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RESUMEN Introducción: La detección de la simulación se fundamenta en distintas fuentes de información (Exploración física, Pruebas médicas, Evaluación psiquiátrica, Pruebas biomecánicas). A mayor inconsistencias más posibilidades de sobrevaloración. Objetivos: Demostrar que los resultados inconsistentes en pruebas biomecánicas y Test de personalidad (SIMS, PAI, MMPI-2, MCMI-III), se corresponden con un perfil de personalidad característico (somatizador, histriónico, hipocondríaco). Material y Métodos: SUJETOS: 70 pacientes valorados en MAZ por lumbalgia crónica. METODO: determinación de fiabilidad en Valoración Biomecánica (Ned Lumbal) + Entrevista Psiquiátrica Estructurada + fiabilidad en Test de personalidad (MMPI-2, MCMI-III, PAI, SIMS). Resultados y Conclusiones: 1) Los pacientes poco fiables muestran significativamente más rasgos de personalidad somatizadora, hipocondríaca e histriónica. 2) no diferencias significativas en pacientes con trastornos adaptativos ansioso-depresivos. 3) alta correlación entre pruebas biomecánicas y de personalidad. Conclusiones: Confirmamos un mayor perfil de personalidad premorbida (somatizador, hipocondríaco e histriónico) y sobrevaloración en lumbalgia crónicas empleando pruebas biomecánicas/psiquiátricas. ABSTRACT Introduction: The detection of the simulation is based on different information sources (physical examination, medical tests, psychiatric evaluation, biomechanical tests). To major inconsistencies more possibilities of overvaluation. Objective: To demonstrate that inconsistent results in Biomechanical tests (Ned-Lumbar) and Personality tests (SIMS, PAI, MMPI-2, MCMI-III) correspond to a characteristic personality profile (somatization, histrionic, hypochondriac). Material and Method: SUBJECTS: 70 patients with chronic back pain valued by MAZ. METHOD: To determinate the reliability in Biomechanical Assessment (Ned Lumbal) + Structured Psychiatric Interview + Personality test (MMPI-2, MCMI-III, PAI, SIMS). Results: 1) Patients with few reliability have a personality profile of somatization, hypochondriac or histrionic statistically significant. 2) No significant differences in patients with adaptative anxiety-depressive disorders. 3) High correlation between biomechanical and personality test. Conclusions: It is confirmed a mayor profile of premorbid personality (somatization, hypochondriac and histrionic) and an overvaluation in chronic back pain using biomechanical and psychiatric tests.

The regional development programs promoted by the national governments and international multilateral agencies, like the World Bank and the Inter American Development Bank, are oriented to public policies under which public goods, like public services and infrastructures, are supplied to underdeveloped regions, many in Latin America. More a more evidences are pointing to the fact that success of these programs depends in a good part of externalities, which are related to the changes in the form of networking and values among the stakeholders in the territory. These externalities are defined as the Social Capital. As externalities, they are not directly evaluated in the projects economic and social impact, but accepted to exist and the planners of the projects do acknowledge the importance of social networking, although never assessed. Several approaches have been proposed for the assessment of the Social Capital. For managing development projects, the Woolcock approach is considered one of the more interesting. The objective of the research project described in this paper is to measure up front the social capital of a given regional development project, from the project plans before implementation, and to compare the social capital results with those of the benefits according to the drafted project framework agreed upon the multilateral agencies and the region authorities. The regional program selected is the "Programa de Desenvolvimiento da Zona da Mata" (PROMATA) in the State of Pernanbuco Brazil, under the sponsor of the Inter American Development Bank. The project was designed to induce development in which community resources were to be mobilized, with the intention of getting the stakeholders involved as proponents and protagonists of social change in their territories. That social based bottom-up framework was a very interesting opportunity to observe the social capital component given the profile of the project. The research was carried out with the project just finished, which provided the background to compare the up-front analysis with the changes in the social network and values observed. The drafted project plans, including all programs and actions to be implemented, and the preliminar budget, are evaluated using a modified Regnier Abacus by a panel of experts in International Development Projects adapted to reflect the Social Capital model based on Woolcock attributes. The results were processed using Correspondence Analysis and Bayes Model to produce the indexes associated with Woolcock attributes reflected in the decision matrices used to represent the Social Capital status.

Seasonal variations of total dissolved fluxes of the lower Orinoco River were calculated taking into account four complete hydrological cycles during a five-year period (2005-2010). The modern concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) of the Orinoco surface waters were compared with data collected during the second half of the last century published in the literature. This comparison leads to the conclusion that chemical composition did not evolve significantly at least over the last thirty to forty years. Surface waters of the Orinoco at Ciudad Bolivar are between bicarbonated calcic and bicarbonated mixed. In comparison to mean values of concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) of world river surface waters (89.2 mg l(-1)), the Orinoco River at Ciudad Bolivar presents mainly low mineralized surface waters (2005-10: TDS 30 mg l(-1)). The TDS fluxes passing at this station in direction to the Atlantic Ocean between 2005 and 2010 were estimated at 30 x 10(6) t yr(-1), i.e. 36 t km(-2) yr(-1). It was observed that the seasonal variations (dry season vs wet season) of total dissolved fluxes (TDS and dissolved organic carbon (DoC)) are mainly controlled by discharge variations. Two groups of elements have been defined from dilution curves and molar ratio diagrams. Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl- and Na+ mainly come from the same geographic and lithologic area, the Andes. K+ and SiO2 essentially come from the Llanos and the Guayana Shield. These findings are important for understanding fundamental geochemical processes within the Orinoco River basin, but also as a baseline study in the perspective of the development of numerous mining activities related with aluminum and steel industries; and the plans of the Venezuelan government to construct new fluvial ports on the lower Orinoco for the transport of hydrocarbons.

This study compares the total suspended sediment (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics of two major inter-tropical rivers, the Congo in Central Africa and the Orinoco in South America, focusing on sampling undertaken during the period 2006-2010. Both rivers are characterized by similar mean annual discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, on its eastern and western margins, respectively. For both rivers, the results presented are placed in the context of the available longer-term hydrological time series (Congo: 1903-2010; Orinoco: 1926-2010). The key features of the recent records of material flux for both rivers were established and compared with other published data from the 20th century. The available discharge time series show that the rivers are characterized by similar maximum monthly discharges (Congo: 75500m(3) s(-1); Orinoco: 85500m(3) s(-1)) and similar inter-annual variability (Congo: 1.69; Orinoco: 1.66). However, contrasts in low-flow regime (minimum low flows: Congo: 23000m(3) s(-1); Orinoco: 2300m(3) s(-1)) and seasonal variability (Congo: 3.3; Orinoco: 37.2), as well as in material fluxes were identified. Specific suspended sediment yields for the Orinoco (89t km(-2) yr(-1)) were very significantly higher than those for the Congo (9.4t km(-2) yr(-1)). These differences are mainly explained by contrasts in the physiographic characteristics of the two river basins, such as their contrasting relief. The differences between the TSS fluxes calculated for the Orinoco in this study and those indicated by published data from the second half of the 20th century can be explained by the impact of the hydroelectric dams built in the foothills of the Andean Cordillera. Changes in the TSS fluxes of the Congo are mainly explained by the impact of climatic change on total runoff.

Este trabajo pretende investigar como se comporta un modelo de crecimiento del empleo en un territorio geográficamente cerrado considerando tanto su vertiente espacial, y el efecto de rebosamiento espacial de la variable endógena de empleo, como su vertiente temporal considerando el comportamiento de las variables empleo y recursos en diferentes ejercicios económicos sucesivos. Esto último permite incorporar el efecto de relación temporal entre las variables permitiendo derivar otros indicadores temporales que según el modelo faciliten una explicación del comportamiento del empleo en el tiempo. Para evaluar el modelo se ha tomado como piloto una subcomarca de acentuado carácter rural de Palencia, y se ha utilizado la modelación SUR Espacial.

This work dcals with the new trends in tourism and the effect of ICT on the tourism management. The article is focused on the rural tourism development. Three different countries cases are exposed with the main webs the reader can consult. The countries are in the Southern Europe: France, Italy and Spain. Everyone can navigate through the webs and take his own conclusions.

The Spanish tourism stakchoiders (State Tourism Administration, public tourism agencies, hospitality sector, recreational sector, travel operators, other touristic business, etc.) have developed a very powerful and practical quality certification system for all the actors in the tourism sector, including all those actors and activities in the rural tourism sector, which traditionally do not have a proper tourism system. In this framework the Institute for Spanish Tourism Quality (ICTE) administers, manages and monitors the "Spanish Tourism Quality" "Q" Mark, as an exclusive brand that announces the quality of the activity and service provided by the certified tourist business.

Commerce in rural territories should not be considered as a needed service, but as a basic infrastructure, that impact not only existent population, but also tourism, and rural industrialization. So, the rural areas need not only agriculture but industry and services, to have a global and balanced development, including for the countryside and the population. In the work presented in this paper, we are considering the formulation of the direct relation between population and the endowment of commerce sites within a geographical territory, the ?area of commercial interactions?. These are the closer set of towns that can gravitate to each other to cover the required needs for the populations within the area. The products retailed, range from basic products for the daily lives, to all other products for industry, agriculture, and services. The econometric spatial model developed to evaluate the interactions and estimate the parameters, is based on the Spatial Error Model, which allows for other spatial hidden effects to be considered without direct interference to the commercial disposition. The data and territory used to test the model correspond to a rural area in the Spanish Palencia territory (NUTS-3 level). The parameters have dependence from population levels, local rent per head, local and regional government budgets, and particular spatial restrictions. Interesting results are emerging form the model. The more significant is that the spatial effects can replace some number of commerce sites in towns, given the right spatial distribution of the sites and the towns. This is equivalent to consider the area of commercial interactions as the unit of measurement for the basic infrastructure and not only the towns.

La harinosidad, tanto en manzana como en melocotón, es una característica sobre la cual el consumidor muestra un completo desconocimiento, como se demuestra en la encuesta realizada a un total de 768 consumidores de Madrid; en la muestra se seleccionaron distintos barrios de la ciudad, varios lugares de compra y personas de diferente sexo y edad para ver cómo influyen estos factores en su comportamiento y en sus preferencias. En general, se observa que el comportamiento del consumidor está guiado por las características sensoriales de una determinada fruta y por su capacidad para identificar visualmente determinadas variedades que gustativamente han resultado de su agrado.