254 results on '"Ludlam CA"'
Search Results
152. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with methotrexate treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Author
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Cuthbert RJ, Craig JI, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Bleomycin administration & dosage, Cyclophosphamide administration & dosage, Doxorubicin administration & dosage, Humans, Leucovorin administration & dosage, Male, Methotrexate therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Prednisolone administration & dosage, Prednisone administration & dosage, Remission Induction, Vincristine administration & dosage, Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin drug therapy, Methotrexate adverse effects, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome chemically induced
- Published
- 1993
153. Venous occlusion does not release von Willebrand factor, factor VIII or PAI-1 from endothelial cells--the importance of consensus on the use of correction factors for haemoconcentration.
- Author
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Wieczorek I, Ludlam CA, and MacGregor I
- Subjects
- Adult, Constriction, Endothelium, Vascular cytology, Female, Humans, Male, Veins, Blood Proteins metabolism, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Endothelium, Vascular metabolism, Factor VIII metabolism, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 metabolism, von Willebrand Factor metabolism
- Published
- 1993
154. HIV progression and immune activation.
- Author
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Ludlam CA and Steel CM
- Subjects
- Blood Transfusion, HIV Infections transmission, HLA-DR Antigens immunology, HLA-DRB3 Chains, Humans, HIV Infections immunology, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic immunology
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
155. Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in type I diabetes: effects of venous occlusion and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
- Author
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Wieczorek I, Pell AC, McIver B, MacGregor IR, Ludlam CA, and Frier BM
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Adult, Arm blood supply, Autoantigens analysis, Constriction, Pathologic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 immunology, Female, Fibrinolysis physiology, Humans, Hypoglycemia blood, Hypoglycemia chemically induced, Insulin adverse effects, Male, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 immunology, Veins, Blood Coagulation physiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 blood
- Abstract
1. The effects of venous occlusion on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were investigated in six patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and 11 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic control subjects. The coagulation parameters (fibrinogen, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time with kaolin, von Willebrand factor antigen) did not differ between patients and control subjects either before or after 20 min of venous occlusion. No rise was observed in von Willebrand factor antigen after venous occlusion in either group. 2. In the diabetic patients, chronic activation of the fibrinolytic system was found at baseline, which was indicated by a shortened euglobulin lysis time (P < 0.01), increased tissue plasminogen activator activity (P < 0.05) and decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 antigen level (P < 0.05), when compared with control subjects. In both groups venous occlusion resulted in significant increments in all measurements, except plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 antigen level. The post-occlusion values did not differ between the two groups, except the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 antigen level, which remained significantly lower in the diabetic patients. The mean increments in each parameter did not differ between the two groups. 3. Coagulation and fibrinolysis were assessed in response to acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Von Willebrand factor antigen levels increased significantly in both groups, with no difference in maximal increments. Significant activation of the fibrinolytic system occurred in response to hypoglycaemia, demonstrated by shortened euglobulin lysis time and increased fibrin plate lysis, tissue plasminogen activator antigen level and tissue plasminogen activator activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
156. Therapeutic concentrates for the treatment of congenital deficiencies of factors VII, XI, and XIII.
- Author
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Stirling D and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Factor VII therapeutic use, Factor VII Deficiency congenital, Factor XI therapeutic use, Factor XI Deficiency congenital, Factor XIII therapeutic use, Factor XIII Deficiency congenital, Humans, Factor VII Deficiency therapy, Factor XI Deficiency therapy, Factor XIII Deficiency therapy
- Published
- 1993
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157. Oesophageal candidiasis in an HIV-negative individual treated with factor VIII concentrate.
- Author
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Watson HG, Goulden NJ, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Aged, Female, Humans, Candidiasis etiology, Esophageal Diseases etiology, Factor VIII adverse effects, von Willebrand Diseases therapy
- Published
- 1992
158. Myocardial dysfunction in patients infected with HIV: prevalence and risk factors.
- Author
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Jacob AJ, Sutherland GR, Bird AG, Brettle RP, Ludlam CA, McMillan A, and Boon NA
- Subjects
- Adult, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated physiopathology, Cytomegalovirus Infections complications, Female, HIV Infections complications, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Toxoplasmosis complications, United Kingdom epidemiology, Ventricular Function, Left physiology, Zidovudine therapeutic use, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated epidemiology, HIV Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for myocardial dysfunction in HIV infection., Subjects: 173 patients infected with HIV underwent echocardiography. 119 were current or previous injection drug users, 38 were homosexuals, 10 were haemophiliac patients, and six were heterosexual., Main Outcome Measure: Detection of impaired ventricular function., Results: 26 patients with abnormalities of ventricular size or function or both were identified. The abnormality was (a) dilated cardiomyopathy in 13 patients (eight homosexuals, three drug users, and two haemophiliacs) with a mean CD4 count of 38 cells/mm3, which accords with end-stage disease (in addition, three patients were identified as having borderline impairment of left ventricular function); (b) left ventricular dilatation without loss of function in a further six patients; and (c) isolated right ventricular dilation in seven patients. Follow up echocardiograms were obtained in 71 patients, 18 of whom had myocardial dysfunction (103 echocardiograms, mean (SD) 2.5 (0.6) scans per patient, mean interval 200 (116) days, range 14-538 days). These showed that in four cases of isolated right ventricular dilatation, one of isolated left ventricular dilatation, and two with borderline left ventricular dysfunction myocardial function subsequently reverted to normal. There was no excess of exposure to zidovudine in the patients with myocardial dysfunction. Similarly, patients with myocardial dysfunction had no serological evidence of excess secondary infection with Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus., Conclusions: There was a high prevalence and wide range of myocardial dysfunction in HIV positive patients. Dilated cardiomyopathy was a feature of advanced HIV disease and affected all major risk groups for HIV infection. In contrast, isolated dilatation of either ventricle occurred at an earlier stage of HIV infection and, particularly in the case of the right ventricle, often was transient. Neither treatment with zidovudine nor infection with Toxoplasma gondii or cytomegalovirus seemed to be responsible for these findings.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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159. The fibrinolytic system and proteins C and S in treated polycythaemia rubra vera.
- Author
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Wieczorek I, MacGregor IR, Prescott RJ, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Blood Cell Count, Blood Coagulation Factors analysis, Blood Coagulation Tests, Female, Hematocrit, Humans, Liver Function Tests, Male, Middle Aged, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 analysis, Polycythemia Vera complications, Thromboembolism etiology, Tissue Plasminogen Activator analysis, Fibrinolysis, Polycythemia Vera blood, Protein C analysis, Protein S analysis
- Abstract
This study was designed to assess whether factors other than high haemoglobin, thrombocytosis and abnormal platelet function predispose to thrombosis in polycythaemia rubra vera (PRV). Components of the fibrinolytic system and concentrations of the naturally occurring anticoagulants were measured in patients and controls in the resting state; the fibrinolytic capacity was reassessed after venous occlusion. The results were related to presence or absence of a history of thromboembolism. Under resting conditions, patients with PRV had reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen levels and higher fibrin plate lysis area and tissue plasminogen activator activity. Protein C, protein S and factor V levels were reduced. Those patients with a history of thromboembolism had decreased tissue plasminogen activator activity after venous occlusion compared to those who had not experienced a thrombosis. We conclude that reduced fibrinolytic capacity may predispose to thrombosis in PRV. Despite treatment to normalize haemoglobin levels, the patients have persistent activation of their fibrinolytic systems. This, and reduced levels of proteins C and S, may be secondary to a chronic, clinically occult, disseminated intravascular coagulation.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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160. Enhancement of human T cell responses to allogeneic stimuli by factor VIII concentrates.
- Author
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Batchelor A, Steel CM, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Cell Division immunology, Cells, Cultured, Factor IX immunology, Factor VIII isolation & purification, Hemophilia A immunology, Humans, Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed, Male, Factor VIII immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology
- Abstract
The effect of factor VIII concentrate, from commercial and National Health Services manufacturers, on in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to allogeneic stimulator cells was investigated. Factor VIII preparations 'purified' by ion exchange or by monoclonal antibody affinity had no effect in this assay but lymphocyte proliferation in response to allogeneic cells was markedly and consistently enhanced by some intermediate purity factor VIII concentrates and, to a lesser extent, by a factor IX preparation. These preparations did not stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in the absence of other mitogens. The co-mitogenic factor(s) present in intermediate purity factor VIII was not identified. However, enhanced proliferation was not due to factor VIII itself, nor to albumin or fibronectin. The clinical relevance of the immunomodulatory activity of intermediate purity factor VIII concentrates in vitro is discussed.
- Published
- 1992
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161. AIDS: the alternative view.
- Author
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Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Humans, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology
- Published
- 1992
162. Convergent and divergent sequence evolution in the surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 within a single infected patient.
- Author
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Holmes EC, Zhang LQ, Simmonds P, Ludlam CA, and Brown AJ
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Biological Evolution, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Time Factors, Genes, env, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 genetics, HIV Infections microbiology, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
In an investigation of the evolution of the third hypervariable loop of gp120 (V3), the principal neutralization determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, we have analyzed 89 V3 sequences of plasma viral RNA purified from peripheral blood samples donated over 7 years by an infected hemophiliac. Considerable sequence diversity in the V3 region was found at all time points after seroconversion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that an important diversification had occurred by 3 years postinfection and that, subsequently, most sequences could be allocated to either one of two major lineages that persisted throughout the remainder of the infection. Rapid changes in frequency of the most common sequences and the observation that the same hexapeptide motif (GPGSAV) at the crown of the V3 loop has evolved convergently provide strong evidence that selective processes determine the evolutionary fate of sequence variants in this region.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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163. An HIV positive haemophiliac with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia successfully treated with intensive chemotherapy and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation.
- Author
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Turner ML, Watson HG, Russell L, Langlands K, Ludlam CA, and Parker AC
- Subjects
- Adult, Combined Modality Therapy, Cyclophosphamide administration & dosage, Cytarabine administration & dosage, HIV Seropositivity complications, Hemophilia A complications, Humans, Male, Methotrexate administration & dosage, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma drug therapy, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma surgery, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hemophilia A drug therapy, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma complications, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma therapy
- Abstract
A 26-year-old HIV positive severe haemophiliac developed Burkitt-type acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with intracranial involvement. He underwent standard combination therapy, and entered complete remission. Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was undertaken; the donor was also HIV positive. The patient died 18 months from transplant of isolated intracranial relapse, with no evidence of systemic relapse. Unlike other types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's type occurs in HIV positive patients with relatively normal CD4 cell counts. Remission can be achieved using intensive chemotherapy, and since these patients may otherwise have a reasonable life expectancy, BMT may be appropriate.
- Published
- 1992
164. Use of several second generation serological assays to determine the true prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in haemophiliacs treated with non-virus inactivated factor VIII and IX concentrates.
- Author
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Watson HG, Ludlam CA, Rebus S, Zhang LQ, Peutherer JF, and Simmonds P
- Subjects
- Drug Contamination, Hemophilia A drug therapy, Hemophilia B drug therapy, Hepatitis C complications, Hepatitis C transmission, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Scotland epidemiology, Factor IX therapeutic use, Factor VIII therapeutic use, Hemophilia A complications, Hemophilia B complications, Hepatitis C epidemiology
- Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in two risk groups, stored serum samples from treated haemophiliacs and intravenous drug users were tested for anti-HCV by both anti-C-100 based and second generation ELISAs (Abbott and Ortho) followed by testing in two confirmatory immunoblot assays that incorporate core as well as other non-structural antigens (Innogenetics LIA and Chiron RIBA-HCV test). Clear evidence of HCV infection was found in all but one of 78 haemophiliacs treated with non-virus inactivated clotting factor concentrates, but in none exposed only to super dry heat-treated concentrates. Only four samples gave rise to conflicting serological results between the four tests, two of these occurred in patients with advanced HIV related disease and almost certainly reflected loss of humoral immunity associated with disease progression, and the others occurred in the only two patients tested who were chronic carriers of hepatitis B infection and may reflect an interaction between the two viruses. Comparison of anti-C-100 versus second generation tests in immunocompetent drug users revealed a false negative rate of 20% using C-100 alone, indicating the advantage of using second generation assays for detection of past or current HCV infection. Of all of the antigens used in the confirmatory assay, positive sera showed strongest and most frequent reactivity with the C22 and C33c proteins (Ortho RIBA).
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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165. Immunological abnormalities in haemophiliacs.
- Author
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Watson HG and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Cell Division drug effects, HIV Infections etiology, HIV Infections transmission, Hemophilia A complications, Hemophilia A mortality, Humans, Liver Diseases etiology, Transfusion Reaction, Virus Replication immunology, Blood Coagulation Factors therapeutic use, HIV Seropositivity immunology, Hemophilia A immunology
- Abstract
10 years ago, it became apparent that haemophiliacs were developing diseases which were indicative of underlying immunodeficiency. The results of investigation confirmed that many had abnormal immune systems, particularly with regard to cell-mediated immunity. These abnormalities were thought to be a consequence of the use of clotting factor concentrates, and indeed the discovery of HIV and its mode of transmission, confirmed these suspicions. However, it subsequently became clear that HIV infection did not explain all the abnormalities observed. Many in vivo studies have shown that the immune systems of HIV-negative haemophiliacs are not entirely normal, and in vitro studies have shown that clotting factor concentrates per se have a modulating effect on immune function. We have reviewed particularly the abnormalities seen in HIV-negative haemophiliacs and their possible causes, as well as the specific features of HIV infection in haemophiliacs.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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166. Immunological studies in HIV seronegative haemophiliacs: relationships to blood product therapy.
- Author
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Cuthbert RJ, Ludlam CA, Steel CM, Beatson D, and Peutherer JF
- Subjects
- Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunoglobulins analysis, Intradermal Tests, Leukocyte Count, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Subsets, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Factor IX therapeutic use, Factor VIII therapeutic use, HIV Seropositivity immunology, Hemophilia A immunology, Hemophilia B immunology
- Abstract
Immunological studies were performed on a group of 44 haemophilia A and 15 haemophilia B patients who were treated exclusively with blood products manufactured by the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS). All patients were HIV seronegative throughout the study. Of the haemophilia A patients 14 (32%) had CD4+ lymphocyte subset counts less than or equal to 0.5 x 10(9)/l, compared with one (6%) haemophilia B patient and four (8%) controls. The percentage of activated T cells was greater than 5% in 19/33 (57%) with haemophilia A, 5/9 (55%) haemophilia B and 14/50 (28%) of control subjects. beta 2 microglobulin values greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/l were observed in 19 (43%) haemophilia A and four (26%) haemophilia B patients, compared with one (2%) control. No significant increases in serum interleukin-2 receptor concentrations were observed in 15 haemophilia A and one haemophilia B patients. Significantly elevated levels of IgG, IgM and IgA were observed in the haemophilia A group, but elevation of immunoglobulins was restricted to the IgG class in the haemophilia B group. Of the haemophilia A patients 16/30 (53%) and 6/11 (54%) haemophilia B patients had depression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to intradermally injected recall antigens. There was no correlation between factor VIII or factor IX usage and changes in lymphocyte subsets, beta 2 microglobulin, and immunoglobulin levels. There was, however, a strong correlation between annual factor VIII usage and the degree of depression of CMI for those with haemophilia A but not for those with haemophilia B. No correlation between alterations in the immune parameters and disturbance of liver function tests was observed in either haemophilia A or haemophilia B patients. We conclude that alloantigen or non-HIV viral exposure due to repeated administration of factor concentrates brings about alterations in the immune response, and that these changes are more marked following exposure to intermediate purity factor VIII compared with factor IX concentrate.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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167. Determinants of HIV disease progression: six-year longitudinal study in the Edinburgh haemophilia/HIV cohort.
- Author
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Simmonds P, Beatson D, Cuthbert RJ, Watson H, Reynolds B, Peutherer JF, Parry JV, Ludlam CA, and Steel CM
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome blood, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome transmission, Biomarkers blood, Drug Contamination, Factor VIII adverse effects, Follow-Up Studies, HIV Seropositivity blood, HIV Seropositivity epidemiology, Hemophilia A blood, Hemophilia A complications, Humans, Leukocyte Count, Longitudinal Studies, Lymphocyte Activation physiology, Receptors, Interleukin-2 analysis, Scotland epidemiology, T-Lymphocytes, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology, HIV Seropositivity immunology, HIV-1, Hemophilia A immunology, Immunoglobulin A analysis, Immunoglobulin M analysis
- Abstract
Markers of immune function present before infection may determine the subsequent course of disease in HIV-infected individuals. In 1983, we measured immune function in a group of haemophiliacs in Edinburgh. In 1984, 18 of these patients became infected with HIV-1 from contaminated factor VIII. We have followed-up these patients since their seroconversion. The rate of disease progression, as assessed by the appearance or not of AIDS symptoms or signs within five years of seroconversion, was related both to the concentration of total plasma IgM before exposure to infection and to the pattern of specific IgM and IgA anti-HIV response around the time of IgG seroconversion. Disease progression also correlated with concentrations of plasma interleukin-2 receptor (a marker of lymphocyte activation) and with the number and percentage of circulating DR + ve (activated) T cells. Our findings show that the extent of host immune reactivity, which may be genetically determined, is a powerful factor in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated disease.
- Published
- 1991
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168. The use of porcine factor VIII in the treatment of patients with acquired hemophilia: the United Kingdom experience.
- Author
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Morrison AE and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Animals, Autoantibodies analysis, Factor VIII immunology, Hemorrhage etiology, Hemorrhage immunology, Humans, Swine, Autoimmune Diseases immunology, Factor VIII therapeutic use, Hemorrhage therapy
- Abstract
Data have been collected by questionnaire on 15 acute bleeding episodes in 12 patients with acquired hemophilia, treated with porcine factor VIII (FVIII). The median initial anti-human FVIII inhibitor level was 40 Bethesda Units (BU)/ml, whereas that against porcine was 1 BU/ml. The mean initial dose of porcine FVIII infused was 54 micrograms/kg, which resulted in a rise of 0.57 IU/mL in the FVIII concentration. Therapy was continued for a mean of 8.5 days, during which time the average number of infusions was 11. Clinical response was rated as good or excellent in 82% of recipients. Side effects were uncommon; only one patient experienced a severe reaction. Following therapy, no increase in antihuman antibody levels was noted; increased levels of antiporcine antibody was detected in only two patients. One patient bled on three further occasions and was successfully retreated with porcine FVIII. Porcine FVIII is a safe and clinically effective treatment for bleeding episodes in acquired hemophilia and should be considered as first-line therapy for patients with low antiporcine FVIII levels.
- Published
- 1991
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169. Discontinuous sequence change of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 env sequences in plasma viral and lymphocyte-associated proviral populations in vivo: implications for models of HIV pathogenesis.
- Author
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Simmonds P, Zhang LQ, McOmish F, Balfe P, Ludlam CA, and Brown AJ
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome blood, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Biological Evolution, Genetic Variation, HIV-1 isolation & purification, Hemophilia A blood, Hemophilia A complications, Hemophilia A microbiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Oligonucleotides, Antisense, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Proviruses isolation & purification, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome microbiology, Genes, env, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 genetics, HIV-1 genetics, Lymphocytes microbiology, Phylogeny, Proviruses genetics
- Abstract
Sequence change in different hypervariable regions of the external membrane glycoprotein (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was studied. Viral RNA associated with cell-free virus particles circulating in plasma and proviral DNA present in HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted from blood samples of two currently asymptomatic hemophiliac patients over a 5-year period. HIV sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction to allow analysis in the V3, V4, and V5 hypervariable regions of gp120. Rapid sequence change, consisting of regular replacements by a succession of distinct viral populations, was found in both plasma virus and PBMC provirus populations. Significant differences between the frequencies of sequence variants in DNA and RNA populations within the same sample were observed, indicating that at any one time point, the predominant plasma virus variants were antigenically distinct from viruses encoded by HIV DNA sequences in PBMCs. How these findings contribute to current models of HIV pathogenesis is discussed.
- Published
- 1991
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170. Detection, quantification and sequencing of HIV-1 from the plasma of seropositive individuals and from factor VIII concentrates.
- Author
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Zhang LQ, Simmonds P, Ludlam CA, and Brown AJ
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Drug Contamination, Genes, env genetics, Genes, pol genetics, HIV Infections complications, HIV Seropositivity microbiology, HIV-1 genetics, Hemophilia A complications, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, Factor VIII analysis, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV-1 isolation & purification, RNA, Viral blood
- Abstract
A highly sensitive and reliable RNA polymerase chain reaction method has been developed which has been used to detect, quantify and sequence cell-free HIV RNA directly from the plasma of seropositive individuals. Plasma from 10 out of 12 haemophiliacs tested was found to contain detectable levels of HIV-1 RNA [log mean value: 1.2 x 10(3) copies for Centers for Disease Control (CDC) group II patients, 5.5 x 10(3) copies for CDC group IV patients]. The presence of cell-free circulating virus in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals suggests that viral replication continues throughout the course of infection. The same procedure has been used to detect and sequence HIV-1 RNA in two batches of unheated commercial factor VIII concentrate distributed in 1981 and 1983. The sequences obtained revealed a closer relationship to North American than to African strains of HIV-1.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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171. Aortic aneurysms and consumptive coagulopathy.
- Author
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Micallef-Eynaud PD and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aortic Aneurysm diagnostic imaging, Blood Coagulation Tests, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation diagnosis, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation drug therapy, Female, Fibrinogen metabolism, Heparin therapeutic use, Humans, Male, Partial Thromboplastin Time, Prothrombin Time, Thrombocytopenia etiology, Ultrasonography, Warfarin therapeutic use, Aortic Aneurysm complications, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation etiology
- Abstract
We describe three cases of consumptive coagulopathy caused by extensive thrombus formation in otherwise 'uncomplicated' aortic aneurysms. These cases demonstrate the importance of performing a coagulation screen in any patient presenting with thrombocytopenia who may have an aortic aneurysm. Effective therapy with low-dose heparin was demonstrated with subsequent haemostasis being maintained with warfarin.
- Published
- 1991
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172. Antenatal diagnosis.
- Author
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Old JM and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Amniocentesis, Base Sequence, Blood Coagulation Disorders diagnosis, Blood Coagulation Disorders genetics, Blood Coagulation Disorders metabolism, Blotting, Southern, Chorionic Villi Sampling, DNA genetics, DNA isolation & purification, DNA Mutational Analysis, Female, Fetal Blood chemistry, Fetal Diseases genetics, Genetic Carrier Screening, Hemoglobinopathies embryology, Hemoglobinopathies genetics, Hemophilia A embryology, Hemophilia A genetics, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Probes, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Pregnancy, Thalassemia diagnosis, Thalassemia genetics, Fetal Diseases diagnosis, Hemoglobinopathies diagnosis, Hemophilia A diagnosis, Prenatal Diagnosis
- Published
- 1991
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173. An unusual case of amyloidosis complicating light chain myeloma.
- Author
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Handa SI, Sheehan T, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Aged, Amyloidosis pathology, Biopsy, Humans, Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains urine, Male, Multiple Myeloma pathology, Muscles pathology, Amyloidosis etiology, Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Multiple Myeloma complications
- Abstract
We present an unusual case of light chain myeloma complicated by systemic amyloidosis. There was massive infiltration of the left iliopsoas and quadratus femoris muscles with amyloid, manifesting itself clinically as a progressive, painless limp. We point out that accurate diagnosis by muscle biopsy in such cases has important prognostic implications and may avoid the unnecessary use of potentially toxic and ineffective treatment.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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174. Hepatitis C quantification and sequencing in blood products, haemophiliacs, and drug users.
- Author
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Simmonds P, Zhang LQ, Watson HG, Rebus S, Ferguson ED, Balfe P, Leadbetter GH, Yap PL, Peutherer JF, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome complications, Adult, Base Sequence, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Contamination, Hepacivirus immunology, Hepatitis Antibodies analysis, Hepatitis C genetics, Humans, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Factor VIII analysis, Hemophilia A microbiology, Hepacivirus genetics, RNA, Viral chemistry, Substance Abuse, Intravenous microbiology
- Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected specific hepatitis C viral (HCV) RNA sequences in plasma from 15 of 21 haemophiliacs (12 HCV-antibody positive) and 7 of 27 intravenous drug users (13 HCV-antibody positive). Quantification of RNA-positive samples showed high levels of HCV (10(5) to 10(6) copies of RNA/ml) in infected patients. HCV was more frequently found in haemophiliacs infected with human immunodeficiency virus (11/11 HIV-positive and 4/10 HIV-negative patients). HCV-RNA was detected in all batches of commercially available factor VIII tested and in low concentrations in some pools of plasma donations from volunteers. Factor VIII, manufactured from volunteer donations, was uniformly negative by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences showed two distinct groups: one was associated with intravenous drug users and the other with haemophiliacs infected with Scottish factor VIII preparations. Both were distinct from sequences found in commercially available factor VIII.
- Published
- 1990
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175. Concurrent evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients infected from the same source: rate of sequence change and low frequency of inactivating mutations.
- Author
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Balfe P, Simmonds P, Ludlam CA, Bishop JO, and Brown AJ
- Subjects
- Base Sequence, Cohort Studies, Factor VIII therapeutic use, Genetic Variation, HIV Seropositivity, HIV-1 isolation & purification, Hemophilia A complications, Hemophilia A microbiology, Hemophilia A therapy, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligonucleotide Probes, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Proviruses genetics, Proviruses isolation & purification, Biological Evolution, Genes, Viral, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 genetics, HIV-1 genetics, Mutation, Viral Structural Proteins genetics
- Abstract
Direct sequencing of segments of the envelope gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviruses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells has revealed that a cohort of hemophiliacs who were infected after exposure to a single common batch of factor VIII share closely related virus strains. Seventy-four sequences extending from hypervariable regions V4 through V5 from nine patients yielded a mean intrapatient nucleotide distance of 5.5%, while a mean of 4.2% was observed in 39 sequences of the V3 loop (six patients). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sequences of six Edinburgh patients were particularly closely related and those from a patient infected in the United States were very distinct. The mean nucleotide distance among these six was 8.3%, while the mean distance from the U.S.-derived sequences was 25.5% in the V4-V5 region. The rate of sequence change across this patient group has been estimated to be 0.4% per year in the V4-V5 region and 0.5% per year in the V3 region, with at least a twofold range across patients. Only two inactivating nucleotide substitutions have been observed in a total of 42 kb of sequence obtained from the env and gag genes during this study.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
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176. Analysis of sequence diversity in hypervariable regions of the external glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
- Author
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Simmonds P, Balfe P, Ludlam CA, Bishop JO, and Brown AJ
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, DNA, Viral genetics, DNA, Viral isolation & purification, HIV Seropositivity, HIV-1 isolation & purification, Hemophilia A complications, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Weight, Oligonucleotide Probes, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Proviruses genetics, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Genetic Variation, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 genetics, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
Nucleotide sequences in three hypervariable regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env gene were obtained by sequencing provirus present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected individuals. Single molecules of target sequences were isolated by limiting dilution and amplified in two stages by the polymerase chain reaction, using nested primers. The product was directly sequenced to avoid errors introduced by Taq polymerase during the amplification process. There was extensive variation between sequences from the same individual as well as between sequences from different individuals. Interpatient variability was markedly less in individuals infected from a common source. A high proportion of amino acid substitutions in the hypervariable regions altered the number and positions of potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Sequences in two hypervariable regions frequently contained short (3- to 15-bp) duplications or deletions, and by amplifying peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA containing 10(2) or 10(3) proviral molecules and analyzing the product by high-resolution electrophoresis, the total number and abundance of distinct length variants within an individual could be estimated, providing a more comprehensive analysis of the variants present than would be obtained by sequencing alone. Sequences from many individuals showed frequent amino acid substitutions at certain key positions for neutralizing-antibody and cytotoxic T-cell recognition in the immunodominant loop. The rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution in the region of this and flanking regions indicate that strong positive selection for amino acid change is operating in the generation of antigenic diversity.
- Published
- 1990
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177. Five year prospective study of HIV infection in the Edinburgh haemophiliac cohort.
- Author
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Cuthbert RJ, Ludlam CA, Tucker J, Steel CM, Beatson D, Rebus S, and Peutherer JF
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Biopterins analogs & derivatives, Biopterins blood, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, HIV Infections etiology, HIV Seropositivity immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin A analysis, Leukocyte Count, Male, Middle Aged, Neopterin, Prospective Studies, Scotland, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, beta 2-Microglobulin metabolism, HIV Infections immunology, Hemophilia A immunology
- Abstract
Objective: To identify measures of immune state that reflect the course of HIV related disease in order to predict deterioration of symptoms and assess response to treatment., Design: Five year longitudinal clinical and laboratory study., Setting: Regional haemophilia centre, university virology laboratory, and Medical Research Council laboratory., Patients: 32 Patients with haemophilia A exposed to a single batch of HIV contaminated factor VIII concentrate from the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service in 1984 who were followed up regularly in Edinburgh (31) or abroad (one)., Main Outcome Measures: Counts of circulating T cell subsets (CD4 and CD8); plasma beta 2 microglobulin, neopterin, and IgA concentrations; and delayed type hypersensitivity to multiple skin test antigens., Results: 18 Patients who seroconverted after exposure had received significantly more contaminated factor VIII than the 14 who did not (mean 43 (range 9-109) v 15 (3-30) phials, p less than 0.01). The two groups were not distinguishable by other criteria before exposure. The group that seroconverted subsequently showed a progressive fall in mean circulating CD4 lymphocytes and an increase in plasma beta 2 microglobulin and neopterin concentrations. From 1987 patients in this group also showed an increase in mean circulating CD8 lymphocytes and in plasma IgA concentration, neither of which was seen in patients who did not seroconvert. Patients with HIV antibody who developed Centers for Disease Control category IV symptoms within five years after infection showed more extreme changes in all measures, except CD8 lymphocyte count, than those whose symptoms remained in categories II and III. Skin test reactivity declined to barely detectable levels in all patients positive for HIV antibody., Conclusions: Serial estimates of circulating CD4 lymphocytes and of plasma beta 2 microglobulin concentration are the most reliable measures of disease progression; of these, beta 2 microglobulin concentration seems to be the better predictor of impending serious symptoms. High IgA concentrations reflect rather than predict disease state. Individual variation in most measures is such that a wide range of measurements should be used in assessing the effects of trial treatment in HIV infected patients without symptoms.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
178. Confirmation of non-infection in persistently HIV-seronegative recipients of contaminated factor VIII.
- Author
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Peutherer JF, Rebus S, Barr P, Ludlam CA, Watson HG, and Steel MC
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Humans, Immunoglobulin M analysis, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Time Factors, Drug Contamination, Factor VIII administration & dosage, HIV Antibodies analysis, HIV Seropositivity diagnosis
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
179. Polycythaemia and HIV infection.
- Author
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Willocks L, Ludlam CA, and Welsby PD
- Subjects
- Adult, Homosexuality, Humans, Male, Smoking adverse effects, Zidovudine therapeutic use, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome complications, Polycythemia complications
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
180. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers.
- Author
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Simmonds P, Balfe P, Peutherer JF, Ludlam CA, Bishop JO, and Brown AJ
- Subjects
- Base Sequence, DNA, Viral isolation & purification, Genes, Viral, HIV genetics, HIV Infections etiology, HIV Infections microbiology, Hemophilia A complications, Hemophilia A microbiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Proviruses genetics, HIV isolation & purification, HIV Seropositivity microbiology, Monocytes microbiology, Proviruses isolation & purification
- Abstract
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the proportion of circulating mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which carry HIV provirus and the number of HIV proviral sequences per infected PBMC have been matters for conjecture. Using a double polymerase chain reaction which allows the detection of single molecules of provirus and a method of quantifying the provirus molecules, we have measured provirus frequencies in infected individuals down to a level of one molecule per 10(6) PBMCs. As a general rule, only a small proportion of PBMCs contain provirus (median value of samples from 12 patients, one per 8,000 cells), and most if not all of the infected cells carry a single provirus molecule. The frequency of provirus-carrying cells correlated positively both with the progression of the disease and with the success with which virus could be isolated from the same patients by cocultivation methods. Of seven asymptomatic (Centers for Disease Control stage II) patients, all but one contained one provirus molecule per 6,000 to 80,000 cells; of five Centers for Disease Control stage IV patients, all but one contained one provirus molecule per 700 to 3,300 cells. When considered in conjunction with estimates of the frequency of PBMCs that express viral RNA, our results suggest that either (i) the majority of provirus-containing cells are monocytes or (ii) most provirus-containing lymphocytes are transcriptionally inactive. We also present nucleotide sequence data derived directly from provirus present in vivo which we show is not marred by the in vitro selection of potential virus variants or by errors introduced by Taq polymerase. We argue from these data that, of the provirus present in infected individuals, the proportion which is defective is not high in the regions sequenced.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
181. A comparative study using immunological and biological assay of the haemostatic responses to DDAVP infusion venous occlusion and exercise in normal men.
- Author
-
Prowse CV, Farrugia A, Boulton FE, Tucker J, Ludlam CA, McLaren M, Belch JJ, Prentice CR, Dawes J, and MacGregor IR
- Subjects
- Constriction, Exercise Test, Factor VIII analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Plasminogen Activators analysis, Arginine Vasopressin pharmacology, Arm blood supply, Deamino Arginine Vasopressin pharmacology, Hemodynamics drug effects
- Abstract
In a group of six normal male volunteers, infusion of DDAVP, venous occlusion and exercise were shown to increase plasma levels of factor VIII and plasminogen activator, activity and antigen, to different extents and at differing rates. Any mechanisms suggested to explain release of these proteins by various stimuli should account for such differences. All three stimuli could also increase plasma levels of prostacyclin metabolites, although this was only significant for high doses of DDAVP. Other potential endothelial markers, such as fibronectin and thrombospondin, showed no specific increase after any of the stimuli.
- Published
- 1984
182. beta-Thromboglobulin test.
- Author
-
Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Beta-Globulins analysis, Blood Coagulation Tests methods, Thromboembolism diagnosis
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
183. Platelet and coagulation function in patients with abnormal cardiac valves treated with sulphinpyrazone.
- Author
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Ludlam CA, Allan N, Blandford RB, Dowdle R, Bentley NJ, and Bloom AL
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Anticoagulants therapeutic use, Cell Survival, Fibrinogen metabolism, Heart Valve Prosthesis, Humans, Middle Aged, Platelet Count, Platelet Factor 4 analysis, Thromboembolism prevention & control, beta-Thromboglobulin analysis, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation drug therapy, Rheumatic Heart Disease physiopathology, Sulfinpyrazone therapeutic use
- Abstract
Eight patients on warfarin with rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic cardiac valves were selected for study on the basis of persistently elevated plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta-tg) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) concentrations. Platelet mean lifespan and fibrinogen half life were short, and positively correlated, and both were inversely related to the plasma concentration of the platelet specific proteins. Antithrombin III (ATIII) levels were also reduced. Treatment with sulphinpyrazone resulted in lengthening of both platelet and fibrinogen survival, a rise in ATIII but no change in the beta tg or PF4 concentrations. It is concluded that patients with abnormal cardiac valves and raised plasma levels of beta tg or PF4 have, despite warfarin, a consumption coagulopathy that can be inhibited by sulphinpyrazone.
- Published
- 1981
184. Carrier detection in haemophilia a by immunological measurement of factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) and factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg).
- Author
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Peake IR, Newcombe RG, Davies BL, Furlong RA, Ludlam CA, and Bloom AL
- Subjects
- Factor VIII analysis, Female, Hemophilia A immunology, Humans, Radioimmunoassay, von Willebrand Factor, Antigens analysis, Factor VIII immunology, Genetic Carrier Screening methods, Hemophilia A genetics
- Abstract
23 obligate carriers of mild and severe haemophilia A and 26 normal females were bled on three occasions, and their plasmas assayed for procoagulant factor VIII (VIIIC), factor VIII related antigen (VIIIRAg) and factor VIII clotting antigen (VIIICAg). A comparison of the ratios VIIIC/VIIIRAg and VIIICAg/VIIIRAg indicated that, although the two ratios gave the same proportional misclassification of carriers as normals (four of 23), the latter ratio showed greater discriminatory power when an unequal variances predictive method was used to calculate likelihood ratios (for carrier status). This greater power was shown to be due to a greater reproducibility between visits for the VIIICAg/VIIIRAg ratio. Discrimination was considerably better when the median of the three median values for each variable was analysed, compared to the median value obtained at the first visit. There was also no statistical difference between VIIICAg/VIIIRAg (or VIIIC/VIIIRAg) ratios obtained from carriers of severe compared to mild haemophilia.
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
185. Acquired factor VIII inhibitor associated with multiple sclerosis, successfully treated with porcine factor VIII.
- Author
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Hoyle C and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Aged, Animals, Female, Humans, Swine, Factor VIII antagonists & inhibitors, Factor VIII therapeutic use, Multiple Sclerosis blood
- Published
- 1987
186. HIV antigen and antibody detection: variable responses to infection in the Edinburgh haemophiliac cohort.
- Author
-
Simmonds P, Lainson FA, Cuthbert R, Steel CM, Peutherer JF, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome etiology, Disease Susceptibility, Drug Contamination, Factor VIII therapeutic use, HIV Antibodies, HIV Antigens, Hemophilia A therapy, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Scotland, Time Factors, Viral Core Proteins immunology, Viral Envelope Proteins immunology, Antibodies, Viral analysis, Antigens, Viral analysis, HIV immunology, HIV Seropositivity diagnosis, Hemophilia A immunology
- Abstract
Sequential serum samples from 18 haemophiliac patients exposed simultaneously to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) in early 1984 were tested retrospectively for serological markers of infection. Assay for total antibodies to HIV established that the time to seroconversion might be as long as 110 days after exposure to contaminated factor VIII; serum samples were also tested by Western blotting, by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specific antibodies to envelope and core proteins, and for p24 antigen by two assay systems during the two years after infection. The studies showed that five of the 12 patients for whom serum samples obtained between exposure and seroconversion were available had transient p24 antigenaemia. Although amounts of total antibody to HIV and of antibodies to envelope proteins rose continuously during the two years of the study, amounts of antibody to the core protein were variable and tended to decline in patients who became symptomatic. Two patients had persistent p24 antigenaemia that began four months after seroconversion; these patients remained asymptomatic. One patient who developed the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) had transient antigenaemia at the time of seroconversion but failed to show any antigen for the rest of the study; progression to AIDS was accompanied by an increase in antibodies to envelope proteins. Much of the variability in the course of infection with HIV must represent the differences in the susceptibility of the patients to infection.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
187. Disordered immune regulation in haemophiliacs not exposed to commercial factor VIII.
- Author
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Ludlam CA, Carr R, Veitch SE, and Steel CM
- Subjects
- Drug Contamination, Factor VIII adverse effects, Hemophilia A therapy, Humans, Hemophilia A immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory immunology
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
188. No effect of aspirin on beta-thromboglobulin plasma levels in healthy volunteers.
- Author
-
Hoogendijk EM, ten Cate JW, Ludlam CA, and Bruin T
- Subjects
- Collagen pharmacology, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Placebos, Platelet Aggregation drug effects, Serotonin metabolism, Aspirin pharmacology, Beta-Globulins blood, beta-Thromboglobulin blood
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
189. Effects of alloantigens in blood products on immunity.
- Author
-
Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome transmission, Antibodies, Viral biosynthesis, Factor VIII immunology, HIV Antibodies, Hemophilia A immunology, Humans, Isoantigens administration & dosage, Factor VIII adverse effects, Hemophilia A drug therapy, Isoantigens adverse effects
- Published
- 1988
190. Efficacy of heat treatment of factor VIII concentrate.
- Author
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Cuthbert RJ, Ludlam CA, Brookes E, and McClelland DB
- Subjects
- HIV Seropositivity diagnosis, Humans, Hyperthermia, Induced, Factor VIII, Hot Temperature therapeutic use
- Abstract
Two batches of heat-treated factor VIII concentrate were found to contain anti-HIV-positive plasma donations. The batches were dry-heat-treated at 68 degrees C for 2 and 24 h, respectively. No HIV seroconversions occurred in 13 susceptible haemophiliacs receiving a total of 540 bottles of these factor VIII preparations.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
191. Hepatitis B infection in hemophilia.
- Author
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Ludlam CA and Peutherer JF
- Subjects
- Humans, Transfusion Reaction, Hemophilia A complications, Hepatitis B complications
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
192. The assessment of platelet function in vivo by measurement of beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and platelet survival.
- Author
-
Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Blood Platelets metabolism, Blood Platelets physiopathology, Cell Communication, Cell Survival, Cytoplasmic Granules metabolism, Endothelium cytology, Humans, Platelet Aggregation, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic physiopathology, Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic physiopathology, Thrombocytopenia physiopathology, Beta-Globulins, Blood Coagulation Factors, Blood Platelets physiology, Platelet Factor 4, beta-Thromboglobulin
- Abstract
The measurement of platelet lifespan and the plasma concentration of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 are potentially useful techniques for assessing platelet function in vivo. Recent clinical and laboratory studies are reviewed.
- Published
- 1980
193. Incidence of infection with hepatitis B virus in 56 patients with haemophilia A 1971-1979.
- Author
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Stirling ML, Murray JA, Mackay P, Black SH, Peutherer JF, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Chemical Precipitation, Child, Cold Temperature, Factor VIII therapeutic use, Hepatitis B Core Antigens analysis, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens analysis, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk, Factor VIII adverse effects, Hemophilia A therapy, Hepatitis B etiology
- Abstract
During each of the four-year periods 1971-1975 and 1975-1979, the annual incidence of hepatitis B infection has been assessed in 56 patients with haemophilia A by measuring plasma HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc levels. Infection rates of 7% and 9.5% per annum respectively were observed for each four-year period despite the screening of individual blood donations for HBsAg by techniques up to the sensitivity of reversed passive haemagglutination. The highest incidence of seroconversion was amongst severe haemophiliacs many of whom had received treatment predominantly with cryoprecipitate. Of the 16 patients in whom serological evidence of hepatitis B infection was obtained only one had an accompanying clinical episode of hepatitis. We conclude that haemophiliacs are still at high risk of infection by hepatitis B virus despite the screening of individual blood donors for HBsAg.
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
194. The release of a human platelet specific protein measured by a radioimmunoassay.
- Author
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Ludlam CA, Moore S, Bolton AE, Pepper DS, and Cash JD
- Subjects
- Blood Platelets, Collagen physiology, Heart Valve Prosthesis, Humans, Iodine Radioisotopes, Radioimmunoassay, Thrombin pharmacology, Globulins isolation & purification, Platelet Adhesiveness drug effects, Platelet Aggregation drug effects, Thromboembolism blood
- Published
- 1975
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
195. Survival of 111-indium platelet subpopulations of varying density in normal and post splenectomized subjects.
- Author
-
Watson HH and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Adult, Blood Platelets physiopathology, Cell Survival, Centrifugation, Density Gradient, Humans, Indium, Male, Middle Aged, Oxyquinoline analogs & derivatives, Postoperative Period, Radioisotopes, Splenectomy, Blood Platelets physiology, Hodgkin Disease blood, Organometallic Compounds
- Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the survival of platelets of differing densities in normal and post-splenectomized subjects. Autologous platelets, labelled with 111In-oxine, were reinjected into normal subjects (n = 12); 63% were recovered in the circulation and their survival curve was linear with a T 1/2 of 4.5 d. When the platelets were layered onto a continuous Percoll gradient, they formed a band extending between 1.040 and 1.080 g ml-1. After fractionation of the gradient the specific radioactivity of 111In platelets recovered was measured. The specific activity of low density platelets (average 1.050 g ml-1) decreased rapidly with a T 1/2 of 2.0 d, whilst medium density platelets (average 1.060 g ml-1) survived with a T 1/2 of 4.5 d; high density platelets (average 1.073 g ml-1) exhibited a T 1/2 greater than 5.0 d. This latter population of high density platelets also showed a significant increase in specific activity on the first day following injection. In post-splenectomy subjects a similar relationship between density and 111In associated activity was observed but no increase in the specific activity of the dense platelets on day 1 was observed. We conclude that high density autologous 111In-platelets are preferentially retained in the spleen and have a more prolonged survival than those of lower density.
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Transfusion associated graft-versus-host disease in T-cell chronic lymphocytosis.
- Author
-
Sheehan T, McLaren KM, Salter D, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Chronic Disease, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, T-Lymphocytes, Erythrocyte Transfusion, Graft vs Host Disease etiology, Lymphocytosis complications, Transfusion Reaction
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
197. Emotional impact of diagnosis and early treatment of lymphomas.
- Author
-
Lloyd GG, Parker AC, Ludlam CA, and McGuire RJ
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Female, Hodgkin Disease psychology, Hodgkin Disease therapy, Humans, Lymphoma psychology, Lymphoma therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Physician-Patient Relations, Sick Role, Adjustment Disorders psychology, Hodgkin Disease diagnosis, Lymphoma diagnosis
- Abstract
Psychiatric morbidity, relevant symptoms and satisfaction with communication were assessed in patients suffering from malignant lymphoma. Before treatment started 15 of 40 patients had clinically significant psychiatric morbidity. Treatment, in its early stages, was not associated with a significant change in mean psychiatric morbidity scores but there was a decrease in ratings of concern about illness and an increase in ratings of nausea. Eleven of 31 patients seen for a second interview reported dissatisfaction with some aspect of communication with the medical staff. The findings suggest that emotional distress can be contained with a policy of frank communication; nevertheless dissatisfaction is common, being associated with initial less concern, good general health and neurotic personality traits. Personality assessment should be incorporated in future studies of doctor-patient communication.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. Haematological indices in elderly patients with epistaxis.
- Author
-
Smith IM, Ludlam CA, and Murray JA
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Cell Count, Blood Coagulation Tests, Female, Hemoglobins analysis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Platelet Count, Epistaxis blood
- Published
- 1988
199. Reliability of a single beta-thromboglobulin measurement in a diabetic population: importance of PGE1 in anticoagulant mixture. Damad Study Group.
- Author
-
Scarabin PY, Strain L, Ludlam CA, Jones J, and Kohner EM
- Subjects
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arm blood supply, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radioimmunoassay, Alprostadil pharmacology, Anticoagulants pharmacology, Diabetes Mellitus blood, beta-Thromboglobulin blood
- Abstract
During the collection of samples for plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) determination, it is well established that artificially high values can be observed due to in-vitro release. To estimate the reliability of a single beta-TG measurement, blood samples were collected simultaneously from both arms on two separate occasions in 56 diabetic patients selected for a clinical trial. From each arm, blood was taken into two tubes containing an anticoagulant mixture with (tube A) and without (tube B) PGE1. The overall mean value of B-TG in tube B was 1.14 times higher than in tube A (p less than 0.01). The markedly large between-arms variation accounted for the most part of within-subject variation in both tubes and was significantly greater in tube B than in tube A. Based on the difference between B-TG values from both arms, the number of subjects with artificially high B-TG values was significantly higher in tube B than in tube A on each occasion (overall rate: 28% and 14% respectively). Estimate of between-occasions variation showed that B-TG levels were relatively stable for each subject between two occasions in each tube. It is concluded that the use of PGE1 decreases falsely high B-TG levels, but a single measurement of B-TG does not provide a reliable estimate of the true B-TG value in vivo.
- Published
- 1987
200. An immunoradiometric assay for procoagulant factor VIII antigen: results in haemophilia, von Willebrand's disease and fetal plasma and serum.
- Author
-
Peake IR, Bloom AL, Giddings JC, and Ludlam CA
- Subjects
- Antigens analysis, Factor VIII blood, Female, Hemophilia A blood, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Radioimmunoassay, von Willebrand Diseases blood, Factor VIII immunology, Fetal Blood immunology, Hemophilia A immunology, von Willebrand Diseases immunology
- Abstract
An immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) has been developed based on the inhibitor which arose in a polytransfused severe haemophiliac. The two-site IRMA measures antigens closely associated with the procoagulant parts of the factor VIII complex, which are termed FVIIC antigens or FVIIICAG. FVIIICAG was present in normal plasma and also, at a slightly lower concentration, in normal serum. In 37 patients with haemophilia A, 36 had FVIIICAG levels of less than 10% of the normal plasma pool. In patients with von Willebrand's disease the levels of FVIIIC and FVIIICAG were in good agreement, both before and after treatment with cryoprecipitate or DDAVP. FVIIICAG was relatively stable in plasma at 37 degrees C and could also be detected in cord and fetal serum. The assay is of potential value for detecting reduced levels of factor VIII, for carrier detection and for the prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia.
- Published
- 1979
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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