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Context.--TTF-1 and napsin A immunomarkers have a crucial role in differentiating lung adenocarcinoma from lung squamous cell carcinoma and in identifying a primary lung adenocarcinoma when working on a tumor of unknown origin. Objectives.--To investigate the diagnostic sensitivity of ribonucleic acid in situ hybridization (RNAscope) in the detection of expression of these biomarkers in lung adenocarcinomas and to compare RNAscope to immunohistochemical techniques. Design.--Both RNAscope and the immunohistochemical assays for TTF-1 and napsin A were performed on tissue microarray sections containing 80 lung adenocarcinomas and 80 lung squamous cell carcinomas. The RNAscope assay for both TTF-1 and napsin A was also performed on 220 adenocarcinomas from various organs. Results.--The RNAscope assay for TTF-1 gave positive results in 92.5% (74 of 80) of the lung adenocarcinomas; in contrast, immunohistochemistry gave positive results in 82.5% (66 of 80) of those cases. The RNAscope assay for napsin A gave positive results in 90% (72 of 80) of lung adenocarcinomas; immunohistochemistry results were positive in 77.5% (62 of 80) of those cases. Napsin A expression was not seen in lung squamous cell carcinomas by either method. In contrast, TTF-1 expression was seen in 3.8% (3 of 80) ([1.sup.+]) and 10% (8 of 80) ([1.sup.+]) of the squamous cell carcinomas by immunochemistry and the RNAscope, respectively. All nonpulmonary adenocarcinoma results were negative for TTF-1 by the RNAscope assay. Conclusions.--Preliminary data suggest that RNAscope is superior to immunohistochemistry in detecting TTF-1 and napsin A expression in primary lung adenocarcinomas. Therefore, performing an RNAscope assay may be considered for both [TTF-1.sup.-] and napsin [A.sup.-] cases with a clinical suspicion of lung adenocarcinoma. The TTF-1 results should be interpreted with caution because a small percentage of squamous cell carcinomas can be focally positive by either assay. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;140:332-340; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0644-0A), Lung cancer is the leading cancer death in the United States and worldwide. (1) Adenocarcinoma (ACA) is currently the most common type of lung malignancy. (2) Confirmation of a cancer [...]

Collapsin-1 is a chick brain glycoprotein about 100 kilodaltons that blocks growth cone motility in vitro. In this study, mRNA distribution of collapsin during development of the chick was investigated using in situ hybridization. The results showed that collapsin-1 is expressed in specific regions in the central nervous system during the development of axonal pathways. This provides evidence consistent with the previously described role of collapsin-1 as a repulsive guidance cue in the developing nervous system.

A total of 16 OsS40 genes of Oryza sativa were identified in our previous work, but their functions remain unclear. In this study, 13 OsS40 members were knocked out using the CRISPR/cas9 gene-editing technology. After screening phenotype characterization of CRISPR/Cas9 mutants compared to WT, five oss40s mutants exhibited a stay-green phenotype at 30 days after heading. Moreover, increased grain size and grain weight occurred in the oss40-1, oss40-12 , and oss40-14 lines, while declined grain weight appeared in the oss40-7 and oss40-13 mutants. The transcript levels of several senescence-associated genes (SAGs), chlorophyll degradation-related genes (CDGs), as well as WRKY members were differentially decreased in the five stay-green oss40s mutants compared to WT. Five oss40 mutants also exhibited a stay-green phenotype when the detached leaves were incubated under darkness for 4 days. OsSWEET4 and OsSWEET1b were significantly upregulated, while OsSWEET1a and OsSWEET13 were significantly downregulated in both oss40-7 and oss40-14 compared to WT. Furthermore, these five OsS40 displayed strong transcriptional activation activity and were located in the nucleus. Most of the OsS40 genes were downregulated in the oss40-1, oss40-7 , and oss40-12 mutants, but upregulated in the oss40-13 and oss40-14 mutants, indicating coordinated regulation among OsS40 members. These results suggest that OsS40-1, OsS40-7, OsS40-12, OsS40-13 , and OsS40-14 are senescence-associated genes, involved in the senescence and carbon allocation network by modulating other OsS40 members, SWEET member genes, and senescence-related gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A robust compression-encryption image cryptosystem is proposed. • A modified measurement matrix CADRMM is developed. • A new method of generating diffusion matrix is introduced. • The robustness of the scheme is improved to defend occlusion and noise attacks. • The experimental results demonstrate a good security performance. In terms of Chua's circuit system, compressive sensing (CS) and Haar wavelet, a novel image compression-encryption scheme (CES) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the plaintext image is decomposed into approximate component and detail components through Haar wavelet. Then the approximate component is diffused by the threshold processing of local binary patterns (LBP) operator-based chaotic sequence which is produced by the combination of Chua's circuit and Logistic map. Next, the Lissajous map is applied to generate the chaos-combined asymptotic deterministic random measurement matrices (CADRMM) which are employed to measure the detail components in different compression ratios. In addition, the combination of mapped approximate and detail components is shuffled by the Logistic map. The experimental results and simulation analysis prove that the proposed cryptosystem is capable of reducing data for transmission and has good security performance under various attacks, especially for the shear and noise attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathophysiological and atrophic changes in the cerebellum have been well‐documented in schizophrenia. Reduction of gray matter (GM) in the cerebellum was confirmed across cognitive and motor cerebellar modules in schizophrenia. Such abnormalities in the cerebellum could potentially have widespread effects on both sensorimotor and cognitive symptoms. In this study, we investigated how reduction change in the cerebellum affects the static and the dynamic functional connectivity (FC) between the cerebellum and cortical/subcortical networks in schizophrenia. Reduction of GM in the cerebellum was confirmed across the cognitive and motor cerebellar modules in schizophrenic subjects. Results from this study demonstrates that the extent of reduction of GM within cerebellum correlated with increased static FCs between the cerebellum and the cortical/subcortical networks, including frontoparietal network (FPN), and thalamus in patients with schizophrenia. Decreased GM in the cerebellum was also associated with a declined dynamic FC between the cerebellum and the FPN in schizophrenic subjects. The severity of patients' positive symptom was related to these structural‐functional coupling score of cerebellum. These findings identified potential cerebellar driven functional changes associated with positive symptom deficits. A post hoc analysis exploring the effect of changed FC within cerebellum, confirmed that a significant positive relationship, between dynamic FCs of cerebellum–thalamus and intracerebellum existed in patients, but not in controls. The reduction of GM within the cerebellum might be associated with modulation of cerebellum–thalamus, and contributes to the dysfunctional cerebellar‐cortical communication in schizophrenia. Our results provide a new insight into the role of cerebellum in understanding the pathophysiological of schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic processing units in brain are neurons and synapses that are interconnected in a complex pattern and show many surprised information processing capabilities. The researchers attempt to mimic this efficiency and build artificial neural systems in hardware device to emulate the key information processing principles of the brain. However, the neural network hardware system has a challenge of interconnecting neurons and synapses efficiently. An efficient, low-cost routing architecture (ELRA) is proposed in this paper to provide a communication infrastructure for the hardware spiking neuron networks (SNN). A dynamic traffic arbitration strategy is employed in ELRA, where the traffic status weights of input ports are calculated in real-time according to the channel traffic statuses and the port with the largest traffic status weight is given a high priority to forward packets. This strategy enables the router to serve congested ports preferentially, which can balance the overall network traffic loads. Experimental results show the feasibility of ELRA under various traffic scenarios, and the hardware synthesis result using SAED 90 nm technology demonstrates it has a low hardware area overhead which maintains scalability for large-scale SNN hardware implementations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]