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Urban fabric of cities can be formed through their context due to their groundform. We live and experience cities while urban life plays a vital role consisting the urban ground. To be able to find possible ground areas in contemporary cities, urban gaps can be a tool to intervene. Through these intentions, the thesis seeks to examine urban gaps for their potentials of uses of ground types. The research studies how does groundform architecture can establish relationships between infrastructure and landscape links in a contemporary city. Showing how architectural landscape integrates into an urban setting through infrastructure comprises the main motives of the research. With investigating the groundform architecture in an urban context, the thesis proposes series of interventions on an urban scale, with the new activities for these territories of gaps. By generating an urban corridor as a connector through public infrastructure using the existing ground and constructing a new ground that functions together, the proposal stitches the gap made between the urban fabric and the waterfront in the focused area, Halic, Istanbul with the aim of reactivating the ground.

El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una investigación comparativa sobre tres hospitales infantiles. El primero, el Evelina Children´s Hospital en Londres proyectado por los arquitectos Michael y Patty Hopkins, arquitectos que enfocaron su idea principal en la no sobre compartimentación. El segundo, el Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona construido en la década de los 70 y reformado en el 2004 por los arquitectos Rosa Clotet y Joan Llongueras, donde implementaron su concepto de “pediatrización” en el diseño interiorista. Tercero y último, el Royal Children´s Hospital Melbourne que abordó una ampliación en el año 2007, encabezada por los despachos Bates Smart y Billard Leedce ambos muy comprometidos con el medioambiente. Para completar el estudio, se añade un anexo con un análisis menos profundo de dos proyectos que todavía no se han construido pero que considero muy interesantes. Para finalizar se incluye un apartado de conclusiones, The aim of this project is to make a study on children’s hospital architecture and generate a debate on the way of projecting, based on the child´s perception of architecture. In order to create awareness of this issue, I decided make a comparative research on three children’s hospitals. The first one is the Evelina Children’s Hospital designed by the architects Michael and Patty Hopkins, architects who focused their main idea on the non over partition. The next one is the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu in Barcelona, which suffered a reform under analysis in 2004, designed by Rosa Clotet and Joan Llongueras, who implemented the pediatric idea in the interior design. The third and last is the Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. A hospital which had an expansion in 2007 led by the studios Bates Smart and Billard Leedce, both of them were very committed to preserve the environment. To complete the study, an annex is added with a less in-depth analysis of two projects that have not been built yet but I consider interesting. To end this project, a conclusions section is included.

El nostre entorn social, polític i productiu canvia constantment al llarg de la línia temporal de la història, per tant, la forma en què interactuem, ens relacionem i vivim també ho fa. De la mateixa manera, el món material que ens envolta i les seves formes han de respondre a les necessitats presents de cada període i preveure les futures. Rere una època dominada per la industrialització i mecanització, que per tant, també la seva arquitectura, cal replantejar-se la identitat i els valors de la realitat actual. Així doncs, aquest treball parteix de qüestionar-se la relació teòrica pràctica de l’arquitectura contemporània. Per entendre què ens ha portat fins aquí cal remuntar a l’última llengua arquitectònica codificada, la del moviment modern. Per això, a partir de Sigfried Giedion i Bruno Zevi es fa un estudi dels seus orígens i formes, les quals, funcionalitzades i estetitzades a parts iguals, desencadenen en una pèrdua d’empatia i autisme de l'objecte arquitectònic que s’investiga a través del pensament fenomenològic de Juhani Pallasmaa i les teories de sistemes i relacions de Josep Maria Montaner. Arrel de les bases teòriques, s’analitzen tres projectes que posen en comú la reivindicació d’una arquitectura humana de síntesis i contextualista; no es tracta d’una anàlisi a partir d’una forma concreta i acabada d’un edifici, sinó el que interessa investigar és el procés i condicionants que han portat a la seva formalització. Finalment, es conclou que entendre l’arquitectura com un llenguatge o forma concreta és reduir-la; la decisió formal d’un projecte no s’ha de regir per un codi genèric imposat per un corrent, sinó depèn, dins de les necessitats comunes a l’època, d’unes específiques que condicionen cada decisió i resposta material. S’aposta així, per una arquitectura pragmàtica i relacional que tingui en compte en tot moment els valors perceptius i experiencials de l’espai., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura

Modern cities are no longer at the period of unrestricted expansion; instead, they are taking on a more dense and complex structure, and urban public space is taking on a vertical development trend, resulting in Compact Cities. In this context, underground space is gradually establishing itself as a vital link between civic public spaces. However, the underground and aboveground spaces are totally divided, and the types of conversion space are limited. On the other hand, the topic of humanization has been overlooked due to the complexity of underground space. As a result, this study focuses on spatial integrated design and attempts to develop a design approach from a humanization standpoint. From the perspective of psychology and phenomenology, this research uses perceptual phenomenology, city map and orientation systems, and the thinking of Genius Loci as a tool and reference for humanized design. The void space is seen as a way to connect the entire underground system in this study. By planning cognitive map in advance, and providing clear positioning of time and space, architecture design will greatly influence the underground user`s comfort. To strengthen the emotional and identification, architectural elements and natural elements will be organized with a humanization perspective. Finally, this study proposes three principles for a humanized spatial integrated design strategy: integrity and the use of void, cognitive mapping, and placemaking. Seeing complex underground architecture as a small city, the design strategy is named as Underground Micro City. The Micro City complicates a single structure, turns a two-dimensional city into a three-dimensional one, and organize the design process based on how people perceive the environment. This study uses a subterranean cultural center in the Xian Hi-tech Industries Development Zone as an example of the architectural design process for a humanized underground space node, as directed by the strategy., Award-winning

The“urban acupuncture”theory provides an alternative strategy for urban development, and strives to combine the existing urban contexts with the overall urban development by selecting the key acupuncture point and taking relatively small-scale intervention to improve the overall functionality of the city. Since the theory was proposed, architects and urbanists around the world have explained it in different way and carried out various practices. By investigating the production background and current situation of urban informal communities in China's large cities, and comparing and summarize the interpretations and opinions of related theories, this paper made attempts to identify the disadvantages of the urban renewal model in China in the past, simultaneously analyze the development of urban acupuncture theory and explained in detail several important definitions given by handful scholars, combined with a design project of a Chinese informal community’s renewal which provides a theoretical guidance and an effective method for sustainable urban renewal decision-making of China's informal communities.

La preocupació que genera l'estat actual de gran part del nostre patrimoni és el que impulsa aquesta obra per a resoldre qüestions sobre com intervenir en els edificis existents que conviuen amb nosaltres i que es van deteriorant. Històricament parlant, hi ha diferents corrents sobre com intervenir sobre el patrimoni, però hi ha dos corrents principals: la de John Ruskin, que defensa la conservació de l'existent tal com el trobem; i la de Viollet-Le-Duc, que defensa la reconstrucció de l'edifici per tornar-li l'aspecte original, sense acceptar el pas del temps. Amb el pas dels anys, s'han anat afegint diverses teories d'intervenció i s'han decidit diversos procediments per aconseguir una bona actuació. La teoria general divideix la intervenció en 3 fases: Estudis preliminars, criteris generals d'intervenció i criteris per aconseguir el màxim grau d'adequació. A continuació s'estudiaran diverses intervencions similars en altres castells per veure les diferents formes d'actuar sobre edificis similars, i assimilant que no hi ha una única manera d'intervenir sobre el patrimoni, sinó que, depenent de el cas, s'actuarà d'una manera o una altra. Aquests conceptes teòrics s'han posat en pràctica amb un cas d'estudi particular: El Castell de Ucero. Aquesta fortalesa situada al municipi d'Ucero, a Sòria, Espanya, presenta un estat actual de ruïna consolidada, que gràcies a BAB Arquitectes segueix sent visitable, ja que el 2015 es va realitzar una rehabilitació dels accessos i es van assegurar estructuralment les muralles i part de les restes de l'castell. El treball pretén estudiar aquesta rehabilitació seguint els passos de la teoria de la intervenció: primer es farà una anàlisi de l'castell, estudiant el seu context urbà i històric, i analitzant constructivament el castell i els components, després s'estudiaran les lesions que presentava el castell abans de la rehabilitació de 2015, per després comparar aquest estat anterior amb l'actual., La preocupación que genera el estado actual de gran parte de nuestro patrimonio es lo que impulsa este trabajo para resolver cuestiones sobre cómo intervenir en los edificios existentes que conviven con nosotros y que se van deteriorando. Históricamente hablando, existen diferentes corrientes sobre cómo intervenir sobre el patrimonio, pero hay dos corrientes principales: la de John Ruskin, que defiende la conservación de lo existente tal y como lo encontramos; y la de Viollet-Le-Duc, que defiende la reconstrucción del edificio para devolverle su aspecto original, sin aceptar el paso del tiempo. Con el paso de los años, se han ido añadiendo diversas teorías de intervención y se han decidido varios procedimientos para conseguir una buena actuación. La teoría general divide la intervención en 3 fases: Estudios preliminares, criterios generales de intervención y criterios para conseguir el máximo grado de adecuación. A continuación se estudiarán varias intervenciones similares en otros castillos para ver las diferentes formas de actuar sobre edificios similares, y asimilando que no hay una única forma de intervenir sobre el patrimonio, sino que, dependiendo del caso, se actuará de una forma u otra. Estos conceptos teóricos se han puesto en práctica con un caso de estudio particular: El Castillo de Ucero. Esta fortaleza situada en el municipio de Ucero, en Soria, España, presenta un estado actual de ruina consolidada, que gracias a BAB Arquitectos sigue siendo visitable, ya que en 2015 se realizó una rehabilitación de los accesos y se aseguraron estructuralmente las murallas y parte de los restos del castillo. El trabajo pretende estudiar esta rehabilitación siguiendo los pasos de la teoría de la intervención: primero se hará un análisis del castillo, estudiando su contexto urbano e histórico, y analizando el castillo y sus partes; después se estudiarán las lesiones del castillo antes de la rehabilitación de 2015, para luego comparar ese estado anterior con el actual., The concern generated by the current state of a large part of our heritage is what drives this work to solve questions about how to intervene in existing buildings that coexist with us and that are gradually deteriorating. Historically speaking, there are different currents on how to intervene on heritage, but there are two main currents: that of John Ruskin, defending the conservation of the existing as we find it; and that of Viollet-Le-Duc, who defends the reconstruction of the building to restore its original appearance, without accepting the passage of time. As the years progressed, various theories of intervention have been added, and various procedures have been decided on as to how to achieve a good performance. The general theory divides the intervention into 3 phases: Preliminary studies, general criteria for intervention, and criteria for achieving the maximum degree of appropriateness. Then, several similar interventions in other castles will be studied to see the different ways of acting on similar buildings, and assimilating that there is no single way to intervene on heritage, but that, depending on the case, we will act in one way or another. These theoretical concepts have been put into practice with a particular case study: El Castillo de Ucero. This fortress located in the municipality of Ucero, in Soria, Spain, presents a current state of consolidated ruin, which thanks to BAB Arquitectos remains visitable, since in 2015 they made a rehabilitation of the accesses and structurally secured the walls and parts of the remains of the castle. The work aims to study this rehabilitation following the steps of the theory of intervention: firstly, an analysis of the castle will be made, studying its urban and historical context, and constructively analysing the castle and its parts; then the injuries that the castle presented before the rehabilitation of 2015 will be studied, to then compare that previous state with the current state., Award-winning

The ancient city of Quanzhou retains the texture of the ancient Chinese city, as well as some local integrated architectural styles and cultural activities. However, due to the development of the times and population growth, the limitations of some of the original public buildings and public spaces in the city have become more obvious. This situation has provided motivation for studying how to increase the publicity of indoor and outdoor buildings. In the ancient city. In order to conduct this research, it is necessary to use a series of theories and methods on architecture and urban publicity as tools, so I use the figure-ground theory that is often used in urban texture research as the main clue, combined with other relevant theories of architectural design and urban publicity . Design for research. For this reason, I put forward suggestions for the renovation of existing public buildings and unplanned courtyards in the old city of Quanzhou, and explored ways to improve the propaganda inside and outside the buildings. In a local area, the uniform distribution of public buildings in the same area can improve the propaganda effect of the entire area and allow residents to have more places for activities. At the urban scale, the original old city is relatively independent, and most tourists will be concentrated here, so this is also to make the activities of the locals more integrated between the new and old city. In terms of the scale of the building, even 20 years ago, the activities and needs of the locals have undergone tremendous changes. Some public buildings built after the founding of New China can no longer satisfy more diversified activities and can only replace public buildings with limited functions. It is important for the building to be a flexible building. And the architectural style should also be properly integrated. Many public spaces in the old city lack boundaries, so in the project part of the thesis, I used the method of reconstructing the bound, Award-winning

El S.XX és una època de canvis, degut a la Segona Guerra Mundial moltes ciutats necessiten ser reconstruïdes, i apareixen noves línies de pensament en l’arquitectura teòrica que intenten trencar amb el llegat de l’Arquitectura Moderna. Un grup de joves arquitectes s’uneix i desenvolupa uns ideals més socials els quals empoderen als habitants de les seves ciutats i regularitzen les seves ordenacions per mitjà de les distàncies mesurades a partir del temps. Així apareixen els mat-buildings., The 20th century is a time of change, due to World War II many cities need to be rebuilt, and new lines of thought appear in theoretical architecture that try to break with the legacy of Modern Architecture. A group of young architects come together and develop more social ideals which empower the inhabitants of their cities and regularize their arrangements through the distances measured from time to time. This is how matbuildings appear.

It is a very common sight in many cities of the world to have in a material or immaterial form some sort of walls. Defense walls still exist in cities, being gradually integrated in the urban fabric and the public infrastructure, however other types of limits have emerged in the last centuries. Political division lines or socioeconomic limits divide contemporary cities. The example of Nicosia is taken as a case study. An intersection of different types of urban limits is met in the case of the divided capital. Starting from the 16th century when the medieval walls were built, the city is marked with different types of urban limits with the last one being the buffer zone, a neglected no man’s land that divides the island’s north and southern part. The space between the limits is slowly decaying trapped in the moment of division while the urban fabric that surrounds it keeps changing. To think of an afterlife for these spaces requires to be viewed from a different perspective, the underutilization, the collapsing ruins of past should not be perceived as a dead corpse waiting for rebirth but as the main element for any possible regeneration process. The proposal uses the theory of field conditions as the background on which it is articulated. The same elements that define each of the limits become the primary design strategies. The theory developed by Stan Allen aims in generalizing any spatial matrix capable of unifying diverse elements while respecting the identity of each. Thus the buffer zone becomes the site of intervention, in an attempt to become again a vital part for the city, the chaotic differences and the diversity of elements that form Nicosia today can be the solution to its division., Award-winning

Desde finales de siglo XX y sobre todo en las últimas décadas del siglo XXI, se han producido verdaderas revoluciones productivas y sociales especialmente en España, que hacen que nos planteemos el concepto de la vivienda y los sistemas de pensamiento que utilizamos para proyectar. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario una revisión profunda derivada, especialmente de los paradigmas contemporáneos, atendiendo la conformación de la sociedad más diversa y menos jerárquica. Hace falta preguntarnos ¿Cuales son esos cambios sociales recientes que afectan al concepto de la vivienda? ¿Qué nuevos modelos de familias y convivencia han surgido gracias a estos cambios sociales? ¿Cuales son los criterios de diseño de la vivienda para el siglo XXI, que reflejan esta consciencia del cambio social?

La arquitectura y la ficción han estado siempre estrechamente relacionadas. En contextos de inestabilidad política y agitación social, tienden a emerger propuestas radicales desde el mundo de la arquitectura que desafían las convenciones establecidas y proponen alternativas especulativas a través de imágenes espectaculares. La arquitectura especulativa sigue a día de hoy dando respuestas a las distintas crisis económicas, humanitarias y climáticas, planteando futuros imaginarios desde las nuevas tecnologías digitales. El presente estudio propone un análisis comparativo entre Archigram, Smout Allen y You+Pea, a través de tres de sus proyectos de arquitectura especulativa (Plug-in City, Liquid Kingdom y London Developers Toolkit, respectivamente). Centrándonos en el concepto, la escala, la representación gráfica y la difusión pretendemos entender de dónde provienen dichas propuestas especulativas y cómo han evolucionado desde el siglo XX, con tal de poder finalmente valorar sus aportaciones a la Arquitectura en su sentido más amplio., Architecture and fiction have always been closely related. In contexts of political instability and social upheaval, radical proposals tend to emerge from the world of architecture that challenge established conventions and propose speculative alternatives through spectacular images. Speculative architecture continues today to provide answers to the different economic, humanitarian and climatic challenges, proposing imaginary futures through the new digital technologies. This study proposes a comparative analysis between Archigram, Smout Allen and You+Pea, through three of their speculative architecture projects (Plug-in City, Liquid Kingdom and London Developers Toolkit, respectively). Focusing on concept, scale, graphic representation and communication, we seek to understand where these speculative proposals come from and how they have evolved since the 20th century, in order to finally assess their contributions to Architecture in its broadest sense.

Primer premi, Peer Reviewed, Award-winning, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::4 - Educació de Qualitat, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Postprint (published version)

This paper is a preliminary research on approaches of re-gardening the Chinese city, aims to transform those abandoned spaces and unreasonal boundaries into new gardens and revive a tradition of gardening that has been almost extinct in Chinese cities. First, taking approach by archaeological of knowledge, this paper retraces the complex relationship between gardens, architecture and landscape by reviewing art historian Rosalind Krauss' famous "logical operation". Using a similar four-group diagram, by identifying three kinds of gardens in Asia (including Chinese classical garden, Japanese Zen garden and Indian Mughal garden), this paper locates these three types of gardens by "logical operation". Then through cases study, this paper further summarizes three re-gardening approaches which derived from the three aforementioned garden traditions, namely Place-rewriting, Nature-naturalizing and Mat-gardening. Finally, this paper selects 6 sites in Nanjing and proposed three types of new gardens by re-gardening strategy to verify and complement the forementioned approaches., Award-winning

Quan Erwin Broner arriba a Eivissa, queda tan enamorat de l'arquitectura rural del lloc que decideix dur a terme un estudi dels diferents tipus de vivenda que s'anava trobant. Després d'això, la seva arquitectura quedara influenciada per els mecanismes que ell mateix interpreta a l'estudi i els utilitzarà a les seves obres junt amb idees seves mes innovadores i modernes. La arquitectura de Broner es converteix amb una obra de linies pures i sencilles, amb la traducio de la vivenda rural junt amb les idees mes modernes i vanguardistes del moment., When Erwin Broner arrived in Eivissa, he became so enamoured of the rural architecture of the area that he decided to carry out a study of the different types of houses he came across. After that, his architecture would be influenced by the mechanisms that he himself interpreted in the study and he would use them in his works together with his more innovative and modern ideas. Broner's architecture becomes a work of pure and simple lines, with the translation of the rural house together with the most modern and avant-garde ideas of the moment.

Realizar la práctica musical en espacios domésticos puede ser complejo. Principalmente hay dos variables que intervienen en este proceso: el respeto hacia el vecindario y el confort de la persona que ensaya. Ambas variables son el punto de partida de este trabajo. Como principal objetivo, se quiere explorar la tensión entre estas dos variables. Conociendo esta tensión es posible imaginar configuraciones arquitectónicas para adaptar un rincón donde poder practicar música en un ambiente doméstico. Una condición será que las respuestas ante esta problemática tengan que ser asequibles económicamente. Se estudian los marcos teóricos como primer paso metodológico. La evolución de la música, la acústica y la arquitectura relacionadas son los núcleos principales de esta investigación. El contexto actual se ha documentado mediante encuestas y entrevistas a personas del mundo de la música. A continuación se analizan los conceptos básicos de la acústica. Esta es una ciencia muy amplia donde intervienen muchos parámetros. En consecuencia no tiene sentido pretender una única solución a la situación planteada, siendo en realidad una ecuación con resoluciones diversas. Como resultado de la implementación de esta metodología se obtiene un decálogo de errores y uno de consejos para adaptar un rincón para la práctica musical. De esta manera, los desarrollos concretos derivan a unas situaciones entendidas como configuraciones arquitectónicas. Estas se basan en la forma, las proporciones del espacio y en los materiales utilizados. En definitiva, se inició esta investigación con la idea de explorar soluciones. Pero finalmente cuando se plantea reconfigurar un espacio aparecen muchas variables. Por este motivo, se afirma que no es una cuestión de solución general, sino que un mismo sitio se puede adaptar de distintas formas. Por lo tanto, no estamos en un caso de solución, sino de inclusión., Practising music in domestic spaces can be complicated. There are two main variables involved in this process: the respect for the neighbourhood and the musician’s own comfort when they are playing. Both variables are the starting point of this study. The main objective is to explore the tension of these two variables. Understanding this tension it is possible to imagine architectural configurations to adapt a corner of the house. A condition of this tension will be that the responses to this problem must be affordable for people. A theoretical framework is studied. The evolution of music, acoustics and architecture are the main hubs of this research. The current context has been studied through surveys and interviews with people in the music world. This is followed by an analysis of the basic concepts of acoustics. This is a very broad science in which many parameters are involved. Consequently, it makes no sense to claim there is just a single solution to this situation. It is in fact an equation with different resolutions. As a result of the implementation of this work methodology, a decalogue of errors and a decalogue of advice for adapting a corner or space for practising music at home, is obtained. In this way, the specific developments of the research lead to situations known as architectural configurations. These are based on the form, the proportions of the space and, fundamentally, on the materials used. In conclusion, the research begins with the idea of exploring solutions. However, when it comes to reconfiguring a space, many variables appear. For this reason, it is argued that it is not a question of a general solution, but that each case results in an equation of its conditions. Therefore, we are not in a case of finding a solution, but a case of inclusion., Award-winning

Aquest Treball de Final de Grau tracta sobre la relació entre l’escultura i l’arquitectura i com s’han influit en les últimes dècades. S’exposa i s’exemplifica amb diversos casos d’estudi com, durant el segle XX, l’escultura ha adoptat característiques pròpies de l’arquitectura i com aquesta ha fet el mateix amb l’escultura per avançar en ambdúes disciplines. També s’analitza les col·laboracions entre artistes i arquitectes i s’explica el cas de la cooperació entre l’escultor Eduardo Chillida i l’arquitecte Luis Peña Ganchegui per al projecte de la Plaça dels Furs a Vitòria-Gasteiz. Es conclueix amb una reflexió de com la cooperació entre diferents disciplines pot suposar una síntesi de les arts que repercuteixi positivament en l’espai públic., Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado versa sobre la relación entre la escultura y la arquitectura y como se han influido en las últimas décadas. Se expone y se ejemplifica mediante casos de estudio como, durante el siglo XX, la escultura ha adoptado características propias de la arquitectura y como ésta ha hecho lo mismo con la escultura para avanzar en las respectivas disciplinas. También se analiza las colaboraciones entre artistas y arquitectos y se explica el caso de la cooperación entre el escultor Eduardo Chillida y el arquitecto Luis Peña Ganchegui para el proyecto de la Plaza de los Fueros de Vitoria-Gasteiz. Se concluye con una reflexión de como la cooperación entre diferentes disciplinas puede suponer una síntesis de las artes que repercuta positivamente en el espacio público., This Final Degree Project is about the relationship between sculpture and architecture and how they have influenced each other in recent decades. It is exposed and exemplified through case studies how, during the 20th century, sculpture has adopted characteristics of architecture and how architecture has done the same with sculpture to advance in both disciplines. Collaborations between artists and architects are also analyzed and the case of the cooperation between the sculptor Eduardo Chillida and the architect Luis Peña Ganchegui for the project of the Plaza de los Fueros de Vitoria-Gasteiz is explained. It concludes with a reflection on how cooperation between different disciplines can lead to a synthesis of the arts that has a positive impact on public space.

El éxito logrado en las últimas décadas en el sistema educativo de los países nórdicos, se debe a continuadas reformas y a la evolución de la arquitectura escolar, que permite fomentar la interrelación de los estudiantes dando mayor importancia a los espacios comunes. La arquitectura que acompaña el modelo educativo nórdico será la base de esta investigación. El objetivo principal es analizar cómo han evolucionado los espacios de aprendizaje en los centros de enseñanza primaria y observar cómo la arquitectura local ha influido en la implementación de la nueva práctica docente. Serán objeto de estudio diez escuelas de educación primaria diseñadas por arquitectos influyentes de los países escandinavos. En cada una de ellas se analizará la relación con el entorno, los espacios de aprendizaje, la introducción de la luz natural, la conexión con la naturaleza y la materialidad., The success achieved in the recent decades in the Nordic countries' educational system is due to continuous reforms and the evolution of school architecture, which allows the interrelation of students by giving greater importance to common spaces. The architecture that accompanies the Nordic educational model will be the basis of this research. The aim is to analyze how learning spaces have evolved in elementary schools and to observe how local architecture has influenced the implementation of the new pedagogical method. Ten elementary schools designed by influential architects from the Scandinavian countries will be studied. In each of them, the relationship with the environment, the learning spaces, the introduction of natural light, the connection with nature and the materiality will be analyzed.

The thesis explores the place of death and the cemetery in society and architecture, death wants to be seen and appreciated, it wishes to come out of the oblivion it has found itself for decades, seen as an enemy, the antithesis of life. This perception has existed for a long time when in truth they have an eternal relationship that should be seen as part of the same cycle, a single event, where they complete each other. Architecture plays a key role to bridge these two worlds, providing places where both the living and the dead can dwell. A final resting place for the dead, where the living can also find beauty, surprises, and serenity. Architecture stands in between life and death, in the middle of a paradox, it has the poetic possibility of bringing death and its memory closer to the physical realm, and as an art, it can also slow down the passing of time. When dealing with death architecture stands in the middle of several contradictions, natural-artificial, interior-exterior, public-private, so the thesis is an approach to the gap between these concepts and the possibilities that exist there. Both the city of the living and the death will continue to grow until a point they meet each other this is why it is important to project the current interstice that exists between them in order to create the proper encounter of the two. The thesis is organized into six chapters. The first one is an analysis of the place of death in the city and its evolution through time, the second one addresses the key role nature plays in the reading of the places of the dead, the third one is an introduction to understand the possibilities of funerary architecture as part of the public space, the fourth and fifth are a theoretical approach to how space is perceived both in the large and the small scale and how it relates to the funerary architecture, finally, the last chapter is the architectural manifestation of a project that applies the ideas of monumentality and the perception of

The aim of this thesis is to reveal the importance of the “travesseres” as abstract elements which have the role of connecting two points (areas, fragments, sections) in a structure and of creating a consistent system that complement other systems in the structure, thus becoming a structuring element in the system. This concept is applied to the study of Barcelona's urban structure to ascertain whether it was maintained implicitly and/or explicitly in the city structure. The work is based on the hypothesis that the “travessera” or crossing element has been present both in the construction phase (material layers) and in the theoretical proposals (non-material layers) of the city structure and has remained latent in different moments in the history, at different scales and in different contexts that have been related and/or linked to each other, from the urban to the metropolitan and territorial level. The author believes this can be determined by analysing the origins and the transformation of the city. In this sense, the thesis is organised chronologically. However, instead of providing a historical review, the author seeks to test the initial hypothesis by studying the urban transformation of the city. Considering that urban transformation is a process with more or less continuity, the author uses the analysis and chronological comparison of the changes, the elements that remain unchanged and the influences of the structure over time, both in material constructions and in theoretical proposals. Even though emphasis is placed on morphology, it is understood that it is linked to other areas of knowledge or associated to the specific reality of the city. Therefore, by studying the definition and development of this kind of elements in the city structure chronologically, linking them to a specific moment in the history and to their urban, social, economic and cultural implications, as well as to the possible influence they have on the development, growth and proposals, La tesi pretén fer evident la importància de les travesseres com elements abstractes, que en una estructura, tenen la funció de connectar dos punts (àrees, fragments, sectors,...) de la mateixa i, alhora, formar un sistema coherent i complementari amb altres sistemes de l’estructura, prenent un paper estructurant, aplicant aquesta idea a l’estudi de l’estructura urbana de la ciutat de Barcelona, es vol comprovar si aquesta idea ha estat de forma implícita i/o explicita en l’estructura urbana de Barcelona. Es parteix de la hipòtesi que l’element travesser ha estat present, tant a les realitzacions (capes materials) com a les propostes teòriques (capes immaterials) i, que ha estat subjacent (latent) en diferents moments històrics a diferents escales i contexts, que s’han relacionat i/o vinculat, des de l’escala urbana a la metropolitana i territorial. Aquest fet, creiem que el podem comprovar analitzant la generació i transformació urbana. En aquest sentit, la tesi s’ha organitzat cronològicament. Es tracta, més que d’un treball històric, de comprovar en la transformació urbana de la ciutat, la hipòtesi inicial del treball. Al considerar la transformació urbana com un procés, amb major o menor continuïtat, recorrem a l’anàlisi i comparació temporal dels canvis, permanències i influències de l’estructura al llarg del temps, tant en les realitzacions concretes com en les propostes de projecte i/o teòriques. Tot i que es fa èmfasi en la morfologia, aquesta, l’entenem vinculada a altres aspectes o àrees de coneixement o aproximació al fet concret de la ciutat. Per això, seguint un criteri cronològic en l’estudi de la definició i formació d’aquest tipus d’elements de l’estructura de la ciutat, relacionant-los amb el moment històric concret i amb les seves implicacions urbanístiques, socials, econòmiques i culturals, així com amb les possibles influències en el desenvolupament i propostes sobre la ciutat, la tesi apunta cap a l’evidència d’una certa latència d’aquests eleme, Postprint (published version)

Montjuic Hill, also called the mountain of the city, represents one of the most important and em-blematic sites of Barcelona. Known for its history and urban evolution in the city, with a strategic location bordering the coastal area of Barceloneta, the mountain has hosted the main events of Barcelona’s history, namely, the 1929 International Exhibition, the 1992 Olympic Games, among others. Indeed, because of its historical evolution, its positioning and its multiple parks, museums and sports facilities, Montjuic is known for being the touristic, cultural and sports site of Barcelo-na, and is also famous for its multiple parks and different types of transportation. For the master’s project, and in continuity with the first semester, we will focus on the last two themes related to Montjuic’s mobility and green areas.

This thesis will delve into a new meaning of gap spaces where are acquiring a new role and how they constructed between borders. One of the expectations is that this architectural attempt in urban gap space will reconnect the fragmentation and isolation existing in the city. In order to connect the urban fabric between the different borders, “Bridging the gap” can serve as an opportunity in that architecture expand its scope and role as intermediation for the urban environment. Therefore, this project aimed to attempt the possible ways of creating well-organized and desirable urban environments.

Montjuïc has evolved, through the last 100 years, to be part of Barcelona at a social and urban level, apart from the strategic, military or functional one. The turning point that made this area begin to be at the citizens’ minds, as a space for leisure and culture, was the 1929 International Exposition, when, for the first time, an intense effort was made to open the Gran Via to the west-southern exit of Barcelona. Today, the legacy of that exhibition is still quite present. Although the most important volume of the international fairs has been relocated, the remaining pavilions and buildings are still used, sometimes for Fira de Barcelona, but in many other cases for social activities and different conventions. Besides, it is unquestionable to see how this area has also become a cultural centre, as there are several important museums in the proximity, although there is still no urbanistic plan to unify them as a reference museum area in Barcelona. The entrance to Montjuïc from Plaça Espanya is nowadays a path that both tourists and the inhabitants of Barcelona cross to reach the spectacular views, but only some of them stay to spend time if there is not an important event, especially in the section between the Font Màgica and the MNAC. Therefore, the project aims to use the Victòria Eugènia and Alfons XIII palaces for a new Museum of Architecture and Art, where, in addition to exhibitions, archives, and other typical uses in a museum, the program will be expanded to complement it with spaces for creation and dialogue. By three strategies, the project starts taking shape from what both buildings already offer us. Thus, with Gordon Matta-Clark as a reference, the first action is to embrace the immense empty space contained in the two palaces and opening it in strategic points to make it accessible to the city. Secondly, and with Louis Kahn’s help, a new modular structural system that embraces the existing structure is introduced, adapting the program to a more human

Through history , the ground has been always a very important and main part of the architectural field. The first building rock in any project is the ground which determines the identity of the project. In my thesis paper, my argument is about Ground architecture as an architectural typology and especially raising and continuity of ground typology and explaining briefly some different case studies in different countries of ground architecture and its typologies , also I am introducing The Wave which is my project in which I have practised merging two typologies which are raising and continuity of ground. In the first part of my thesis, I am explaining the importance of ground as an element to architecture , how it has been the main spine of the architecture process and spotting the light on some previous architects who invaded the filed of using ground in architectural projects and how they have applied and practised this concept. The second part is about , the different typologies of ground architecture and focusing on raised and continuous ground especially and supporting my argument with more case studies. The case studies I am mentioning in my thesis to express and illustrate how the different typologies were applied and define their characteristics , but also with focusing on raised and continuous typology as i am using it in my introduced project The Wave. Another point I am mentioning is the integration between green roofs and continuous ground. The third part of is about ground architecture through the eye of Barcelona city and its history in Barcelona and mentioning some case studies urbanizing and grounding Barcelona from the old days to our modern architecture and supporting the discussion with few diagrams and pictures of the projects. The fourth and my last part of the thesis I am introducing my proposal (The Wave ), in this project I used the technic of grounding the location of moll de Barcelona and i practised the idea of raising and continuity of gr

Within our contemporary context, one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, is the inability to provide sustainable, decent and equitable living conditions for the populations in condition of displacement and emergency. Although the capacity of solving global social and political crisis goes beyond the task of architecture, it is essencial that contemporary architects adopt a critical attitude towards the vulnerabilities in the design and production of dignified habitat for those sectors in need. The current refugee crisis, challenges in spatial terms, the response capacity of architecture to the necessity of shelter, not just in physical terms, but also through the creation of atmospheres that provide security, well-being and hope for those in condition of displacement. Therefore, the architectural reasearch is oriented to the conception of ephemeral dwelling mechanisms for refugees justified under the criteria of humanizing the architectural space, by recognizing the totality of the condition of the human as an individual and a social being. In this sense, the architectural proposal, despite its ephemeral character seeks to empower the user through individual expression and the entire community through social interaction.

During the global era, the one in which the gestation of cities and their progress were around the machine. Starting under the concept of manifests that later became certainly real, transportation systems, such as trains and the automobile itself, were the most important elements and signified a character of urban progress for the development of the cities of the future. This way of thinking was translated into a form of urbanization and growth of cities through the construction of large transport infrastructures, such as train stations, train lines, as well as the predominance of streets and roads with a strong presence within the urban landscape. These enormous transport infrastructures that can be found within urban centers are large-scale elements that break the logic and scale that governs the city. Depending on the configuration and scale of the infrastructure, the problems will be different depending on the urban fragment in question, being able to generate fractures and interruptions of the urban fabric and thus also alterations for the development of the public space. Faced with these problems, the strategy begins to revolve around rethinking transport infrastructures as elements of opportunity and potential places for the development of the city’s public space. Over the years, urban planning has been transforming and evolving its way of operating with respect to transport infrastructures as elements for the recovery of cities for the creation of new realities. The human scale and the public space for the development of social activities are once again at the center of the discussion. The city of Barcelona is taken as the main case study, taking a tour of some of its interventions in public space on transport systems over the years. An approach and study in the matter of public space is proposed on the work of the Sants station and its close surroundings. Understanding the station in its central position in the context and in relation to a very significant, Durante la era global, la que la gestación de las ciudades y su progreso fueron alrededor de la máquina. Iniciandose bajo el concepto de manifestos que luego se volvieron ciertamente reales, los sistemas de transporte, como los trenes y el automóvil en sí, fueron los elementos más importantes y significaron un carácter de progreso urbano para el desarrollo de las ciudades del futuro. Esta forma de pensar se tradujo en una forma de urbanización y crecimiento de las ciudades a través de la construcción de grandes infraestructuras de transporte, como estaciones de tren, líneas de tren, así como el predominio de calles y carreteras con una fuerte presencia dentro del paisaje urbano. Estas enormes infraestructuras de transporte que se encuentran dentro de los centros urbanos, son elementos a gran escala que rompen la lógica y la escala que gobierna la ciudad. Dependiendo a la configuración y la escala de la infraestructura, las problemáticas van a ser distintas dependiendo del fragmento urbano en cuestión, pudiendo generarse fracturas e interrupciones de la trama urbana y así también alteraciones para el desarrollo del espacio público. Frente a estas problemáticas, la estrategia empieza a girar en torno a repensar las infraestructuras de transporte como elementos de oportunidad y potenciales lugares para el desarrollo del espacio público de la ciudad. Con el correr de los años, el urbanismo fue transformando y evolucionando su manera de operar con respecto a las infraestructuras de transporte como elementos para la recuperación de las ciudades para la creación de nuevas realidades. La escala humana y el espacio público para el desarrollo de las actividades sociales vuelven a estar en el centro de la discusión. La ciudad de Barcelona es tomada como caso de estudio principal, haciendo un recorrido por algunas de sus intervenciones del espacio público sobre los sistemas de transporte a lo largo de los años. Se propone un abordaje y estudio en materia de espacio público sobr

This research will be focusing on an element, which is nature, that have been neglected by modern architects’ movement for so long; furthermore, I will be focusing on how to reclaim spaces and freeways in our modern contemporary cities back from automobiles to the inhabitance through a contemporary solution, by integrating nature into the city’s infrastructure. The research core subject is “Urban greenways”, which plays a significant role in both developing and resiliencing the living environment of our urbanized cities. Urban greenways provide environmental, ecological, recreational, social, educational, and economic benefits to our modern cities. In other words, Stitching and Healing the city's Urban Fabric from the cuts, created by the infrastructure, through Urban Greenway

Playing is an important activity in the process of growth of children because it develops their brains and improves their imagination. However, adults also use the game as a leisure activity, to relax and to have a break from the usual routine. Therefore, playing activities should have determined places in a city to improve the emotional health of its citizens. Playing is a leisure activity left for the interpretation of people, which is an ambiguous activity because people can decide how to do it. For instance, playgrounds for children count with playgrounds that have an implicit function, however, kids interpret the functions as the way they want. Another example is a skater park, in this case, the designers build routes and ramps to compose the park, but every person can use it however they want.

MBArch -- The Contemporary Project, The development of urban projects covers several issues, resulting in always facing different challenges with the biggest being the humans themselves. In that sense, with the rapid evolution of technology and globalization, we humans have lost the conversation between our body and our built environment. For that reason, it is important to establish a dialogue with a common language that can speak to today’s body. In our contemporary cities the dialogue happens in the way of how we live and experience the places we use. Using water as a critical element of our urban spaces, its experience and metaphysical nature plays a big role in the phenomenology of architectural understanding. It means, the importance of designing spaces that influence the outer body senses that both obtain and give meaning to its surroundings leading to a psychological sense of place. In other words, the body is the main generator of design and this thesis explores its dialogue with the environment through water as an important element of architecture.

MBArch -- The Contemporary Project, The form in the architecture is of fundamental importance, it is not only the container of the spaces, but also the one that establishes a link between the exterior and the interior. The form generates a number of possible relationships and can be static and rigid as well as fluid and with movement. An example that has established a definition of form in architecture is the panopticon, in principle this was conceived as a control device where the prisoners self-regulated their behavior with the internationalization of obedience. In this sense, beyond the creation of a stereotype, the panopticon is configured as a characteristic architectural element. It constitutes a central zone that through its radial organization arranges the different modules and eventually ends up creating a building with a very atypical shape to most of the urban morphologies where it is established. It is then, when we can see the general panorama of La Modelo prison, a building with a heavy weight in the social memory, but that is completely out of its context. In this sense, the project has an intervention on an urban and project scale. In the first one, the building is configured as an urban gear, which allows the articulation with different points of its context, generating in this way a connection network. As for the scale of the project, the aim is to invert the organization of the panopticon and through a radial disposition exploit the new functions of each module towards the city. The shape of the building as such gives the possibility of generating different interventions, in its modules different functions can be created, the central point is the point of convergence and the intermediate spaces that are generated by the location of the modules are consolidated as areas of connection of the public space with the interior.

The sharing economy is exploding around the world thanks to three main characteristics: community-based reuse of idle resources, the extension of sharing between acquaintances to strangers, and the transformation of production into decentralized, personalized customization. Shared cars, as a very important part of it, is creating a new open community for its users, and a space should be provided to fit both the basic need of a shared cars station and the social requirements of different citizens. Garages, as the original car stockings, can be renovated to accommodate public activities. The presence of garages is researched firstly to guide following interventions. The space is designed for cars from the very beginning, and it has grown into a prototype with a series of spaces been designed to fit the different condition of the road network and functions above. No matter how impressive the inside systems are, garages, which are decorated by their facade, have sieged the motion, a new character of the 21 century. The conflict should not be the reason for hiding it. With the help of shared cars system, we can make a new public interface between man and cars. These public spaces can make diverse activities happen while providing an experience of the motion. It can generate a series of urban renovations on garages. To get started, this new public space system should be discussed in detail. Three elements are considered vital: the entrance, the machine providing the shared cars service, and the platform for connecting. Three cases are studied as possible reference: the placa de Sants, the Ford Line and the Hamburg Station. The oblique surface is a great option for the public space underground. First presented by Claude Parent and Parl Virilio, the continues surface merge the boundary between horizontal layers, making the gravity as a new clue for the organization of different activies on a single platform. Towards a total habitable space, it can be easily connected to the

Since Barcelona implemented the Plan Cerdà at 1859, the city has started the process of building a modern city. A series of urban planning projects and transformations gradually formed nowadays metropolitan city. Especially after holding 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, Barcelona has gained recognition as 'Barcelona Model' in its urban-planning efforts for the past 40 years. However, it’s certain that the processes of metropolitan decentralization experienced a spectacular acceleration precisely in the post-Olympic period where the municipal local authority of Barcelona lost number of inhabitants, jobs and economic activities coinciding with the decentralization. This paper concentrates on analysing the waterfront living spaces. There are four main situations of encounter between the city and water: along the river, around the lake, embeded in the water network and open to the sea. By studying and concluding characteristics of each corresponding case, Copenhagen, Denmark; Suzhou, China; Hamburg, Germany and Barcelona, Spain, thus summarizing a feasible waterfront living space method for the site selected of Barcelona to achieve a brand development. The paper concludes the future projects of Barcelona in the 21st century. On the threshold of a new urban planning model (Barcelona 5.0), it’s a possible approach that re-naturalization of the city and re-connection of the waterfront and the city. On the basis of researches, the paper seeks to summarize several design strategies used in waterfront living space, thus making a practice in the final design to promote 'reappear sea on the land', a new waterfront living space for Barcelona.

How to deal with the unification of the history and reality of the old industrial area, complete the problem of integration of function and space? Collage as a design concept that expresses the multiple coexistence and harmony of things, provides a reference for solving this problem. This article mainly discusses the protection and reuse of industrial heritage based on the concept of collage, and is an exploration of the future development direction of industrial heritage. Collage advocates the mixed use of multiple urban functions within a certain spatial range, and establishes a walking system suitable for it and a place that accommodates a vibrant urban life. It is a small-scale intensive urban development model that reflects diversity and openness. Combining it with the protection and reuse of industrial heritage can improve the utilization efficiency of industrial heritage, thereby creating more socio-economic benefits and integrating industrial heritage into the rhythm of urban development, serving the city more directly and effectively while making industrial culture can be spread, industrial civilization can be inherited. This measure is of great significance to the industrial heritage itself, the city where it is located, and its users and citizens. The full text is divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, introducing the research background and research object, meaning and current situation, methods and framework. The second chapter is the basic research on the renewal of Barcelona's industrial heritage, including the development process of its industry. Through the inductive analysis of the transformation of Poblenou's industrial heritage, it summarizes the main methods of its industrial heritage renewal and the problems in the industrial heritage renewal. The third chapter is the basic research on the collage concept, including the origin of the collage concept to how to apply it to cities and buildings as a design method, and the a

This research is about strategies of architectural actions on urban “food space” that aim to provide a new sustainable vitality way of diet for re-feeding the city. The subject of the study is located in Badalona on the northern edge area of Barcelona. The development and construction of this area started late, with low population density and lack of urban vitality and diversity. It is worth noting that the commercial model of food in this area, sales and catering, are monotonous and its service radiation range is small. Food, closely related to people ’s daily lives, in whole or in part, has a “reprogramming” effect on certain spaces in the city. From the perspective of architecture, this thesis proposes the core idea “refeeding city” throuth new food space, creating a sustainable city full of healthy food, diverse food consumption spaces, and ecological public spaces. The research includes theoretical research on food space and the specific strategies of the project. The chapter one about food space involves a research on the relationship between food and urban space, and research on the future development trend of food space. And then in the chapter two, studying how to carry out specific urban and architectural space design strategies to provide the city with fresh food, new eating spaces and new vibrant urban spaces. As a result, this study attempts to establish the relationship between food and physical space through different spatial strategies to achieve the purpose of reshaping urban space, providing a new sustainable way of feeding city, and stimulating urban development.

This thesis was born from the desire to architecturally explore a natural element that is simple yet complex: Water. As the source of life, water is undeniably tied to the most intimate parts of human nature, civilizations have tried to control it, shape it, and use it in different ways. The project is following the theories and possibilities surrounding a single building, the Piscina Municipal de Montjuic. One of the key characteristics of the building is its panoramic view over the city and its North façade of 14 meters, devoid of any ornament. We will discover how this singular facility is in fact part of bigger architectural themes. My preferred methodology to develop the concepts of this thesis is through hand-drawings and scaled models, forming an integral part of the process of a project, from abstract to a clear intention.

Confusion was the familiar feeling, unstable was the surrounding situation, misunderstanding was the constant issue. The personal experience first lead to the introduction of a world lacking experience, a world without reference, a world could not fully appreciate. To seek a suitable architectural approach to this situation, the observation of architectures without architects from the past and current was made, aiming to find the limit and border of the general appreciatable elements at the time of unconnotation. The theoretical part ended with the employment of unconnotated riddle as the approach. It explained the mechanics of riddle, and analyzed layers of the unconnotated riddles in architecture with cases, including previous personal practice. The project was the practice with the riddling elements from previous research. It would act as an unconnotated riddle in reaction to this unconnotated context.

The objective of this research is to study how interactive advanced technologies can transform public space and why is it important in shaping future cities. One of the main features of adaptive design is softness, it could be Soft material, soft sound, soft power, soft computing, software. Soft space is dynamically and simultaneously adapting to spatial and environmental conditions. Soft space is aware of how attached we are to our cellphones and how unconscious we are toward the city around us, it is an interface that interacts with our mobile devices and bridges the gap between human, device and city.

As one of the initial elements to human beings and urban development, water affects cities’ location and development. Furthermore, it’s also related the living, working and relaxation of citizen. In recent years, the city of industry shift the focus of the tertiary industry by industry, all provide a good opportunity for the development of the urban waterfront. Study on urban waterfront regeneration can greatly enhance the urban ecological function and cultural functions, resulting in enormous economic benefits, and promote urban development. After years of reform, the urban waterfront development has achieved some progress, but many problems still exist. The methods waterfront development is single and blind, waterfront ecosystem is unbalanced, management of development is jumbled, lack of attention to public interest and identifiable. From the previous research, seven approaches were found to be crucial to the waterfront revitalization and are presented as follows: consistent design, promote mixed functions, improve the publicity of space, enhancing the accessibility of space, create a hydrophilic space, create harmonious ecological space, extend the history and culture.

The subsoil has been a mysterious, silent, intriguing, dark place, there are reasons or rather a preconceived argument that we handle in the mind of why humanity has lived and conquered the surface and not the subsoil. The underground space has been developed primarily as a hidden, negative substitute for the above, we can bring it to efficient character expressions, bring it unexplored qualities, and bring architecture to its fullest expression of creativity by bringing light underground. Although today the subsoil has an integrating role in the construction of cities, it is not really an integral part of the metropolis; it is present only out of necessity. This is due for many reasons, but mainly to its functions as “the fluids rather to space itself” 3 and its limited relationship with the city above. It is interesting to discover and experience Barcelona from another point of view. Because it is an undiscovered world, but, at the same time, ironically contains pieces of history, as if it was already lived and forgotten. In the Barcelona metro, there are so many elements that they keep waiting and screaming to be integrated or rediscovered.

This thesis is investigating the spheres of influence architects have to contribute to an environmentally responsible built environment. By giving a short introduction to the problem the scale of the challenges become obvious, as does the need for urgent action. The areas of influence that are very closely linked to the actions of the architect are those of conceptual theory, structure, materiality and energy generation. By developing and adapting existing theories, rethink structural systems and take a closer look at the materiality of our designs we have a very strong influence on how to face the environmental emergency in front of us. The areas of main influence for the architect are, although very interconnected, separated into different patterns. The main architectural questions on content, form, construction and materiality enriched and extended through incorporation of ecological concepts throughout the building project. Each pattern deals with a different kind of architectonic or urban scale problem in the field of environmental architecture and tries to find an appropriate answer through analysis, references and experimentation. The result represents a design based on the intensive exploration of 8 different patterns. One of the most important decision was to work with the energy flows within and around the building. Another important decision was to keep and adapt the exisiting structure of Can Batlló and to proceed cautiously with the green public spaces of the former factory.

“PROFESTA DE BARCELONA: An Architecture for a Synthesis between Festival and Protest in Barcelona” aims to explore the potential of an architectural project to synthesise two urban spectacles of Barcelona; festivals and protests. This synthesis ends up with a unique spectacle type called ProFesta. The process of generating this new spectacle and newly constructed situations are achieved by following the philosophy and principles of Situationism International.

Las catedrales eran unos elementos vivos en constante cambio por los diferentes personajes y ritos que iban apareciendo en el tiempo para modificarlas. Eran, además, un espacio edificado en transformación permanente, que se alimentaba a diario de variadas dinámicas promovidas por los actores que participaban en su apropiación: la iglesia, la corona y el pueblo. Así, este espacio de convergencia se construía diariamente y sufría cambios de diferentes escalas, según la necesidad y la influencia de sus impulsores, haciendo de él un palimpsesto espacial. Al entender esto y considerando la catedral como una constante espacial en el transcurrir temporal de los siglos, lo que trae consigo una evolución permanente, la Catedral de Toledo se convierte en un reflejo de esas mutaciones, haciéndose evidente de manera física y evocándonos el concepto de ensamblaje en su espacio, el cual nos llega al presente como un legado cultural, en un estado que permite analizar las piezas y modificaciones. De esta manera, este estudio pretende, por medio de la disección arquitectónica del palimpsesto espacial, separar del cuerpo principal cada uno de los elementos que fueron apareciendo en el transcurso de los siglos a manera de modificaciones y añadiduras, para poder estudiarlos de manera autónoma. Al trabajar estos espacios y elementos de manera independiente, y entendiendo los partícipes de su realización y sus contextos, se busca ejemplificar posibles analogías y antecedentes que influenciaron el diseño de cada uno de ellos, esto a través de comparación de arquitecturas similares. Asimismo, al realizar el procedimiento quirúrgico a la anatomía de la Catedral, se teorizará acerca de cómo aparecen las juntas y relaciones morfológicas entre los elementos nuevos y los existentes, los cuales, debido a su intersección formal, generan unas tensiones espaciales únicas y de gran interés para ser estudiadas, ya que también reflejan conocimientos técnicos y estéticos de cada época. Como se explicab, Cathedrals were living elements in constant change due to the different characters and rites that appeared in time to modify them. They were also a built space in permanent transformation, which was nourished daily by various dynamics promoted by the actors who participated in its appropriation: the church, the crown and the local people. Thus, this space of convergence was built daily and underwent changes of different scales, according to the need and influence of its promoters, making it a spatial palimpsest. By understanding this and considering the cathedral as a spatial constant in the passing of the centuries, which brings with it a permanent evolution, the Cathedral of Toledo becomes a reflection of those mutations, becoming physically evident and evoking the concept of assembly in its space, which reaches us today as a cultural legacy, in a state that allows us to analyze the pieces and modifications. In this way, this study intends, by means of the architectural dissection of the spatial palimpsest, to separate from the main body each one of the elements that appeared in the course of the centuries as modifications and additions, to be able to study them in an autonomous way. By working these spaces and elements independently, and understanding the participants in their realization and their contexts, we seek to exemplify possible analogies and backgrounds that influenced the design of each of them, this through comparison of similar architectures. Likewise, when performing the surgical procedure to the anatomy of the Cathedral, it will be theorized about how the joints and morphological relationships appear between the new and existing elements, which, due to their formal intersection, generate unique and interesting spatial tensions to be studied, since they also reflect technical and aesthetic knowledge of each period. As explained above, the Cathedral reaches our present in a way that reflects all those temporal changes, giving way to a constant intere

Currently, the opinion of an immutable mosque typology with a dome and minarets is dominant. However, it is obvious that a dome, minarets and some other elements are not a necessity through the historical development of mosque architecture. But the aforementioned formation is regarded as a necessity. This thesis will discuss the use of these elements through the development of mosque architecture, position and stylistic features of the elements in mosques. Each element is going to be focused on one by one. Thesis will also exemplify the subject through a design. Primarily, the article will focus on the development of mosque architecture through history. It will also study how elements were approached, how they are used in different geographies, eras and within technological possibilities, their symbolic meanings, and the effect they created. The second section will comment on how the elements are approached in contemporary mosques. In this context, contemporary mosque expression will be highlighted. The interpretation of the elements, stylistic deformations, and dimensional features will be conveyed through examples. A new religional complex is designed for Barcelona Metropolitan Area where all the sects are motivated to use the complex together. It is possible that muslims can use the same mosque to pray but one of the sects, alevism, does not fit in a mosque due to prayer methods and traditions. So it is going to be mono-religion multisect complex containing two different sanctuaries. Due to the location of the project, mosque elements are interpreted as park elements to match the characteristics of the context.

www.endoflondon.eu, On January 29, 2025, the decree-law known as "The Second Brexit" is approved in the British Parliament. From now on the historical centres of main British cities would be abandoned and protected from an increasingly aggressive neoliberal paradigm. With the intention of facing the social, ecological and cultural threats of a globalised world, a great wall would be erected surrounding the very heart of every city. Following the instructions of the most excellent authorities in the field, the project would begin in London, serving as a future model for other provincial capitals. "The End of London" is a speculative project based on a fictional situation and it remains entirely within the realm of radicalised realities. An uncomfortable space where the utopian degenerates and perverts into dystopic nightmares. Totalitarian policies of democratic states, cultural clashes unleashed by a ruthless economy and the arbitrariness of the cultural world, are unchained from all "idealistic realism" to formalise a contradictory architectural vision. New London is possibly the speculation of what happened if the surreptitious dominating phenomena - political, economical, social, cultural and historical -, inhabiting underneath a mask of obviousness, won the war for predominance altogether. A transfigured city, detached from all forms of ownership, compose an incomprehensible paradox, a monument to the western horrors from where civilisation emerged. If contemporary public space overlays a masquerade under which commercial interests and social taboos are hidden, this new collective form forces the unveiling of any underlying structure.

The discipline boundary of architecture has been gradually growing, but the essence of architecture is still making space and object. And one measure of a good architecture is whether the building can make people enter a discourse with themselves and their world. And the method is how to make the object produce continuous meaning in the interaction with people. In the interaction between human and object, we give meaning to the object. From the perspective of phenomenology, the object becomes a thing. In order to keep architecture staying active, we need to give new meaning to object continuously, keep object as a thing. In this thesis, my research object is the column, because column is one of the basic element for architecture, to make the research more targeted. This paper is divided into three parts: the first part is about thing theory, it includes thing theory in critical theory and architecture; the second part is about how can column be a thing, this part mainly introduces the design operations to make column be a thing; the last part is apply the study in a project, to see how it works.

The outbreak of Covid-19 has suddenly jumped into our everyday life in the first part of 2020. Each of us inevitably has to face it without any chance to fight back. Our city has been turned into an empty space. People have to suffer from endless quarantine at home. Definitely, under this pandemic, numerous problems have been exposed. We realized how fragile our medical system and psychological health are. However, a series of reactions responding to the epidemic has also shown wisdom in an architectural way. Hospitals were built in ten days. Huge public buildings were transformed into temporary hospitals in order to treat patients. There are many more possibilities for hospitals today than in ancient times. This master thesis questions the classic principle "Form follows function" and imagines the future of hospitals. Starting from an experiment in Barcelona transforming four historical buildings into hospitals, the extra program is considered to be added to each hospital. The design part is mainly focused on one of the buildings, La Model. Preservation is architecture's saving retreat and we should make full use of it.

The marketplace has been throughout history a powerful promotor of public space, from the beginning when trade and dealings between people were done in these special designated places it quickly became a necessity of everyday life. With the passing of time and the arrival of modernity our cities have changed, and so the way we approach the market as an everyday aspect of our lives; markets today are losing ground to more convenient ways of shopping like the supermarket or convenience store, the cultural exchange that the market provides to a community is being replaced by fast and lifeless methods of buying. The market must evolve in order to survive these changes, it has to bring more to the city than a place to buy and sell, it needs to become a new centrality where public and private spaces meet. The hybrid-building typologies have provided us with new ways of designing the city, where mixed use is key in order to promote the use of space in different ways, this diversity creates possibilities for the city to adapt and to move. In this thesis I explore the role of the hybrid space and how it can be applied to the market, taking special emphasis on the bridge-building structure and how it can create a relationship with the public and private realms and provide in-between spaces for the contemporary life. The proposal acts literally as a bridge that links a system of housing, co-working areas, commerce and public space with the Fira II building, and at its core the marketplace serves as the articulating piece for the whole project.

In the ideal city of Cerdà, all the controls are rational and beautiful, but with time passing by, urbanization and industrialization have increased the population. The neighborhood courtyard that originally belonged to each Manzana disappeared, buildings of various uses gradually fill up the center of manzana. The government has made efforts to restore part of the inner garden, but it is far from enough. People's outdoor activities are forced to gradually move away from their residences, onto the streets or further squares. The neighborhood space in Manzana is different from the larger social space. Similarly, the buildings inserted in each manzana are also different from ordinary buildings. The free social space that should be facing the neighbors has become a monotonous roof. Now, sharing these roofs can contribute to the social networking of the entire neighborhood.Follow Cerda's will to carry Utopia to the end.

"MBArch ETSAB UPC, Barcelona 2020-2021. From large scale to contemporary project - 26 years" -- Coberta, "Organized by: Cercle d’Arquitectura Research Group, Departament de Projectes Arquitectònics, Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya" -- Coberta, Descripció del recurs: 21 novembre 2020

MBArch -- The Contemporary Project, The Albanian landscape, all across from its highlands to the coastal areas, has more than half of a century that is being dotted from these small monolithic structures called the bunkers. The bunkers were a construction that came from the time when communist regime was ruling the country, and it was supposedly built to protect the people, from a threat that never actually existed. Expect the fact that the bunkers reflect the paranoia of their ideator, they become a special case of a bunker also in the bigger arena of the defensive architecture built in the world, since it was never really used. The bunker was more a semantic representation of the actuality of the country at that time, small, isolated and ready to protect their country from anyone with the naivety of their scale.But right now the bunker only exists in the lands of country, it does not coexist with its people. To achieve the coexistence the bunker is analysed and comprehended as an objet trouve, leading to its reinterpretation as an architectural object made for people and by people. Hauling around with the confusion of reactions it gives to people, the new reinterpretation seeks to help the contemporary man not only to surpass the bunkers mentality somehow, but also give a more pleasant glimpse of verve at the chaotic experience that is life today.