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152. Zinc and Diarrheal Disease: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Author

ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA MILITARY NUTRITION DIV, Scrimgeour, Angus G., Lukaski, Henry C., ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA MILITARY NUTRITION DIV, Scrimgeour, Angus G., and Lukaski, Henry C.

Abstract

The purpose of this review article is to evaluate clinical data indicating the benefits of oral zinc supplementation to prevent and/or treat diarrhea in children and extend these findings to adults. Zinc plays an important role in modulating host resistance to infectious agents and reducing the risk, severity, and duration of diarrheal diseases. Zinc is important in the developing world and in low-income and middle-income countries where mild-to-moderate zinc deficiency is highly prevalent. The WHO/UNICEF recommendations for zinc supplementation are based on meta-analyses of randomized, controlled intervention trials on children: 20 mg zinc/day for 10-14 days for children with acute diarrhea and 10 mg/day for infants under 6 months of age. Effective forms include sulfate, gluconate, or acetate, No similar studies have been conducted on adults. Thus, carefully conducted clinical trials are necessary to ascertain the efficacy of zinc in the prevention of acute and persistent diarrhea in adults. Faced with rising antibiotic resistance and the lack of effective antidiarrheal vaccines, oral zinc provides substantial benefit in the reduction of stool output and disease duration combined with safety, selectivity of action, and low cost. Thus, oral zinc supplementation is a practical therapeutic intervention for the treatment of diarrhea in children, and by extension, should be provided to adults., Published in Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, v11, p711-717, 2008.

Published
2008

155. Effect of Heat Acclimation on Sweat Minerals

Author

ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA THERMAL AND MOUNTAIN MEDICINE DIVISION, Chinevere, Troy D., Kenefick, Robert W., Cheuvront, Samuel N., Lukaski, Henry C., Sawka, Michael N., ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA THERMAL AND MOUNTAIN MEDICINE DIVISION, Chinevere, Troy D., Kenefick, Robert W., Cheuvront, Samuel N., Lukaski, Henry C., and Sawka, Michael N.

Abstract

Purpose: This study examined the impact of 10 days of exercise-heat acclimation on sweat mineral concentrations. Methods: Eight male subjects walked on a treadmill at 3.5 mph, 4% grade for 100 continuous minutes or until rectal temperature reached 39.5 C on 10 consecutive days in an environmental chamber set at 45 C, 20% relative humidity. Arm sweat samples were collected during the first 30 min of exercise-heat stress on days 1 and 10 using a polyethylene arm glove. Results: Final core temperature and HR values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) on day 10 versus day 1. Whole-body sweating rates increased by approximately 6% (P = 0.12). Sweat sodium concentration on day 10 (36.22 + or - 7.22 mM) was significantly lower than day 1 (54.49 + or - 16.18 mM) (P < 0.05). Sweat mineral concentrations of calcium (~29%), copper (~50%), and magnesium (~43%) were also significantly lower on day 10 versus day 1 of heat acclimation (P < 0.05). A trend for lower sweat iron (~75%; P = 0.07) and zinc (~23%; P = 0.10) concentrations were observed from day 1 to day 10. The estimated hourly sweat mineral losses (arm concentration x whole-body sweat rate) were reduced for calcium (~27%), copper (~46%), and magnesium (~42%) (P < 0.05), but not iron (75%) or zinc (~16%) (P > 0.05), from day 1 to day 10. Conclusion: Exercise-heat acclimation conserves arm sweat mineral concentrations and possibly whole-body sweat losses of calcium, copper, and magnesium, and may reduce sweat iron and zinc concentrations., Pub. in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, v40 n5 p886-891, 2008.

Published
2007

172. Reply to U Trippo et al

Author

Sun, Shumei S, primary, Chumlea, William Cameron, additional, Heymsfield, Steven B, additional, Lukaski, Henry C, additional, Schoeller, Dale, additional, Friedl, Karl, additional, Kuczmarski, Robert J, additional, Hubbard, Van S, additional, Flegal, Katherine M, additional, and Johnson, Clifford L, additional

Published
2004
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174. Body, half-body, and presenting limb bone-free, fat-free weight: determinates of variability in bioelectrical impedance

Author

Siders, William A. and Lukaski, Henry C.

Subjects
Electrophysiology -- Research -- Electric properties -- Physiological aspects, Body weight -- Evaluation -- Electric properties -- Physiological aspects -- Research, Body composition -- Evaluation -- Research -- Physiological aspects -- Electric properties, Adipose tissues -- Physiological aspects -- Electric properties -- Research, Impedance, Bioelectric -- Evaluation -- Electric properties -- Physiological aspects -- Research, Bones -- Evaluation -- Electric properties -- Research -- Physiological aspects, Science and technology, Evaluation, Physiological aspects, Research, Electric properties
Abstract

The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate body composition requires determining the impedance (Z, ohms) that the body offers to the conduction of an applied electrical current (alternating [...]

Published
2003

178. Regional and whole body composition and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Author

Siders, William A. and Lukaski, Henry C.

Subjects
Hologic Inc., Medical test kit industry -- Physiological aspects, Medical equipment and supplies industry -- Physiological aspects, Science and technology, Physiological aspects
Abstract

The use of BIA to reliably estimate whole body composition requires standardized methodology (1). The usual tetrapolar method uses electrode placement on the right hand and foot; another approach uses [...]

Published
2002

180. Contributors

Author

Ahmad, T., Bagchi, M., Bagchi, D., Brown, Silas, Costa, Max, Costello, Rebecca B., Dwyer, Johanna T., Edwards, Kyle C., Krejpcio, Zbigniew, Lay, Peter A., Levina, Aviva, Lindemann, Merlin D., Lu, Ning, Lukaski, Henry C., Merkel, Joyce M., Murphy, Anthony, Nair, Sreejayan, Nielsen, Forrest H., Preuss, H.G., Shi, Xianglin, Swaroop, A., Vincent, John B., Wang, Lei, Wise, James T.F., Xu, Jie, Zafra-Stone, S., and Zhang, Zhuo

Published
2019
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185. Adjustment to a peak physical work capacity treadmill test. (Professional Communications)

Author

Siders, William A., Lukaski, Henry C., and Hall, Clinton B.

Subjects
Metabolism -- Research, Treadmill exercise tests -- Research, Science and technology, Research
Abstract

In a nutrition research setting, the usually recognized function of an exercise stress test is two-fold: a) to determine volunteers' normal response to exercise and their fitness for prescribed exercise; [...]

Published
2000

200. Body density estimates from upper-body skinfold thicknesses compared to air-displacement plethysmography.

Author

Shafer, Kimberly J., Siders, William A., Johnson, LuAnn K., and Lukaski, Henry C.

Abstract

Summary: Background & aims: Determine the accuracy of body density (Db) estimated with upper-body skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements compared to air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) and ascertain whether body mass index (BMI) impacts the accuracy of SFT to assess Db. Methods: We estimated Db with SFT and ADP in 131 healthy men and women with normal (N; 18.5–24.9kg/m2), overweight (OW; 25–29.9kg/m2), and obese (OB; 30–39.9kg/m2) BMI. Results: Compared with ADP, SFT overestimated (p <0.05) Db in OW and OB females and in OB males (−0.0047, −0.0164 and −0.0119g/cc, respectively), and underestimated (p <0.05) Db in N females and males (0.0050 and 0.0068g/cc, respectively) but did not differently estimate Db in OW males. The gender by BMI group interaction was not significant. SFT underestimated (p <0.05; 0.0058g/cc) Db in the N and overestimated (p <0.05; 0.0113g/cc) Db in the OB BMI groups. The error in predicting Db did not change significantly over the range of Db within the N (r =0.239, p =0.06) and OB (r =0.160, p =0.934) BMI groups. Limits of agreement were −0.0165 to 0.0284g/cc and −0.0365 to 0.0085g/cc for the N and OB BMI groups, respectively. The error of estimating Db with SFT was correlated with mean Db in the aggregate sample (r =0.495, p <0.0001) and the OW group (r =0.394, p <0.009). The regression-based limits of agreement were ±0.0226g/cc in the total group and ±0.0168g/cc in the OW group. Conclusions: Although SFT offer practical advantages, the validity of SFT to estimate Db among individuals with N and OB BMI is adversely affected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2010
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