017
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190. Phosphor- und Kalium-Bilanzen über 35 Jahre DOK-Versuch & geschätzte K-Nachlieferungsraten auf einem Lössboden
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Jarosch, KA., Gunst, Lucie, Dubois, David, Mäder, Paul, Mayer, Jochen, Heuwinkel, Hauke, Reents, Hans Jürgen, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Hülsbergen, Kurt-Jürgen, and Wiesinger, Klaus
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Nutrient turnover ,Soil quality - Abstract
We calculated a phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) balance for the DOK-trial (Therwil, Switzerland) for a 35-years cropping period. In the DOK-trial, three cropping systems (D: biodynamic, O: bioorganic and K: conventional) are maintained on both a full (2) and a halved (1) fertilization level. Additionally, a treatment with no fertilization (N) and mineral fertilization (M; since 1985) are included. Balance inputs included fertilization, deposition, nutrients inputs by seeds, while in the outputs removal of nutrients by harvested plant material and leaching was considered. For P, the balance was positive for treatment M and treatment O2, but negative for the other treatments. The K-balance was positive only for treatment M, while treatments D2, O2 and K2 showed a slightly negative K-balance. In general, extensively maintained treatments on the halved fertilization level as well as treatment N show a negative P and K-Balance. Due to relatively constant K-concentrations and K-removal by crops in treatment N for the last 3 cropping periods (7 years each) we estimated a supply potential of K from loess soil of approximately 50 kg/ha * yr.
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- 2017
191. Reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung im Biolandbau – Klimaaspekte
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Krauss, Maike, Perrochet, Frederic, Lori, Martina, Ruser, Reiner, Müller, Torsten, Zikeli, Sabine, Gruber, Sabine, Claupein, Wilhelm, Mäder, Paul, and Gattinger, Andreas
- Subjects
Air and water emissions ,Soil quality ,Soil tillage - Abstract
Die Umstellung vom Pflug auf eine reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung wird als Möglichkeit zur Minderung des Klimawandels im Zusammenhang mit einer erhöhten Humusanreicherung diskutiert. Ob reduzierte Bodenbearbeitungssysteme im biologischen Landbau zu einer erhöhten Lachgas-Entwicklung (N2O) führen, wurde bisher nur wenig beleuchtet. Im Langzeit-Bodenbearbeitungsversuch des FiBL in Frick wurden daher N2O-Emissionen über zwei Jahre hinweg und die Humusvorräte dreizehn Jahre nach Versuchsbeginn bis in eine Tiefe von 50 cm gemessen und mit weiteren mitteleuropäischen Studien verglichen. Die kürzlich publizierte Studie von Krauss et al. (2017) zeigt, dass es bei den N2O-Emissionen in der Weizen- und Kunstwiesenperiode keine Unterschiede zwischen den Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren gab. Einschliesslich einer Gründüngung waren die N2O-Emissionen während des gesamten Beobachtungszeitraums von zwei Jahren im reduzierten Verfahren leicht erhöht. Nach 13 Jahren Versuchszeit wurde in Frick eine Kohlenstoffanreicherung von 7–8 % in der Profiltiefe 0–50 cm im reduzierten System nachgewiesen. Im Schnitt von fünf mitteleuropäischen Studien zur reduzierten Bodenbearbeitung im Biolandbau wurde hingegen nur eine nicht signifikante Kohlenstoffanreicherung von 3 % berechnet. In allen Untersuchungen wurde eine deutliche Humusumverteilung im Bodenprofil beobachtet. Im System mit reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und organischer Düngung im Biolandbau wird also wie im konventionellen Direktsaatverfahren Humus an der Oberfläche angereichert, die Bodenschutzziele sind damit erreicht. Wurden im Frick-Versuch die N2O-Emissionen mit der Kohlenstoffanreicherung verrechnet, ergab sich gegenüber dem Pflugverfahren im Schnitt eine Kohlenstoff-Sequestrierleistung von 1,8 t CO2-eq. ha–1 a–1 im reduzierten System und damit eine leicht positive Wirkung in Sachen Klimaschutz.
- Published
- 2017
192. Den Boden besser verstehen
- Author
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Fliessbach, Andreas, Mäder, Paul, and Willer, Helga
- Subjects
Soil quality ,Soil tillage - Abstract
Bodenfruchtbarkeit ist oberstes Ziel des Biolandbaus. Aber ökonomische Rahmenbedingungen setzen diesem Ideal Grenzen. Das seit 2015 laufende Projekt FertilCrop leistet einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der Bodenfruchtbarkeit und liefert Instrumente, um diese zu erfassen. Zeit, eine Zwischenbilanz zu ziehen.
- Published
- 2017
193. Bodenfruchtbarkeit verbessern
- Author
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Mäder, Paul and Krauss, Maike
- Subjects
Nutrient turnover ,Soil tillage - Abstract
Der Erhalt und die Mehrung des Humusgehaltes sind im Fokus der Bewirtschaftung biologisch-dynamischer Höfe. Langzeitversuche am FiBL haben gezeigt, dass die Anwendung von kompostiertem Mist und die reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung einen substanziellen Beitrag zur Humusmehrung leisten und das Bodenleben fördern.
- Published
- 2017
194. Compared to conventional, ecological intensive management promotes beneficial proteolytic soil microbial communities for agro-ecosystem functioning under climate change-induced rain regimes.
- Author
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Lori, Martina, Piton, Gabin, Symanczik, Sarah, Legay, Nicolas, Brussaard, Lijbert, Jaenicke, Sebastian, Nascimento, Eduardo, Reis, Filipa, Sousa, José Paulo, Mäder, Paul, Gattinger, Andreas, Clément, Jean-Christophe, and Foulquier, Arnaud
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,SOIL microbiology ,BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles ,NITROGEN ,AGRICULTURAL ecology - Abstract
Projected climate change and rainfall variability will affect soil microbial communities, biogeochemical cycling and agriculture. Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in agroecosystems and its cycling and availability is highly dependent on microbial driven processes. In agroecosystems, hydrolysis of organic nitrogen (N) is an important step in controlling soil N availability. We analyzed the effect of management (ecological intensive vs. conventional intensive) on N-cycling processes and involved microbial communities under climate change-induced rain regimes. Terrestrial model ecosystems originating from agroecosystems across Europe were subjected to four different rain regimes for 263 days. Using structural equation modelling we identified direct impacts of rain regimes on N-cycling processes, whereas N-related microbial communities were more resistant. In addition to rain regimes, management indirectly affected N-cycling processes via modifications of N-related microbial community composition. Ecological intensive management promoted a beneficial N-related microbial community composition involved in N-cycling processes under climate change-induced rain regimes. Exploratory analyses identified phosphorus-associated litter properties as possible drivers for the observed management effects on N-related microbial community composition. This work provides novel insights into mechanisms controlling agro-ecosystem functioning under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
195. Effects of agricultural management practices on soil quality: A review of long-term experiments for Europe and China
- Author
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Bai, Zhanguo, primary, Caspari, Thomas, additional, Gonzalez, Maria Ruiperez, additional, Batjes, Niels H., additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Bünemann, Else K., additional, de Goede, Ron, additional, Brussaard, Lijbert, additional, Xu, Minggang, additional, Ferreira, Carla Sofia Santos, additional, Reintam, Endla, additional, Fan, Hongzhu, additional, Mihelič, Rok, additional, Glavan, Matjaž, additional, and Tóth, Zoltán, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Potentials to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from Swiss agriculture
- Author
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Necpalova, Magdalena, primary, Lee, Juhwan, additional, Skinner, Colin, additional, Büchi, Lucie, additional, Wittwer, Raphael, additional, Gattinger, Andreas, additional, van der Heijden, Marcel, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Charles, Raphael, additional, Berner, Alfred, additional, Mayer, Jochen, additional, and Six, Johan, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
197. Distinct Nitrogen Provisioning From Organic Amendments in Soil as Influenced by Farming System and Water Regime
- Author
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Lori, Martina, primary, Symanczik, Sarah, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Efosa, Norah, additional, Jaenicke, Sebastian, additional, Buegger, Franz, additional, Tresch, Simon, additional, Goesmann, Alexander, additional, and Gattinger, Andreas, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. A Gardener's Influence on Urban Soil Quality
- Author
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Tresch, Simon, primary, Moretti, Marco, additional, Le Bayon, Renée-Claire, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Zanetta, Andrea, additional, Frey, David, additional, and Fliessbach, Andreas, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
199. Soil quality – A critical review
- Author
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Bünemann, Else K., primary, Bongiorno, Giulia, additional, Bai, Zhanguo, additional, Creamer, Rachel E., additional, De Deyn, Gerlinde, additional, de Goede, Ron, additional, Fleskens, Luuk, additional, Geissen, Violette, additional, Kuyper, Thom W., additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, Pulleman, Mirjam, additional, Sukkel, Wijnand, additional, van Groenigen, Jan Willem, additional, and Brussaard, Lijbert, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
200. Biochar affects community composition of nitrous oxide reducers in a field experiment
- Author
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Krause, Hans-Martin, primary, Hüppi, Roman, additional, Leifeld, Jens, additional, El-Hadidi, Mohamed, additional, Harter, Johannes, additional, Kappler, Andreas, additional, Hartmann, Martin, additional, Behrens, Sebastian, additional, Mäder, Paul, additional, and Gattinger, Andreas, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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