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Nowadays, some of the most important challenges to society are focused on the use of renewable energies, mitigation of greenhouse-type gases and residual treatment. Microalgae are becoming one of the most powerful solutions to contribute to these problems. So, industrial facilities have been developed in the last decades to produce this type of microorganisms. However the dynamics of these systems is very complex, and advanced models and control strategies are required. The Interpolating Control is a novel technique with capacity to deal with state and control constraints with low computational burden, being suitable to be applied in this type of processes. This technique has been used in the literature to control simulated or laboratory scale systems. This paper shows the operation results for a Interpolated Controller in an industrial raceway photobioreactor to contribute in the control of these real processes.

Platelet activity is essential in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore our objective was to evaluate the main effects of activating RAGE in platelets which are still unknown. A search for RAGE expression in different databases showed poor or a nonexistent presence in platelets. We confirmed the expression in platelets and secreted variable of RAGE (sRAGE). Platelets from elderly adults expressed in resting showed 3.2 fold more RAGE from young individuals (p 0.01) and 3.3 fold with TRAP-6 (p 0.001). These results could indicate that the expression of RAGE is more inducible in older adults. Then we found that activating RAGE with AGE-BSA-derived from methylglyoxal and subthreshold TRAP-6, showed a considerable increase with respect to the control in platelet aggregation and expression of P-selectin (respectively, p 0.01). This effect was almost completely blocked by using a specific RAGE inhibitor (FSP-ZM1), confirming that RAGE is important for the function and activation platelet. Finally, we predict the region stimulated by AGE-BSA is located in region V of RAGE and 13 amino acids are critical for its binding. In conclusion, the activation of RAGE affects platelet activation and 13 amino acids are critical for its stimulation, this information is crucial for future possible treatments for CVD.

Virtual labs have proven to be very versatile and valuable for providing realistic experience for students in STE (Science, Technology, and Engineering) fields. As we progress from delivery of instructional material from classroom to the Internet, there is need to develop laboratory exercises to supplement the theoretical lessons. A Web-based virtual simulation model of an anaerobic digester (AD) using a flexible Javascript-based platform was developed to support courses in process control and process design. The objective was to provide a virtual laboratory experience that could be used on any device capable of accessing the Web (laptops, tablets, or smartphones) to explore multiple facets (design, operation, control, and optimization) associated with a complex biochemical system. A user-friendly interface that allows easy specification and testing of operational parameters is provided. In this article, we discuss how the model and simulation is developed and deployed along with illustrative examples of its use in a training or educational environment.

This paper revisites the direct synthesis tuning method of continuous-time low-order controllers, and specially PID controllers, for control of time-delayed single-input single-output processes. A setpoint prefilter is included to improve the servo response and integrating load disturbances are accounted for. Robustness is addressed by the feedback controller to obtain the desired maximum sensitivity value. Similar results in step disturbance compensation are obtained with simpler analytical tuning rules when compared to recently reported methods. However, the proposed procedure enables to compensate integrating load disturbances, which are not handled in the other methods.

In this work, the load disturbance rejection problem is studied. Specifically, the feedforward compensators are considered to reduce the effect of the disturbance in the process' performance. The authors propose simple tuning rules that can be easily applied to a wide range of processes improving the response against the disturbance. The improvement of the proposed method is measured through different performance indices in several simulation examples.

Background: Eugenol is a phenolic compound with a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antibacterial and antioxidant. Objective: Eugenol is an ideal candidate as a natural antioxidant additive, especially for those substances that are affected by lipoperoxidation process, this is the case of essential oils that have an important role in the food, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries, which easily deteriorate under high temperature, strong light, and reactive oxygen species. Methods: In order to evidence the influence of the addition of eugenol in the thermal properties of Hedychium coronarium Koening essential oil, were determined the chemical composition, antioxidant properties and TG/DTG analysis after the supplementation with different ratios of eugenol/essential oil. Results: The results showed a high content of oxygenated monoteropenes (50.33%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (23.35%) and sesquiterpene (19.2%), the TG/DTG analysis presented a significant increment in the degradation temperature of the essential oil, being the major value 12 ºC at a supplementation of 4.7% (v/v) of eugenol. Conclusion: Finally, the supplementation with eugenol improved the thermal stability of the essential oil of Hedychium coronarium Koening, which could be applicable to other oils thereby improving their physicochemical properties.

espanolSe describen los sucesos acontecidos en Lima y el Callao tras los desastres de San Juan y Miraflores. Anarquia, caos y terror, saqueos, matanzas y combates, entre la tarde del 15 y la madrugada del 17 de enero de 1881, lapso durante el cual la sangre corrio en abundancia y se culpo a los «comunistas» de haber generado el desorden. Testimonios de observadores peruanos, chilenos y extranjeros aluden a ello, como tambien a la presencia protagonica de sectores lumpenescos; incluso hablan de una guerra de razas. Las perdidas economicas se calcularon en dos millones de pesos y hubo varios centenares de muertos, sobre todo entre os chinos, cuyas casas y comercios fueron arrasados, y tambien entre el lumpen severamente reprimido por una numerosa Guardia Urbana, formada por residentes extranjeros, que aquieto la ciudad para que fuese tomada por los invasores chilenos. Un capitulo soslayado de la llamada Campana de Lima. EnglishThe events that occurred in Lima and Callao following the disasters of San Juan and Miraflores are described: anarchy, chaos and terror, looting, killing and fighting, from the afternoon of the 15th to the early hours of January 17th, 1881, during which time «blood flowed freely» and the «communists» were blamed for causing the disturbances. Accounts by Peruvian, Chilean and other foreign observers allude to this, as well as to the significant presence of the non-politicized underclass. There was even talk of «race war». Economic losses were calculated at two million pesos and several hundred people were killed, particularly among the Chinese, whose homes and businesses were razed, and also among the underclasses, who were severely repressed by a large urban guard composed of foreign residents, which pacified the city prior to its seizure by the Chilean invaders. This is an overlooked chapter in the so-called «Lima campaign».

An automated methodology (SPE-HPLC-UV) is proposed in this work for the determination of plasticisers in water samples collected at different stages of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tert-butylphenol (4tBP) were chosen as model pollutants. The 33−1 fractional factorial experimental design (FFED) was used to determine more significant variables associated with the preconcentration procedure. The factors studied were the adsorbent composing the SPE membrane disk, sample volume and pH of the sample. Three SPE membranes disks were evaluated: (1) C18 octadecyl bonded silica (C18), (2) styrenedivinylbenzene‐extra clean (SDB‐XC) copolymer, and (3) styrenedivinylbenzene‐reversed-phase sulphonated (SDB‐RPS) copolymer. The preconcentration conditions selected were the SDB-RPS membrane disk as the sorbent, a sample volume of 30 mL and a solution pH of 7. HPLC-UV analysis was achieved isocratically using a C18 column with CH3CN:H2O, 60:40% v v−1, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. The linearity range was between 5 and 80 μg L−1 with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.9989. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.77 and 1.46 μg L−1 for BPA and 4tBP, respectively. Furthermore, the intraday and interday precisions expressed in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) were found between 2.5–5.0% and 4.6–6.0%, respectively. Excellent recovery rates (72.2–99.8%) were demonstrated by spiking known concentrations of BPA and 4tBP in the WWTP samples. The proposed methodology was successfully applied to determine BPA and 4tBP in water samples of two WWTPs from the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico. BPA was found in wastewater influent ranging from 5.9 to 16.6 μg L−1, while 4tBP was detected in samples from different stages of WWTPs in concentrations ranging from 4.9 to 21.5 μg L−1.

The high degree of pollution and cost of water treatment in rural communities of developing countries have led to a constant search of alternative cheap, versatile and easy for surface water treatment. In this sense, the aim of this study was to determine the removal power of turbidity, color, chlorides and nitrites of the plant pitahaya (Hylocereus triangularis), guasimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) and cactus nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) in surface waters. An extraction was performed, and the optimal dose of each extract using a jar test was selected. After extracts were mixed to increase their flocculent/coagulant power, pitahaya removed turbidity in 97%, color 91%, chlorides 82% and nitrites 92%. For the same parameters, guasimo showed a removal of 95%, 89%, 74% and 94%, respectively. The mixture of pitahaya and guasimo removed 100% of nitrites. The plants studied have potential use for the removal of turbidity, color, chlorides and nitrites in water for human consumption and industrial wastewater.

Our aim was to characterize the organoleptic and nutritional properties of meat from suckling (one-month-old) and light (around three-months-old) lambs in local breeds on the Spanish Mediterranean islands, using meat from male lambs of the Mallorquina and Roja Mallorquina breeds. The lambs were kept with their mother at all times under an extensive management system and fed on mother’s milk until naturally weaned. In the Mallorquina breed, suckling lambs (n = 20) were slaughtered after weaning and the light lambs were bred using natural pasture (n = 20) or concentrate (n = 20), and the Roja Mallorquina light lambs were fed pasture and concentrate (n = 20). The pH, colour, texture, water-holding capacity, fatty acids, volatile compounds and sensorial attributes of the meat were analyzed. No differences in meat colour or texture were observed. The highest levels of non-desirable fatty acids were observed in lambs raised using concentrate. Light lambs showed a higher aldehydes content than suckling lambs. High notes of lactic acid and milk flavour were detected. Regardless of access to pasture or concentrate, continued access to mother’s milk during rearing influences the sensorial meat traits of these lambs, so we consider this type of management an optimal way of obtaining the traditional ‘Mediterranean lamb meat’, This research was funded by the Institute of Agricultural and Fishing Research and Training (IRFAP) of the Government of the Balearic Islands (minor contract with the Research Foundation of the University of Seville PRJ201502671-0781) and the pre-doctoral contract grant (R.G.-P.) provided by the Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology and European Social Fund (FPI2014-00013)

The industrial production of microalgae is a process as sustainable as it is interesting in terms of its diverse applications, especially for wastewater treatment. Its optimization requires an exhaustive knowledge of the system, which is commonly achieved through models that describe its dynamics. Although not widely used in this field, artificial neural networks are presented as an appropriate technique to develop this type of model, having the ability to adapt to complex and nonlinear problems solely from the process data. In this work, neural network models have been developed to characterize the pH dynamics in two different raceway reactors, one with freshwater and the other with wastewater. The models are able to predict pH profiles with a prediction horizon of up to eleven hours and only using available measurable process data, such as medimum level, CO2 injection, and solar radiation. The results demonstrate the potential of artificial neural networks in the modeling of continuous dynamic systems in the field of industry, obtaining accurate, fast-running models that can adapt to different circumstances. Moreover, these models open the field to the design of data-driven model-based control algorithms to account for the nonlinear dynamics of this biological system.

Raceway reactors are still the most extensive technology for microalgae production. However, these reactors have some drawbacks, one of them being a low mass transfer capacity, which provokes dissolved oxygen accumulation and thus reduction of system performance. To overcome this problem, it is imperative to improve the photobioreactor design as well as the operating conditions. One solution is to maintain the dissolved oxygen below defined limits. In this work, a new control algorithm is proposed to improve the mass transfer capacity of raceway reactors while at the same time reducing air injection costs. The main idea of the proposed control approach is that only the necessary amount of airflow will be applied according to transfer capacity demand. This control strategy was first analyzed in simulation and compared with classical On/Off solutions, and subsequently evaluated in outdoor conditions in a photobioreactor of 80 m

Conventional embryo assessment is performed by removing embryos from incubators at least once a day. However, it is static and limited to specific time points, reducing the amount of information that could potentially be obtained. Fortunately, the time-lapse system is a powerful technology that enables to observe embryo development progression by image acquisition at recurrent time intervals, without interfering in the culture conditions. There are numerous studies that used time-lapse incubators, focusing on embryo kinetics, patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. This review aims to find agreements in the literature concerning embryo kinetics and patient characteristics: age, body mass index, smoking habit, polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis; as well as culture conditions that involved culture media and oxygen concentration. Furthermore, they showed differences according to ploidy status, direct/reverse cleavage, gender and the potential association between embryo collapse and clinical outcomes.

[Resumen] Este trabajo presenta el diseño de técnicas de control climático de invernaderos a través de la ventilación natural, explotando las perturbaciones medibles y teniendo en cuenta las restricciones de operación. Un invernadero constituye una planta ideal para el crecimiento de cultivos, ya que es un entorno cerrado donde las variables del clima y la fertirrigación pueden ser controladas mediante actuadores climáticos. Se describe el modelo no lineal utilizado para simular el comportamiento del invernadero usando datos de una instalación real, la calibración del mismo y el desarrollo y comparación de técnicas de control que hacen uso de modelos linealizados en torno a puntos de operación y del modelo no lineal completo (linealización por realimentación). [Abstract] This paper presents the design of greenhouse climate control techniques through natural ventilation, exploiting measurable disturbances and taking into account operational constraints. A greenhouse constitutes an ideal plant for crop growth, since it is an enclosed environment where climate and fertigation variables can be controlled by climatic actuators. This work describes the nonlinear model used to simulate the greenhouse behavior using real data, its calibration, and the development of control techniques that make use of linearized models around operating points or the full nonlinear model (feedback linearization), comparing them. Universidad de Almería; UAL18-TEP-A055-B

The novel [Cuphen(VBA)2H2O] complex (phen: phenanthroline, VBA: vinylbenzoate) was prepared and used as a functional monomer to preorganize a new ion-imprinted polymer (IIP). By leaching the Cu(II) from the molecular imprinted polymer (MIP), [Cuphen(VBA)2H2O-co-EGDMA]n (EGDMA: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), the IIP was obtained. A non-ion-imprinted polymer (NIIP) was also prepared. The crystal structure of the complex and some physicochemical, spectrophotometric techniques were also used for the MIP, IIP, and NIIP characterization. The results showed that the materials are nonsoluble in water and polar solvents, which are the main features of polymers. The surface area of the IIP is higher than the NIIP demonstrated by the blue methylene method. The SEM images show monoliths and particles smoothly packed together on spherical and prismatic-spherical surfaces in the morphology of MIP and IIP, respectively. Moreover, the MIP and IIP could be considered as mesoporous and microporous materials, shown by the size of the pores determined by the BET and BJH methods. Furthermore, the adsorption performance of the IIP was studied using copper(II) as a contaminant heavy metal. The maximum adsorption capacity of IIP was 287.45 mg/g at 1600 mg/L Cu2+ ions with 0.1 g of IIP at room temperature. The Freundlich model was found to best describe the equilibrium isotherm of the adsorption process. The competitive results indicate that the stability of the Cu-IIP complex is higher than the Ni-IIP complex with a selectivity coefficient of 1.61.

Resumen Este artículo aborda el proceso de urbanización de un municipio amazónico: Puerto Guzmán, Putumayo. Tiene en cuenta la interacción de dinámicas históricas y contemporáneas del ámbito nacional, regional y local, y ofrece un análisis cartográfico, contando también con fuentes de archivo y memoria oral. En concreto, analizamos cómo el conflicto armado interno, las dinámicas hídricas del río Caquetá y las transiciones políticas e institucionales locales en este municipio se han traducido en la configuración de morfologías urbanas desiguales y cambiantes. En este sentido, el artículo busca contribuir desde una perspectiva histórica y geográfica a la comprensión de la diversidad del fenómeno urbano en la Amazonia colombiana y, en un sentido más amplio, a los procesos de cambio regional. Abstract This article focuses on the urbanization process of Puerto Guzmán (Putumayo), a municipality in the Colombian Amazon. Drawing on archival sources, oral memory and cartographic analysis, we examine this process through the interaction of historical and contemporary dynamics at the national, regional and local levels. Specifically, we analyze how the internal armed conflict, the water flow dynamics of the Caquetá River and political and institutional transitions within this municipality have produced changing and uneven urban morphologies. In doing so, the article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the urban phenomenon in the Colombian Amazon and, in a broader sense, to the historical and geographical forces driving urban change at the regional scale. Resumo Este artigo enfoca o processo de urbanização de Puerto Guzmán (Putumayo), município da Amazônia colombiana. Com base em fontes de arquivo, memória oral e análise cartográfica, examinamos este processo através da interação de dinâmicas históricas e contemporâneas a nível nacional, regional e local. Especificamente, analisamos como o conflito armado interno, a dinâmica do fluxo de água do Rio Caquetá e as transições políticas e institucionais dentro deste município têm produzido morfologias urbanas mutáveis e desiguais. Com isso, o artigo busca contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno urbano na Amazônia colombiana e, em um sentido mais amplo, para as forças históricas e geográficas que impulsionam a mudança urbana em escala regional.

The skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) -producing pathogens have acquired resistance to a wide range of antimicrobials, thus it is highly relevant to have new treatment alternatives. In this study, we report the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of three novel series of ionic liquids (ILs) derived from benzoic and hydroxybenzoic acids, with different lengths of the alkyl chain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were tested in Gram-positive: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes, and Gram-negative: Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli, showing a MIC range of 0.01562-2.0 mM, with the activity varying according to the aromatic ring functionalization and the length of the alkyl chains. Regarding the antibiofilm activity, different efficacy was observed among the different ILs, some of them presenting antibiofilm activities close to 80% as in the case of those derived from syringic acid with an alkyl chain of six carbon atoms against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the cell viability in HaCaT cells was determined, showing a half maximal effective concentration (EC

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los diagnósticos histopatológicos a partir de los casos de las pacientes con cáncer de mama que fueron llevadas a resección de nódulos pulmonares en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC). Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio tipo serie de casos donde se describen las características clínicas, histológicas y anatomopatológicas de un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de cáncer de mama de novo o que durante su enfermedad presentaron nódulos pulmonares que requirieron resección quirúrgica mediante cuña pulmonar o lobectomía en el INC, entre el 1 de enero de 2015 y el 30 de abril de 2018. Resultados: En el periodo de estudio se realizaron 225 resecciones en cuña pulmonar y lobectomías, 55 de estos pacientes tenían diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, de los cuales el 69,1% fueron de origen neoplásico, 26 pacientes fueron metástasis de cáncer mama (47,3%), 9 pacientes tenían segundo primario pulmonar (16,4%) y un paciente tenía concomitantemente cáncer primario pulmonar y una metástasis de mama (1,8%). Otras 2 pacientes tenían metástasis de otros órganos, uno de recto y uno de tiroides (3,6%), mientras que las 17 pacientes restantes presentaron reporte de lesiones pulmonares benignas en la anatomía patológica (30,9%). Conclusión: La presencia de nódulos pulmonares en pacientes con cáncer de mama no siempre son secundarias a enfermedad metastásica en pulmón; pueden existir otras etiologías como cáncer primario pulmonar, metástasis de otros órganos, tumores benignos o infecciones. Conocer la etiología de los nódulos pulmonares en pacientes con cáncer de mama es determinante para evaluar las opciones terapéuticas que pueden variar desde el manejo quirúrgico hasta el manejo sistémico. Abstract Objectives: To describe the histopathological diagnoses of patients with breast cancer who underwent resection of pulmonary nodules at the National Cancer Institute (INC) of Bogotá. Materials and methods: A case-series study was developed to describe the clinical, histological and anatomopathological characteristics of a sample of patients with a diagnosis of de novo metastatic breast cancer or whom presented with pulmonary nodules during their disease that required surgical resection by wedge pulmonary or lobectomy in the INC, between January 1, 2015 and April 30, 2018. Results: During the study period, 225 resections were performed in lung wedge and lobectomies, 55 of these patients had a diagnosis of breast cancer, of which 69.1% were of neoplastic origin, 26 (47.3%) were metastatic of breast cancer, 9 (16.4%) second primary pulmonary and 1 (1.8%) patient had concomitantly primary lung cancer and a breast metastasis. Another 2 (3.6%) patients had metastases from other organs, one from the rectum and one from the thyroid, while the remaining 17 (30.9%) patients presented a report of benign lung lesions in the pathology. Conclusion: The presence of pulmonary nodules in patients with breast cancer are not always secondary to metastatic disease. Other etiologies may exist, such as primary pulmonary cancer, metastasis from other cancers, benign lung tumors or infections. Knowing the etiology of pulmonary nodules in patients with breast cancer is crucial to evaluate the therapeutic options that can vary from surgical management to systemic management.

Introducción: a nivel mundial el empleo de esquemas de quimioterapia neoadyuvante en la enfermedad localmente avanzada de la mama es una práctica de uso rutinario que aumenta la respuesta clínica al disminuir el tamaño tumoral e incrementar la posibilidad de cirugía conservadora. Objetivos: describir las respuestas a partir del esquema de quimioterapia neoadyuvante que se emplea de forma rutinaria AC (doxorrubicina y ciclofosfamida), más taxanos con o sin trastuzumab. Métodos: el estudio es observacional descriptivo prospectivo, llevado a cabo entre octubre de 2012 y mayo de 2014, donde se incluyeron mujeres mayores de 18 años seleccionadas por conveniencia, con diagnóstico confirmado por histopatología de cáncer de mama epitelial infiltrante en estadios clínicos IIB, IIIA, IIIB y IIIC según la definición de la AJCC, con estado funcional menor o igual a 2 y estudios de extensión negativos para enfermedad metastásicos no mayores a dos meses. Resultados: la muestra total fue de 109 mujeres; el promedio de edad fue de 53,3 años, la mediana de tamaño tumoral fue de 5 cm, el 85,4% cumplieron el tratamiento propuesto, la frecuencia de los cuatro grupos intrínsecos fue en su orden luminal B1 (41,2%), luminal A (17,5%), triple negativo (17,5%), luminal B2 (16,5%) y HER2 (7,2%). Se realizaron 31 cirugías conservadoras. Con respuesta patológica completa global del 19,7%. La respuesta patológica fue mayor en el subgrupo triple negativo (33,3%) y en los pacientes con sobreexpresión de HER2 (38,9%) y muy baja en luminal A (5,6%). Conclusiones: la quimioterapia neoadyuvante secuencial basada en AC, seguida por taxanos, asociada o no a trastuzumab según la sobreexpresión de HER2 mejora de manera importante la respuesta patológica completa y aumenta el número de cirugías conservadoras con mínima toxicidad limitante en las pacientes con cáncer de mama localmente avanzado, en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, comparado con la literatura internacional.

Research and teaching on renewable energies are very important topics worldwide. Most of the renewable energy processes are quite complex to analyze and to study. For that reason, educational resources as support for the teaching and learning of these processes dynamics are very useful. Thus, this paper presents a virtual lab as support to the modeling and control concepts of a solar collector field, as these kind of solar plants are widely used at industrial level requiring control skills. This interactive tool is used as part of several subjects in a Master on Solar Energy at the University of Almeria, Spain. Examples about open and closed-loop exercises are presented.

El tumor filodes maligno con componente estromal (sic) de osteosarcoma es un tumor de muy baja incidencia. La identificación de esta enfermedad se ha convertido en un desafío para la medicina actual debido a su difícil diagnóstico histopatológico, imagenológico y clínico. El tratamiento principal se basa en el manejo quirúrgico, y las opciones de terapia adyuvante aún no presentan un sustento científico sólido para su utilización como tratamiento estándar. Su pronóstico no es bueno. La variante osteoblástica, especialmente, presenta un comportamiento muy agresivo, con un riesgo del 38 % para compromiso metastásico y riesgo de muerte debido a la enfermedad del 33 %. Se presenta el caso de una paciente y se describe cómo se diagnosticó y se trató la enfemerdad.

This is my second translation of a story by the Dominican author Jose Alcantara Almanzar published in Delos, the other one, “Enigma,” having appeared in vol. 34.1. “Enigma” proved challenging because not only are there passages that use both the first person and the third person, but the third person is sometimes the voice of the protagonist describing her husband, and at other times that of an omniscient narrator. The end result is that the narrative voice of the wife, which sometimes speaks very colloquially, at other times is more poetic. It is also worth noting the absence of quotation marks or separate lines for the dialogue in this story. The absence of these conventions contributes to the creation of an atmosphere of alienation.

espanolEl documento examina el concepto de proporcion en su significado original en las artes, las ciencias y la filosofia, o sea, como la armonia de los componentes de un mismo objeto y la analogia entre objetos diferentes. Proyecta despues estas dos acepciones en diferentes capitulos de la dogmatica penal, sometiendo a juicio critico el llamado principio de proporcionalidad en la Filosofia del Derecho y la teoria constitucional. EnglishThe document examines the concept of proportion in its original meaning in the arts, sciences and philosophy, that is, as the harmony of the components of the same object and the analogy between different objects. Then projects these two meanings in different chapters of criminal dogmatics, submitting to critical judgment the so-called principle of proportionalityin legal philosophical theory and constitutional theory.

Porous carbon derived from amine-functionalized MIL-125 metal-organic framework (C-MIL-125-NH2) was prepared by carbonization at high temperature under inert atmosphere, and used for adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tert-butylphenol (4-tBP). The obtained carbon showed bimodal porosity and fast extraction of both pollutants in batch conditions following a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption mechanism was studied by the measurement of zeta potential, and the results suggested that π-π stacking interactions between the carbon material and the phenol molecules probably are the main sorption mechanism. The prepared C-MIL-125-NH2 was incorporated into mechanically stable membranes for flow-through solid-phase extraction of studied phenols prior to HPLC analysis. The hybrid material showed excellent permeance to flow, easy regeneration and good performance for the simultaneous enrichment of mixtures of BPA and 4-tBP, facilitating their determination when present at low concentration levels.

In the salth-marshes of the Tinto River (Huelva estuary, SW Spain), are stored in stacks around 100 Mt of PG, covering a surface of 1000 ha without any type of isolation, which produce an important impact in the surrounding environment. On the other hand, this ecosystem it is affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) from sulphide mines located upstream the Tinto River. The aim of this study is to evaluate the deep pollution of the underlain salt-marsh sediments due to leachates from the PG stacks. For that purpose, 7 cores were collected from zones 2 and 3 of the stacks, and PG and salt-marsh sediments samples from different depths were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters, mineralogy, granulometry and the concentration of the main elements of interest were determined in the samples. Most analysed salt-marsh sediments are not affected by PG stacks pollution, because sediments act as a “barrier” for the leachates from the PG, concentrating the contaminants in the first decimetres (0.5 m) under PG-sediments contact, and the deep infiltration is very limited. The obtained results suggest that the perimeter channel which is projected to build in the restauration project, should has a depth of 1 m below the level of the PG stacks for assuring the complete collection of leachates from the stacks, and avoid their liberation into the Tinto River estuary.

This paper proposes a new method for the analysis of continuous and periodic event-based state-feedback plus static feed-forward controllers that regulate linear time invariant systems with time delays. Measurable disturbances are used in both the control law and triggering condition to provide better disturbance attenuation. Asymptotic stability and L2-gain disturbance rejection problems are addressed by means of Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, leading to performance conditions that are expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The proposed controller offers better disturbance rejection and a reduction in the number of transmissions with respect to other robust event-triggered controllers in the literature.

Propolis is a product of the bee Apis mellifera with interesting biological activities reported. Among these, there are a large number of articles that suggest an anti-tumor effect. The ultimate pu...

espanolEl articulo repasa el concepto de autoritarismo en la Filosofia politica y los conceptos de personalidad, caracter y actitudes autoritarias en la Piscologia social. Con sus elementos comunes construye el concepto de mentalidad autoritaria. Este concepto permite ilustrar las actitudes punitivas de los profanos, pero tambien las inclinaciones fundamentales del pensamiento penal autoritario. EnglishThe article reviews the concept of authoritarianism in Political Philosophy and the concepts of authoritarian personality, authoritative character and authoritarian attitudes in Social Psychology. With its common elements, it constructs the concept of authoritarian mind. This concept allows to illustrate the punitive attitudes of the common citizen, but also the fundamental inclinations of the authoritarian criminal thinking

The photocatalytic activity of boron-doped ZnO with varying concentration (1, 1.5 and 2% wt of B) synthesized by sol-gel method was evaluated on cyanide (CN−) degradation in aqueous solution under simulated solar radiation. The obtained catalysts were characterized by XRD, UV–vis/DRS, ICP-OES, FT-IR, and XPS. The photocatalytic experiments were carried out in a quartz batch reactor using 300 mL of cyanide solution adjusted at pH 11, evaluating different parameters such as the amount of B dopant, catalyst loading and initial concentration of cyanide solution. A 23 central composite faced design was used to maximize CN− photocatalytic degradation. The cyanide concentration was measured by ISE potentiometric method and the content of intermediate ions (OCN−, NO3−, and NH4+) was determined by UV–vis spectrophotometry. The boron incorporation into ZnO lattice (ZnO-B) reduced wurtzite crystallite size (25 nm) and narrowed the band gap (3.0 eV) compared to bare ZnO (43 nm and 3.2 eV, respectively). The ZnO-B 1.5 wt% showed better photocatalytic performance by degrading 89% of a 10 mg L-1 CN− solution compared to 75% that was reached by undoped ZnO; using in both cases 1.4 g L-1 of catalyst loading at accumulated energy of 400 kJ m-2.

In this work, a novel P-doped Fe2O3-TiO2 mixed oxide was successfully prepared by a microwave assisted sol-gel method. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by N2 physisorption, SEM, XRD, XPS, and FTIR, UV–vis DRS, and PL spectroscopies. The iron and phosphorus content in the catalyst samples were quantified by AAS and ICP-OES, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of P-doped Fe2O3-TiO2 powders were evaluated in the photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethazine (SMTZ). The Box Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied for modeling the effect and optimizing of the operational parameters levels on the degradation percentage of SMTZ. The complete degradation and mineralization percentage of 30% of SMTZ solution at pH 9 was achieved within 300 min of reaction, with the optimum P doping amount of 1.2 wt % and 1.25 g/L of catalyst loading. The 1.2 wt % P-doped Fe2O3-TiO2 mixed oxide showed considerably higher photocatalytic activity than Fe2O3-TiO2 or TiO2. This enhanced performance could be attributed to the small crystallite size, narrow band gap, high specific surface area and increased number of surface hydroxyls on TiO2 nanoparticles. Additionally, the stability and reusability of this catalyst was demonstrated during three cycles of SMTZ degradation.

Probablemente de origen aymara collavino, Juan Vélez de Córdova nació en las serranías de Moquegua, a principios del siglo XVIII, racialmente mestizo pero culturalmente indio, ya que se proclamó Inka descendiente de Huáscar al momento de emprender su lucha libertaria. Pasó su niñez y adolescencia en Moquegua, trasladándose luego al Alto Perú donde apreció en carne viva el sufrimiento de los indios esclavizados en minas, obrajes y haciendas, tiranizados por corregidores, hacendados y curas, ofreciendo sudor y sangre en trabajos forzados, sometidos, en fin, a la más cruel dominación y exterminados en verdadero genocidio.

A fully automated on-line system for monitoring the TiO2-based photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) using sequential injection analysis (SIA) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detection was proposed. The effects of the type of catalyst (sol–gel, Degussa P25 and Hombikat), the amount of catalyst (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L−1), and the solution pH (4, 7 and 10) were evaluated through a three-level fractional factorial design (FFD) to verify the influence of the factors on the response variable (degradation efficiency, %). As a result of FFD evaluation, the main factor that influences the process is the type of catalyst. Degradation percentages close to 100% under UV-vis radiation were reached using the two commercial TiO2 materials, which present mixed phases (anatase/rutile), Degussa P25 (82%/18%) and Hombikat (76%/24%). 60% degradation was obtained using the laboratory-made pure anatase crystalline TiO2 phase. The pH and amount of catalyst showed minimum significant effect on the degradation efficiencies of DMP and DEP. Greater degradation efficiency was achieved using Degussa P25 at pH 10 with 1.5 g L−1 catalyst dosage. Under these conditions, complete degradation and 92% mineralization were achieved after 300 min of reaction. Additionally, a drastic decrease in the concentration of BOD5 and COD was observed, which results in significant enhancement of their biodegradability obtaining a BOD5/COD index of 0.66 after the photocatalytic treatment. The main intermediate products found were dimethyl 4-hydroxyphthalate, 4-hydroxy-diethyl phthalate, phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride indicating that the photocatalytic degradation pathway involved the hydrolysis reaction of the aliphatic chain and hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, obtaining products with lower toxicity than the initial molecules.

In this paper, the problem of pH regulation in photobioreactors has been addressed by using a robust Proportional–Integral controller in combination with a linear active disturbance rejection approach. This formulation is based on the Generalized Proportional–Integral (GPI) observers design to estimate online external disturbances and non-modeled dynamics. The methodology uses a model reference optimization procedure with tracking and regulatory target closed-loop transfer functions for first-order plus dead-time models. The proposed controller is validated on a full-scale Raceway photobioreactor, whose results show a significant improvement in the accuracy of pH regulation and, consequently, a positive influence on biomass production. Moreover, a classical feedforward approach has been used for comparison purposes. The performance of the robust technique is evaluated with different indexes, whose results confirm the good performance of the proposed active disturbance rejection control scheme.

The present paper investigates the optimal control of the photosynthetic growth process in an artificial light photobioreactor operated in batch mode, the objective being to find an optimal incident light intensity for which the consumption of light energy, for any amount of newly formed biomass, is minimal. By using a simple and reliable model for the photosynthetic growth of microalgae of microalgae, predictions can be made on the quantity of produced biomass and on the amount of light consumed, whose ratio gives the biomass yield on light energy. This variable is unimodal on the allowed range of incident light intensities and has been used as objective function. An improved objective function is proposed by using the specific growth rate and a weighing factor that allows obtaining the desired amount of biomass while the light energy consumption is optimal. A closed-loop control structure has been designed based on the developed optimization algorithm. The optimal controller has been validated in simulation, comparing different lengths of the optimization horizon and the sampling period. It was found that a bigger sampling period, for the cases where there is no online information on the biomass concentration, does not significantly affect the productivity. The optimization algorithm can be used either online or offline, being useful for various experimental setups.