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Microbiota-induced tumorigenesis is well established in solid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract but rarely explored in hematologic malignancies. To determine the role of gut microbiota in lymphoma progression, we performed metagenomic sequencing on human primary gastrointestinal B cell lymphomas. We identified a distinct microbiota profile of intestinal lymphoma, with significantly decreased symbiotic microbes, particularly the genus Eubacterium and notably butyrate-producing Eubacterium rectale. Transfer of E. rectale -deficit microbiota of intestinal lymphoma patients to mice caused inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Conversely, E. rectale treatment reduced TNF levels and the incidence of lymphoma in sensitized Eμ-Myc mice. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide from the resident microbiota of lymphoma patients and mice synergizes with TNF signaling and reinforces the NF-κB pathway via the MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling, amalgamating in enhanced intestinal B cell survival and proliferation. These findings reveal a mechanism of inflammation-associated lymphomagenesis and a potential clinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of gut microbiota. [Display omitted] • E. rectale was identified as a protective factor in primary intestinal lymphoma • E. rectale prevented TNF-related intestinal inflammation by producing butyrate • E. rectale reduced the incidence of lymphoma in Eμ-Myc mice • TNF enhanced TLR4/MyD88 signaling to activate NF-κB pathway in B cells Lu et al. identified Eubacterium rectale as a protective factor in primary intestinal lymphoma. Eubacterium rectale is a butyrate-producing bacteria that inhibits intestinal inflammation, subsequently alleviating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling in B cells. Their findings revealed a mechanism of inflammation-associated lymphomagenesis and provided clinical rationale for targeting gut microbiota involved in lymphoma progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With labor migration, patriarchal families in rural China are changing. Furthermore, informatization is altering family, social, and cultural norms and accessibility to relative resources. Gender differences in information technology, however, may precipitate a digital divide and aggravate gender power gaps in families. Rural families in which males migrate to cities for employment, leaving female spouses behind, are common in China. The influence of informatization on the distance in family power structure between male and female members await further exploration. Employing resource and cultural norm theories and the propensity score matching (PSM) method, this study analyzed effects of male spouse migration and ICT (information and communication technology) use on 'left-behind' women's household decision-making power. The results showed that having migrant husbands increased household decision-making power of left-behind women and enhanced gender equality in families. Left-behind women's cellular phone use bolstered their household decision-making power, while using computers had no apparent effect. Left-behind women may lack skills to operate computers except for entertainment and socializing. Thus, they do not reap human capital advantages from using them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to investigate the effect of coating porosity on the ability to protect the substrate from corrosion and the combined action mechanism of corrosion and erosion wear. In this study, five coatings with different porosity characteristics were deposited on the substrate. The microstructures and phase composition of coatings were characterized. Furthermore, corrosion and erosion wear behavior of coatings were analyzed. The erosion wear patterns of uncorroded and corroded coatings were revealed. The mechanism that erosion wear was influenced through corrosion was determined. Results indicated that corrosion and erosion wear resistance were remarkably affected by porosity. The unsealed cermet failed to protect the substrate and aggravated the corrosion of the substrate through galvanic corrosion. Porosity affected the microcutting performance by influencing hardness, whereas corrosion affected the microcutting and deformation wear performance by acting on hardness, resulting in the loosened structure. The main erosion mechanisms of uncorroded and corroded coatings were microcutting and deformation wear, respectively. Deformation wear was induced by corrosion, and microcutting. The qualitative analysis of the combined action of corrosion and erosion can provide guidance in coating design. • Unsealed coating promoted substrate galvanic corrosion, not surface corrosion. • Revealed negative effects of porosity on erosion and corrosion resistance • Revealed erosion wear patterns of corroded and uncorroded coatings • Revealed the mechanism that erosion wear affected by corrosion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment‐friendly process, low production cost, and simple operation are regarded as key factors for scalable kesterite photovoltaic applications. Herein a green ammonium thioglycolate (TGAm)‐based aqueous solution route has been developed to deposit Cu2ZnSnS4 films. It is found that sinstering in ambient air is as good as in argon, making the production process more affordable and reproducible. TGAm is more active than other alkylthiols with longer alkyl chains and has a strong coordination capability toward metal ions, which is a key factor in the dissolution of a series of metal oxides. Meanwhile, TGAm is widely used in biopharmaceuticals and hairspray, demonstrating good biological compatibility. Moreover, a low level of Ag doping can be successfully incorporated into the host lattice of the CZTSSe to form a homogeneous (Cu1−x,Agx)2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CAZTSSe) alloy material by this aqueous process. Benefiting from the effect of Ag doping, the initial power conversion efficiency is successfully enhanced from 5.86% (x = 0) to 7.38% (x = 2%). An environment‐friendly ammonium thioglycolate‐based aqueous solution process is exploited to successfully deposit as‐prepared Cu2ZnSnS4 films in ambient air. It is found that sinstering in ambient air is as good as in argon, making the fabrication process more affordable and reproducible. The low level of Ag doping (Cu1−x,Agx)2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells based on this green, low‐cost, and simple synthetic route shows a power conversion efficiency of 7.38%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platycodi Radix (PR) is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., which has been used for a long time in China to treat pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of PR samples collected from 23 regions of 11 provinces in China. Eight saponins were quantified using HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The samples with the highest total contents of saponins were from southern China, such as Yunnan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Guangzhou. The fingerprint analysis of PR samples was conducted by HPLC-UV method. Nineteen common peaks were selected and the similarity values varied from 0.607 to 0.921. These findings indicated that the saponins contents of PR from different regions varied significantly, with PR samples from southern China having the highest contents of saponins. These comprehensive methods were successful in evaluating the quality of PR samples from northern and southern China, which will serve as a guide for the development of PR as a clinical medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) comprise a diverse group of indolent lymphoproliferative disorders; however, some patients develop histologic transformation (HT) with rapid progression to aggressive lymphoma. Methods: Forty‐three MZLs with HT (HT‐MZLs), 535 MZLs, and 174 de novo diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) without rearrangements of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 were collected. Among these, 22 HT‐MZLs, 39 MZLs, and 174 DLBCLs were subjected to 148‐gene targeted exome sequencing. The clinicopathologic features of patients who had HT‐MZL and their genetic alterations were compared with those of patients who had MZLs and DLBCLs. Results: All 43 HT‐MZLs corresponded to DLBCLs. No HT‐MZLs harbored BCL2 and MYC and/or BCL6 rearrangements. Bone marrow involvement and higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase were significantly more common in HT‐MZLs than in MZLs. Furthermore, upregulated BCL6, MUM1, C‐MYC, and Ki‐67 expression was observed more frequently in HT‐MZLs than in MZLs. TBL1XR1 was the most frequently altered gene (63.6%) in HT‐MZLs, followed by CCND3 (31.8%), CARD11, ID3, and TP53 (22.7%). A trend toward worse progression‐free survival in patients with TBL1XR1 mutations was observed. Compared with MZLs and non–germinal center B‐cell (GCB) type DLBCLs, significantly higher frequencies of TBL1XR1 and ID3 mutations were identified in HT‐MZLs. PIM1 mutations frequently occurred in DLBCLs and were significantly associated with TBL1XR1 mutations but were mutated less in HT‐MZLs that had TBL1XR1 mutations. Conclusions: The current findings reveal the clinicopathologic and genetic features of HT‐MZLs, suggesting that these tumors might constitute a group distinct from MZL and de novo non–GCB type DLBCL. TBL1XR1 mutations may be considered a predictor of HT in MZL. A majority of marginal zone lymphomas with histologic transformation harbor TBL1XR1 mutations. Marginal zone lymphomas with histologic transformation exhibit immunophenotypic and genetic features that differ from those of marginal zone lymphomas and de novo diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental investigation is performed on the interaction of intense femtosecond laser pulses at the intensity of 6 × 1017 W/cm2 (55 fs, 160 mJ at 800 nm) with ethane cluster (C2H6)N jets prepared under the backing pressure of 30 bars at room temperature (298 K). The experiment results indicate the generation of energetic protons, whose average and maximum kinetic energies are 12.2 and 138.1 keV, respectively, by Coulomb explosion of (C2H6)N clusters. (C2H6)N clusters of 5 nm in radius are generated in the experiment, which are 1.7 times larger than that of (CH4)N clusters prepared in the same conditions. Empirical estimation suggests that (C2H6)N clusters with radius of about 9.6 nm can be prepared at 80-bars backing pressure at 308 K. While (C2H6)N clusters of so large size are irradiated by sufficiently intense laser pulses, the average energy of protons will be increased up to 50 keV. It is inferred that such large-size deuterated ethane clusters (C2D6)N will favor more efficient neutron generation due to the significant increase of the D-D nuclear reaction cross section in laser-driven cluster nuclear fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A single-intensity phase retrieval is proposed by generating reliable object supports using deep learning. • The convergence of iterative phase retrieval algorithms can be markedly enhanced with the generated support constraint. • The training features in the proposed method are binary-image supports, which provides the good generalization. • The method uses simulated data for training, eliminating the need for experimental data collection. Phase retrieval is an essential technique for imaging applications in many fields such as biology and materials science. The fundamental challenge lies in reconstructing objects from measured intensity patterns. A prevalent solution involves an iterative strategy that alternates projections between the object and detector planes. However, reconstructing objects from a single diffraction intensity pattern remains challenging due to the absence of constraints at the object plane. Here, we propose a learning-based approach that generates reliable object support in real time from its autocorrelation support. With the generated support as the constraint for the object plane, we show that the convergence of iterative phase retrieval algorithms can be markedly enhanced. Compared with the end-to-end learning-based methods, the proposed method has a unique character that the training features are binary supports, instead of the type and content of objects, so that our approach has better generalization. Furthermore, one of the advantages of our method is that it uses simulated data for training, eliminating the need for experimental data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels have promising applications for flexible strain sensors. However, most hydrogels have poor tensile strength and are susceptible to damage, significantly impeding their potential for further application. Wood has been used to reinforce hydrogels, significantly enhancing their strength and dimensional stability. However, wood-based hydrogels generally lack adhesive properties or exhibit low self-adhesion. To address this issue, we introduced acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC) into the hydrogel network through graft aggregation. The resulting electrostatic interactions significantly enhanced the adhesion of the wood-based hydrogel up to 270 kPa (for glass) and concurrently strengthened its cohesion. The prepared novel wood-based hydrogel (WDDH) exhibited high tensile strength (3.38 MPa), low-swelling ratio (only 2 % longitudinal), and high tensile strain (274.40 %). When WDDH was used as the wearable strain sensor, it showed a gauge factor of approximately 4.94. The device effectively captured and detected human movements, including finger and joint flexion, walking patterns, and hydration habits. The objective of this research is to develop a wood-based hydrogel with enhanced mechanical strength, adhesive properties, and flexibility for use in wearable sensors. This study provides insight into the development of flexible sensor hydrogels with improved adhesion properties using biomass materials. The WDDH hydrogel, synthesized through the reaction between lignocellulosic framework and DES, exhibits exceptional mechanical properties as well as remarkable adhesion characteristics. Incorporating wood as a reinforcing material enhances its mechanical performance, while the adhesion is primarily attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, and other direct interactions between the hydrogel and substrates. The WDDH can be securely affixed to the surface of human tissues for precise monitoring of vital activities. Furthermore, the advantageous electrical signal transmission can be attributed to the inherent porous structure of wood that provides a stable pathway for ion transport. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been numerous studies on flame retardant modification of natural fiber/PLA composite materials due to the demand for applications. However, the existing flame retardant modification methods mostly involve adding flame retardants, which have a negative impact on the mechanical properties. Based on this, this study aims to introduce sulfonic groups into the cellulose of straw fibers via modification with a sulfamic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (SDES), thereby achieving flame retardance without affecting the inherent mechanical properties of the composite material. The performance enhancement of DS/PLA is manifested in the following specific aspects: the LOI reaches 36.53 %, the thermal stability is improved from 7.8 % of the residual carbon of PS/PLA to 38.4 %, and the tensile modulus is increased by 69.5 %. The preparation scheme for straw/PLA composite materials in this study is simple, economical, and efficient, and the flame retardant performance of the composite material is excellent, providing valuable references for flame retardant modification of natural fiber/plastic composite materials. • The straw/polylactic acid composite has excellent flame retardant properties. • It does not need a third substance to achieve excellent flame retardant. • It has no negative effect on the mechanical properties of the composite. • The straw and polylactic acid raw materials used in the research are degradable. • The modified reagent (deep eutectic solvent) used is environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of remanufacturing high-value wear parts of shield tunneling machines, novel Fe-based composite coatings were prepared by collaborative modification with nano-TiC and nano-CeO 2 particles. This work aims to improve the wear properties of Fe-based alloy coatings by regulating the morphology and dispersion of TiC through the addition of different contents of nano-TiC and nano-CeO 2. First, the coatings with different contents of nano-TiC (from 5 wt% to 15 wt%) and nano-CeO 2 (from 1 wt% to 2 wt%) were prepared by laser cladding. Subsequently, the microstructure, phase composition, microhardness, and wear properties of the coatings were examined. Furthermore, the wear morphology and the influence mechanism of nano-particles on the wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. It was found that the addition of nano-TiC eliminates the macro-defects of Fe55 alloy coating. Meanwhile, the morphology and dispersion of TiC particles in coatings were affected by the content of nano-TiC and nano-CeO 2. Specifically, the addition of 1 wt% nano-CeO 2 facilitates to the formation of near-spherical tiny TiC particles with low agglomeration in the coating. Therefore, the Fe55 + 10 wt% nano-TiC+1 wt% nano-CeO 2 coating exhibits the best wear property among all the prepared Fe-based coatings. This paper provides theoretical guidance for the preparation of the modified Fe-based coating with excellent wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) enables the sustainable production of chemicals under ambient condition; however, suffers from serious competition with hydrogen (H 2) evolution and the use of precious metals as electrocatalysts. Herein, molybdenum disulfide is for the first time developed as an efficient and noble-metal-free catalyst for ECH via in situ intercalation of ammonia or alkyl-amine cations. This interlayer engineering regulates phase transition (2H → 1 T), and effectively ameliorates electronic configurations and surface hydrophobicity to promote the ECH of biomass-derived oxygenates, while prohibiting H 2 evolution. The optimal one intercalated by dimethylamine (MoS 2 -DMA) is capable of hydrogenating furfural (FAL) to furfuryl alcohol with high Faradaic efficiency of 86.3%–73.3% and outstanding selectivity of >95.0% at −0.25 to −0.65 V (vs. RHE), outperforming MoS 2 and other conventional metals. Such prominent performance stems from the enhanced chemisorption and surface hydrophobicity. The chemisorption of H intermediate and FAL, synchronously strengthened on the edge-sites of MoS 2 -DMA, accelerates the surface elementary step following Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Moreover, the improved hydrophobicity benefits FAL affinity to overcome diffusion limitation. Discovering the effective modulation of MoS 2 from a typical H 2 evolution electrocatalyst to a promising candidate for ECH, this study broadens the scope to exploit catalysts used for electrochemical synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore high-performance carbide catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the rational design of hierarchically porous catalyst benefitting active-site exposure and fast mass transport is extremely demanded. Herein, Chinese ink (CI), used for writing and drawing for thousands of years, is adopted to promote the formation of co-assembly of carbon nanoparticles and Mo-based lamellar organic-inorganic hybrids, which, after pyrolysis in Ar atmosphere, is further converted to 3D hierarchically structured and porous MoC x /C nanocomposites (HSP-MoC x /C) for high-efficient HER. Their skeleton structure, porosity, carbon amounts, phase composition and active species dispersity are well modulated by simply tuning the CI dosage in starting mixture, and its mechanism is monitored via a series of physicochemical characterization techniques. The optimal composite exhibits remarkable HER activity with low overpotentials of 112 and 86 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2, and the small Tafel slopes of 52 and 50 mV dec−1 in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 and 1 M KOH solution, respectively. Such performance stems from the combined effects of enhanced ion/mass transport, abundant exposed active sites and high conductivity due to the 3D hierarchically skeleton architecture of catalysts. This work paves a new strategy to design hierarchically porous materials for chemical conversion and energy storage. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The percent level energy spread and large divergence of laser-plasma beam are the main challenges of realizing compact short-wavelength free-electron lasers based on laser-plasma accelerators. These issues can be solved with proposed transverse gradient undulator method or bunch decompression method along with proper transport design. We present a study of using an expected 500 MeV laser-plasma beam with 0.3 m m ⋅ m r a d normalized emittance and 0.3 m r a d divergence at Peking University to drive compact free-electron laser at 30 nm. We employ the bunch decompression method with a chromatic matching beamline as well as the transverse gradient undulator method with assumed matched beam. Simulation shows that 700 MW power, 9.7 fs pulse duration and 0.85% relative bandwidth FEL output can be obtained using chromatic matched bunch decompression method. FEL with similar performance can be obtained using the transverse gradient undulator scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract W Ti alloy, which is a candidate of the gasket material used for the neutron high pressure diffraction, was proposed and fabricated by the powder metallurgy method in this paper. The laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope were used to study the effects of milling time on the particle size distribution and the microstructure. The results show that with the extension of milling time, the particle size of the milled powders decreases, and the grain size of the sintered alloys also decreases. However, the oxygen content increases, and the αTi phase gradually appears and its amount increases with the increase of the milling time. The microstructure is composed of the W-rich (βTi,W) phase, the αTi phase and the eutectic phase before the milling time of 2 h, and after that the eutectic phase disappears. Oxygen coming from the milling gets rich in titanium so that it makes more and stable αTi phase. This is because, with the extension of milling time, the oxygen content is so high that the αTi phase can be very stable and the diffusion of W into Ti at the high temperature is suppressed. Moreover after 0.5 h ball milling, the maximum strength of the alloy is 3323 MPa due to the uniform microstructure. Highlights • The microstructure is W-rich and Ti-rich (βTi, W) phases when the milling time is 0.5 h and quenched at 1500 °C. • Oxygen content increases with the milling time and thus the diffusion of W into Ti is suppressed. • The eutectic phase exists before the milling time 2 h and the αTi phase gradually appears after that • The alloy reaches a maximum compressive strength of 3323 MPa due to the uniform microstructure obtained after milling 0.5 h [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]