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Background: Beverage‐drinking behavior could be a potential risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in young populations. However, GERD prevalence in this population has not been investigated, and beverage consumption's association with GERD remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and beverage‐related risk factors of GERD among Chinese college freshmen and in youth around the world. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in Chinese college freshmen in September 2019 using random cluster sampling method. Participants completed questionnaires on demographic information, food intake frequency, and GER symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between beverages and GERD. Studies were retrieved from multiple databases for systemic review. The prevalence of GERD in young populations and beverage‐related risk factors were pooled using random‐effect models. Key Results: Based on the 3345 individuals who completed the questionnaires, GERD prevalence in Chinese college freshmen is 5.1%. Multivariate analysis showed students who drink green tea daily, and those who drink coffee regularly were more likely to develop GERD compared with those who never drink tea or coffee. The pooled prevalence of GERD in young populations is 18.0%, and frequent alcohol consumption is positively associated with GERD in general population. Conclusions and Inferences: The prevalence of GERD in Chinese college freshmen is significantly lower than that in worldwide youth populations. Alcohol, green tea, and coffee consumption could be potential risk factors for GERD. Future large‐scale epidemiological studies are warranted for reliable identification of beverage‐related risk factors for GERD in young populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-solid-state Li-ion batteries, have become increasingly important because of their highly reliable solid electrolyte materials. Flexible solid polyethylene oxide (PEO) based electrolytes have been widely studied. Nevertheless, this material exhibits low lithium-ion conductivity. Herein, we report the optimisation of the composition of PEO/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based electrolytes to enhance ionic conductivity. When the weight ratio of lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulphonyl)imide and PEO/PVDF is 1:5 (LiTFSI:PEO/PVDF = 1:5), maximum conductivities are 2.98 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 30°C and 5.56 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60°C. Furthermore, the all-solid-state battery using this solid electrolyte film, a Li metal anode, and a LiFePO4 cathode delivers initial discharge capacities of 149.6 mAhg−1 (0.1 C, 60°C) and 130.2 mAh g−1 (0.5 C, 60°C). Meanwhile, the solid-state lithium battery also presents good cycling performance and excellent rate capability at 60°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol plays an important role in the national economy, and is widely used in the raw materials of food, medicine, and the chemical industry. In recent years, with the challenge facing the world's energy security, more and more attention has been devoted to the conversion of biomass into fuel ethanol. Ethanol is considered to be a renewable and clean fuel, which can be an alternative to fossil fuels. So far, compared with other ethanol production methods, the fermentation method to produce ethanol has so many advantages, such as green environmental protection and low cost, that attracts lots of researchers' attention. There are many influence factors in the fermentation process, which make the fermentation process so complicated that it is hard to be controlled. The variation of the ethanol concentration with different fermentation times is directly related to the fermentation results. How to get higher ethanol concentration by a fermentation method has become the hot and difficult issue of the fermentation field. The research of ethanol fermentation kinetic is beneficial for understanding the fermentation process. It provides a theoretical basis for the amplification and optimization of fermentation industry. A bacteria growth dynamics model based on a Logistic equation can better describe the cell growth and inhibition; however, because the parameters and the integral constant of the model equation have no obvious biological significance, its application is limited. To establish a practical product kinetic model of ethanol fermentation, in this article, a reparameterized Logistic model was applied to correlate the ethanol concentration and time in the fermentation process, which was obtained by the analogy of the yeast growth. That is, an explicit function of ethanol concentration is given, which can combine biology and chemical engineering. As there was no yeast concentration in the model, the model was simplified so much and the parameters of it have an immediate physical interpretation that can be conveniently applied in industry. Through the research on glucose and corn starch as the raw material for ethanol fermentation, we studied the variation of ethanol concentration, total sugar concentration with time under the condition of different substrate quality, and the ratio of material to water. Then the experimental data were correlated by the reparameterized Logistic model in ethanol fermentation with glucose and corn starch. The model parameters and the consistency were good between the model and the experiments, the degree of fitting R2, was greater than 0.97. The results showed that the model can be used to represent the kinetics behavior of ethanol concentration in fermentation, which has the potential to predict ethanol concentration in industrial fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy matrix composites were toughened by introducing films into fiberglass fabric layers based on an ex-situ vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding technique. The mixture films were made of a certain polyetherketone cardo and calcium sulfate whiskers with different mass percent. The toughening mechanism was studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The addition of calcium sulfate whisker changed glass transition temperatures of Epoxy Resin (EP) and polyetherketone cardo, indicating that films with calcium sulfate whisker were melting during the curing of epoxy resin and forming the mixture of EP phase, polyetherketone cardo phase, and calcium sulfate whisker between the layers of composites. Meanwhile, the results indicated that calcium sulfate whiskers and fiberglass fabric formed three-dimensional structure between the layers of composites to toughen the composites. The results of the mechanical properties show that the interlaminar shear strength and fracture toughness (GIC) were obviously improved meanwhile tensile strength and flexural strength kept stable whether the addition of films or not. Maximum values of the interlaminar shear strength and fracture toughness (GIC) were 22% and 95% higher than that of the controlled specimens without films, respectively. The interlaminar mechanical properties improved with the addition of films made of polyetherketone cardo and calcium sulfate whisker, which is benefit for the improvement of whole mechanical properties and wide usage of laminate composites. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effects of the T6I6 interrupted aging on the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior, mechanical properties, and microstructure of an Al-4.1Cu-1.1Li alloy were investigated. The results showed that the peak hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, and FCP resistance of the T6I6-treated alloy were considerably improved when compared to the T6-treated alloy. Higher densities of GP zones and T1 (Al2CuLi) phases and a lower density of θ′ (Al2Cu) phases were responsible for the improved mechanical properties and FCP resistance in the T6I6 sample. Additionally, the widths of the precipitate-free zones (PFZs) were reduced from 115 to 95 nm. The enhanced FCP resistance of the alloy was shown to be related to the increased size of plastic zones at the crack tip, the high number density and large size of T1 precipitates, as well as the narrow PFZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The HTMM leads to the burst nucleation. [•] The defect mechanism illustrates the phase transformation. [•] The nanoparticle is about 50nm at dilute KOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) foam composites were prepared by the extrusion and a subsequent post-foaming process in a designed die. Hollow glass beads (HGB) were added to improve the performance of calcium sulfate whisker (CSW)-reinforced PP/LDPE foam composites. The influence of the content of HGB on cell structure and mechanical properties of the as-fabricated PP/LDPE foam composites reinforced by CSW was investigated. It was found that the introduction of HGB could enhance the cell structure of the PP/LDPE foam composites characterized by the reduced mean cell diameter, the increased cell density, and the uniform distribution of cell size. The mechanical properties tests indicated that HGB could significantly improve the compressive properties of the PP/LDPE foam composites in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Highlights: [•] Sr can modify the morphology and size of primary and eutectic Mg2Si in Mg–6Zn–4Si alloys. [•] Sr improves tensile strength, elongation and wear behavior of the Mg–6Zn–4Si alloys. [•] The change in morphology and size of Mg2Si phase leads to the increase of tensile properties. [•] The needle-like Sr–Mg–Si phase leads to a reduction of mechanical property and an increase of the wear rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An illustration of how MFM electrospun membranes can enhance the healing of bone defects in infection-affected rats by demonstrating the process of creating the membranes as well as the results of the process. [Display omitted] • A triple-layered membrane with Qk peptide, strontium, and vancomycin for angiogenesis, bone growth, and infection control. • The sustained release of these drugs and their synergistic effect further enhanced the therapeutic impact. • Multi-functional membrane demonstrated an enhanced mechanical property. • In vitro studies confirmed the accelerated bone regeneration. Advancements in guided bone regeneration (GBR) rely on the development of membranes that can effectively control drug delivery and facilitate bone repair. This study introduces a triple-layered multi-functional membrane (MFM), with each layer serving a specific release profile and function. These layers consist of Qk peptide, strontium (Sr), and vancomycin (Van) for angiogenesis, bone growth, and infection control. The MFM was meticulously designed to ensure sustained drug release kinetics and improved bone regeneration. The membrane morphology was analyzed via SEM, and its mechanical properties were measured via stress–strain curves. In vitro studies confirmed the controlled release of the agents for 21 days. These findings indicate significant enhancements needed for GBR, as supported by in vitro results. The synergy of the membrane's components contributes to a greater therapeutic impact. Furthermore, in vivo results further supported the exceptional performance of MFM in GBR. Within 5 days of implantation, notable improvements in revascularization were observed. After 1 month, micro-CT scans displayed accelerated bone regeneration, while the membrane effectively prevented bacterial growth within 3 days. The MFM/Van-Sr-Qk membrane shows excellent potential for advancing bone regeneration and GBR therapies, warranting further research and development in this promising field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal sulfides appear excellent electrochemical properties in the realm of anode for sodium-ion batteries and hold significant potential for practical application in large-scale devices in the future. However, their development is hindered by inferior inherent conductivity and tremendous volume strain during discharge and charge processes. In this study, Co 1-x S@C nanoboxes were synthesized utilizing Co-Co PBA as a precursor. The electrochemical sodium storage performance of Co 1-x S@C electrode was characterized, revealing an extremely long-life and stable performance. At 1.0 A g−1 and 2.0 A g−1, the electrode delivered capacities of 255.8 mAh g−1 and 197.6 mAh g−1 after 5000 and 10,000 cycles respectively, with negligible capacity attenuation. The pseudo-capacitance behavior of Co 1-x S@C NBs electrode in sodium storage was quantitatively calculated through CV test at varying sweep speeds. The significant contribution of pseudo-capacitance resulted in its exceptional rate capacity and electrochemical stability. Furthermore, kinetic analysis revealed that the existence of a carbon shell enhanced the Na+ diffusion kinetics and charge transfer kinetics of Co 1-x S@C NBs. This strategy provides a reference for enhancing the Na+ storage performance of other transition metal sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic and environmental factors can independently or coordinatively drive ocular axis growth. Mutations in FRIZZLED5 (FZD5) have been associated with microphthalmia, coloboma, and, more recently, high myopia. The molecular mechanism of how Fzd5 participates in ocular growth remains unknown. In this study, we compiled a list of human genes associated with ocular growth abnormalities based on public databases and a literature search. We identified a set of ocular growth-related genes from the list that was altered in the Fzd5 mutant mice by RNAseq analysis at different time points. The Fzd5 regulation of this set of genes appeared to be impacted by age and light damage. Further bioinformatical analysis indicated that these genes are extracellular matrix (ECM)-related; and meanwhile an altered Wnt signaling was detected. Altogether, the data suggest that Fzd5 may regulate ocular growth through regulating ECM remodeling, hinting at a genetic-environmental interaction in gene regulation of ocular axis control. • A list of human genes associated with ocular growth abnormalities was compiled based on public databases. • A set of ocular growth-related genes was found altered in the Fzd5 mutant retina at different ages. • The Fzd5 regulation of ocular-growth genes appeared to be impacted by age and light damage and their interaction. • Fzd5 may regulate ocular growth by ECM remodeling within the retina, likely involving Müller glia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A long-distance THz DFB is used to the quasi-optical THz ellipsometry. • The THz SE with the lens less reflected arm does not require additional polarizers. • The THz SE completed the thickness measurements of non-absorbent films. • The viability of a novel polarization measurement method has been demonstrated. We introduce a long-distance terahertz (THz) diffraction-free beam (DFB) to the quasi-optical THz ellipsometry. Due to the distinctive characteristics of DFBs, the reflected arm of the ellipsometer does not need a focusing lens to enhance the signal detected. Since the radiation emitted from the generator is linearly polarized, there is no need to place a polarizer on the incident arm. The THz ellipsometry with the lensless reflected arm completed the thickness measurements of non-absorbent films with thicknesses in the wavelength order. The measured values are consistent with the results measured by the micrometer. In addition, we quantitatively analyzed errors that commonly occur in this ellipsometry. The DFB generating system, which consists of two lens-axicon doublets, is fairly simple to implement. We firmly believe that the proposed approach can be easily transplanted to other types of THz ellipsometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rolling bearings are key components of rotating machinery, and predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) is of great significance in practical industrial scenarios and is being increasingly studied. A precise and reliable remaining useful life prediction result provides valuable information for decision-makers, which is essential to ensure the safety and reliability of mechanical systems. Generally, the RUL label is considered to be an ideal life curve, which is the benchmark for RUL prediction. However, the existing label construction methods make more use of expert experience and seldom mine knowledge from data and combine experience to assist in constructing a health index (HI). In this paper, a novel and simple approach of label construction is proposed for predicting the RUL accurately. More specifically, the degradation index of the multiscale frequency domain is first extracted. Furthermore, the fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm is innovatively used to divide the degradation data into several stages to obtain the turning point of degradation. Then, a nonlinear degradation index, the RUL label with the turning point, was constructed based on principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, the recurrent neural network (RNN) is used for prediction and verification. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, two different bearing lifecycle datasets are gathered and analyzed. The analysis result confirms that the proposed method is able to achieve a better performance, which outperforms some existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An in-depth analysis of the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer is needed. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the architecture of the immune microenvironment of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSCs) with or without BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Methods: A cohort of highly annotated HGSC patients with known germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 status was selected, and pretreatment tumor tissue specimens were analyzed with a multiplexed staining technique aimed at detecting lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts in the whole tumor area and in specific regions including epithelium, stroma, and perivascular areas. Results: BRCA1- or BRCA2-mutated tumors showed a more immunogenic microenvironment, characterized by a higher abundance of CD8+ and PD-L1+ cells, than did tumors with wild-type BRCA1 and BRCA2. High numbers of PD-L1+ and PD-L1+CD8+ cells were prognostic for event-free survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.79, p = 0.008 and HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.26–0.91, p = 0.025, respectively), as were high numbers of epithelial PD-L1+ and FAP+PD-L1+ cells (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28–0.96, p = 0.037 and HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08–0.87, p = 0.029) and CD8+ cells (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28–0.93, p = 0.027). Conclusions: This study reveals substantial differences between the immune microenvironment composition of germline BRCA-mutated and BRCA wild-type HGSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Metabolic adaptation driven by oestrogen-related receptor-α (ERRα/NR3B1) is required to meet the increased energy demand during osteoclast differentiation. Here, we hypothesize that natural product, andrographolide, acts as an ERRα inverse agonist to inhibit osteoclastogenesis.Experimental Approach: Virtual docking and site-directed mutagenesis analysis were employed to study the binding mode of andrographolide to ERRα. Co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblot analyses were performed to identify andrographolide as an ERRα inverse agonist. The pharmacological effects of andrographolide in vivo were assessed in mice models of osteopenia induced by either a high-fat diet in male or ovariectomy in female mice.Key Results: ERRα-dependent expression of glutaminase, a rate-limiting enzyme of mitochondrial glutamine anaplerosis, is required for ex vivo bone marrow osteoclast differentiation. Andrographolide inhibited glutaminase expression induced by ERRα and co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1β (PGC-1β), leading to reduction in osteoclastogenesis. Andrographolide acted as an inverse agonist of ERRα by disrupting its interaction with co-activator PGC-1β. Phenylalanine 232, valine 395 and phenylalanine 399 of ERRα ligand-binding domain were confirmed to be essential for this effect. In contrast, glutaminase overexpression restored the impairment triggered by andrographolide. Accordingly, andrographolide suppressed osteoclastic bone resorption and attenuated bone loss in vivo.Conclusions and Implications: These findings demonstrate that andrographolide acts as an ERRα inverse agonist for perturbation of ERRα/PGC-1β/glutaminase axis-driven metabolic adaption during osteoclast differentiation, implying that andrographolide may be a promising natural compound for preventing physiological and pathological bone loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bone marrow is generally considered the main source of erythroid cells. Here we report that a single hypoxia-mimic chemical, CoCl2, can increase the size of fibroblasts and cancer cells and lead to formation of polyploidy giant cells (PGCs) or polyploidy giant cancer cells (PGCCs), activation of stem cell marker expression, increased growth of normal and cancer spheroid, and lead to differentiation of the fibroblasts and epithelial cells toward erythroid lineage expressing hemoglobins both in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that these cells are predominantly made of embryonic hemoglobins, with various levels of fetal and adult hemoglobins. Ectopic expression of c-Myc induced the generation of nucleated erythoid cells expressing variable levels of embryonic and fetal hemoglobins. Generation of these erythroid cells can be also observed via histological examination of other cancer cell lines and human tumor samples. These data suggest that normal and solid cancer cells can directly generate erythroid cells to obtain oxygen in response to hypoxia and may explain the ineffectiveness of conventional anti-angiogenic therapies for cancer, which are directed at endothelium-dependent vessels, and offer new targets for intervention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The microstructures and tensile properties of a Mg–6Zn–4Si alloy with calcium additions at ambient and elevated temperature were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and standard high temperature tensile testing. The results indicate that the morphology of the primary Mg2Si in the alloys changes from large dendritic (>100μm) to fine polygon (<20μm). Meanwhile, the eutectic Mg2Si changes gradually from Chinese script shape to a fine fibre morphology with increasing Ca content. The grain size of the primary Mg2Si decreases initially and then slowly increases with increasing Ca content. Experimental analysis shows that the concentration distribution of Ca atoms on the growth front of the Mg2Si cause a “poisoning effect”. The coarse CaMgSi compound is formed due to an excessive Ca addition, which resulted in the over-modification. Therefore, it can be concluded that the appropriate level of Ca addition can both effectively modify and refine the primary Mg2Si, and also decrease the amount of the primary Mg2Si. Tensile testing results show that the addition of Ca improves the ultimate strength, yield strength and elongation of the Mg–6Zn–4Si alloys at both ambient temperature and 150°C. Optimal mechanical properties can be achieved with a Ca addition of 0.4%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two classes of ACK1 inhibitors, 4,5,6-trisubstituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin4-amines and 4,5,6-trisubstituted 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines, were discovered and evaluated as ACK1 inhibitors. Further structural refinement led to the identification of potent and selective dithiolane inhibitor 37. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents calculations for an idea in photorefractive spatial solitons, namely, a dissipative holographic soliton and a two-photon-Hamiltonian spatial soliton in one dimension form in an unbiased series photorefractive crystal circuit consisting of a single-photon photorefractive crystals and a two-photon one of which at least one must be photovoltaic. The two solitons are known collectively as a separate Holographic–Hamiltonian spatial soliton pair and there are two types: dark–dark and bright–dark if only one crystal of circuit is photovoltaic. The results show that the two-photon-Hamiltonian soliton in a soliton pair can affect the holographic one by light-induced current and the holographic soliton cannot affect the two-photon-Hamiltonian one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fluorinated polyimide waveguides were fabricated by CO laser direct-writing. The poly(amic acid) micro-region irradiated by CO laser beam was studied with FT-IR micro-spectroscopy. The FT-IR spectra implied that the laser induced thermal-imidized polyimide was of optical anisotropy, and the imidization degree of exposed micro-region increased with the rising of output laser power. The increased aspect ratio of waveguide and smoothness of surface can be achieved by increasing the pre-cured temperature (below 120°C) and writing speed, and optimizing laser power and the distance between the lens and the annular aperture. The guided light was clearly confined to the core of the fabricated waveguide, which means this technique can be used for fluorinated polyimide waveguide fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family have been implicated in controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Many of these processes are energy demanding. How PKCs affect mitochondrial function to regulate energy production is not well defined. Using an inhibitor Gö6983 with broad specificity, we found that inhibiting PKCs reduced mitochondrial mass and altered mitochondrial function characterized by elevations in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These alterations indicated that Gö6983 suppressed the activities of mitochondrial regulators such as estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). Indeed, Gö6983 dose-dependently suppressed the expression levels of ERRα-target genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). Conversely, PKC activator phorbol ester (PMA) enhanced the expression level of another ERRα-target gene pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4). This PMA-mediated induction of PDK4 was blunted by an ERRα inverse agonist XCT-790, suggesting that ERRα plays a role in mediating the effects of PKCs on mitochondrial function. By over-expressing constitutively active forms of PKCs, we found that PKCε preferentially stimulated the transcription activity of ERRα. Through mutating residues on ERRα, we established that this PKCε-induced ERRα activity involves threonine 106, serine 110, and threonine 124 of ERRα. Collectively, these pieces of evidence suggest that ERRα plays an important role down-stream of PKCε to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The incoherently coupled dark-dark, bright-bright, bright-dark screening-photovoltaic spatial soliton pairs are predicted in biased two-photon photovoltaic-photorefractive crystals under steady-state conditions. The result shows that these soliton pairs are established by the solitary beams which have the same polarization, wavelength, and are mutually incoherent. The screening-photovoltaic soliton pairs can be considered as the united form of screening soliton pairs and open or closed-circuit photovoltaic soliton pairs. They reduce to screening soliton pairs in the absence of photovoltaic effect, whereas they become photovoltaic soliton pairs under the open or closed-circuit conditions when the bias field is not applied. Moreover, the stability of these solitons has been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holographic focusing effects of light in a carbazole photorefractive film at 632.8 nm wavelength were observed without applying a bias field, owing to the two-beam coupling process in the material. The material was prepared from the mixture of 3-formyl-N-vinylcarbazole (99 wt%) and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (1 wt%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the endometrium are rare tumors that can be pure, combined with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, or a component of malignant mixed müllirian tumor. Recently, a case of combined small cell carcinoma and papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium was described for the first time. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium, with an unusual pagetoid spread of the neuroendocrine component into normal endometrial and endocervical glands. The endometrial carcinoma had a small serous component, but most of the tumor was characterized by solid sheets of medium to large cells with abundant mitotic figures, numerous apoptotic bodies, and foci of necrosis. This component was diffusely positive for neuroendocrine markers. Following surgery, the patient was treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. She was without evidence of progression at 5 months of follow-up. (Arch Pathoi lab Med. 2OO8;132:1821 -1824) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the NADPH dependent interconversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol. Excess 11β-HSD1 or cortisol leads to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in animal models and in humans. Inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity signifies a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and related diseases. Herein, we report two highly potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of human 11β-HSD1. While compound 1, a sulfonamide, functions as a simple substrate competitive inhibitor, compound 2, a triazole, shows the kinetic profile of a mixed inhibitor. Co-crystal structures reveal that both compounds occupy the 11β-HSD1 catalytic site, but present distinct molecular interactions with the protein. Strikingly, compound 2 interacts much closer to the cofactor NADP+ and likely modifies its binding. Together, the structural and kinetic analyses demonstrate two distinctive molecular inhibition mechanisms, providing valuable information for future inhibitor design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: BRCA1 plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability through its involvement in DNA repair. Although it is known that BRCA1 and RAD51 form distinct DNA repair subnuclear complexes, or foci, following environmental insults to the DNA, the role of BRCA1 in this process remains to be characterized. The purpose of the study was therefore to determine the role of BRCA1 in the formation of RAD51 foci following treatment with cisplatin and ionizing radiation. We found that although a functional BRCA1 is required for the subnuclear assembly of BRCA1 foci following treatment with either ionizing radiation or cisplatin, a functional BRCA1 is required for RAD51 foci to form following treatment with cisplatin but not with ionizing radiation. Similar results were obtained in SKOV-3 cells when the level of BRCA1 expression was knocked down by stable expression of a retrovirus-mediated small-interfering RNA against BRCA1. We also found that the carboxyl-terminal of BRCA1 contains uncharacterized phosphorylation sites that are responsive to cisplatin. The functional BRCA1 is also required for breast and ovarian cancer cells to mount resistance to cisplatin. These results suggest that the carboxyl-terminal of BRCA1 is required for the cisplatin-induced recruitment of RAD51 to the DNA-damage site, which may contribute to cisplatin resistance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: By employing sodium dodecyl sulfate as the templating agent, mesoporous lanthanum oxide/surfactant complexes of hexagonal and lamellar phases were synthesized within the micellar solution of various pH values. The structures of the resulting products were studied by XRD, HRTEM, SEM and TG/DTA. The XRD patterns and HRTEM micrographs showed that the interlayer distance of the typical lamellar structure products was ranging from 3.5 to 4.0 nm and the unit cell parameter of the produced ordered hexagonal structures was about 4.4 nm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors modulate gene transcription in response to small lipophilic molecules. Transcriptional activity is regulated by ligands binding to the carboxy-terminal ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of cognate NRs. A subgroup of NRs referred to as 'orphan receptors' lack identified ligands, however, raising issues about the function of their LBDs. Here we report thecrystal structure of the LBD of the orphan receptor Nurrl at 2.2 A resolution. The Nurrl LBD adopts a canonical protein fold resembling that of agonist-bound, transcriptionally active LBDs in NRs, but the structure has two distinctive features. First, the Nurr1 LBD contains no cavity as a result of the tight packing of side chains from several bulky hydrophobic residues in the region normally occupied by ligands. Second, Nurr1 lacks a 'classical' binding site for coactivators. Despite these differences, the Nurr1 LBD can be regulated in mammalian cells. Notably, transcriptional activity is correlated with the Nurr1 LBD adopting a more stable conformation. Our findings highlight a unique structural class of NRs and define a model for ligand-independent NR function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BRCA1, the gene responsible for approximately half of all cases of hereditary breast cancer and almost all cases of combined hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, has been implicated in the maintenance of genomic stability through DNA repair. This function is mediated, at least in part, through two tandem BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) repeats. The role of BRCA1 in the development of ovarian cancer is poorly understood, partially owing to the lack of ovarian cancer cell lines with defective BRCA1. The purpose of this study was to further characteriZe an endometrioid ovarian cancer cell line, SNU-251, which was previously reported to carry a nonsense mutation (from G to A) at amino acid 1815 of BRCA1. In addition, we examined the role of BRCA1 in the cell cycle and in the responses to the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel and ioniZing radiation. Loss of the C-terminal 49 amino acids due to this point mutation did not affect the expression of the truncated BRCA1 protein, but caused a loss of transcriptional activation of the endogenous p21WAF1/CIP1 gene, and could not sustain arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The BRCA1 mutation in SNU-251 cells inhibited BRCA1 subnuclear assembly for DNA-damage repair and increased cellular sensitivity to ioniZing radiation and paclitaxel. This sensitivity was reversed by reintroduction of ectopic wild-type BRCA1. Our results suggest that the deletion of the C-terminal 49 amino acids of BRCA1 results in a loss of BRCA1 function in the SNU-251 cell line. BRCA1 helps to mediate the resistance to both radiation and paclitaxel. Therefore, SNU-251 may be a useful model for studying the molecular mechanism of BRCA1 in the resistance of ovarian cancer to ioniZing radiation and chemotherapy treatment and in the development of hereditary human ovarian cancer.Oncogene (2003) 22, 2396-2404. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206319 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-step surfactant-free hydrothermal route is developed to prepare platelike NaNbO3 template powders. At optimal KOH concentration, pure platelike NaNbO3 with rhombohedral structure (width and thickness of 20 and 2 μm, respectively) is obtained at 200°C for 16 h. After calcination at 600°C for 4 h, the structure of the hydrothermally synthesized NaNbO3 changes from rhombohedral to orthorhombic, whereas the initial platelike morphology is maintained. Such characteristics in terms of phase structure, elemental composition, and morphology render our hydrothermally synthesized NaNbO3 suitable for textured ceramic fabrications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contemporary treatments for functional dyspepsia have limitations. Herbal medicine has been suggested as adjunctive treatment. With growing scientific recognition and public interests, an in‐depth review of this is timely. Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic potential and problems that may be associated with the adoption of herbal medicines in functional dyspepsia. Methods: We reviewed the treatment landscape of functional dyspepsia and assessed the scientific community's interest in herbal medicine. Preclinical pharmacological and clinical trial data were reviewed for several herbal medicines available in the market. Challenges associated with adoption of herbal medicine in mainstream medicine were critically evaluated. Results: We found that herbal medicines frequently comprise a combination of herbs with multiple reported pharmacological effects on gastrointestinal motility and secretory functions, as well as cytoprotective and psychotropic properties. We identified a number of commercially available herbal products that have undergone rigorous clinical trials, involving large numbers of well‐defined subjects, reporting both efficacy and safety for functional dyspepsia. Persisting concerns include lack of rigorous assessments for majority of products, toxicity, consistency of ingredients, dose standardizations, and quality control. We provide a quality framework for its evaluation. Conclusions: We commend herbal medicine as a viable future option in managing functional dyspepsia. An attractive appeal of herbal medicine is the prospect to simultaneously target multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Wider adoption and acceptance of herbal medicines in treatment algorithms of functional dyspepsia will require the application of the scientific rigor expected of chemical therapies, to all stages of their development and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Gastroparesis is identified as a subject that is understudied in Asia. The scientific committee of the Asian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association performed a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices survey on gastroparesis among doctors in Asia. Methods: The questionnaire was created and developed through a literature review of current gastroparesis works of literature by the scientific committee of Asian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association. Results: A total of 490 doctors from across Asia (including Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) participated in the survey. Gastroparesis is a significant gastrointestinal condition. However, a substantial proportion of respondents was unable to give the correct definition and accurate diagnostic test. The main reason for lack of interest in diagnosing gastroparesis was "the lack of reliable diagnostic tests" (46.8%) or "a lack of effective treatment" (41.5%). Only 41.7% of respondents had access to gastric emptying scintigraphy. Most doctors had never diagnosed gastroparesis at all (25.2%) or diagnosed fewer than 5 patients a year (52.1%). Conclusions: Gastroparesis can be challenging to diagnose due to the lack of instrument, standardized method, and paucity of research data on normative value, risk factors, and treatment studies in Asian patients. Future strategies should concentrate on how to disseminate the latest knowledge of gastroparesis in Asia. In particular, there is an urgent need to estimate the magnitude of the problems in high risk and idiopathic patients as well as a standardized diagnostic procedure in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a reasonable structure and component regulation are valid methods for enhancing the electrochemical properties of TiO 2 , which serves as prominent anode in sodium-ion batteries with exceptional structural stability. Herein, the carbon-coated anatase TiO 2 doped with S (S-TiO 2 @C) was synthesized via a facile metal-organic framework-assisted approach. The S atoms partially substitute oxygen atoms in the lattice, thereby enhancing the capacitive behavior, facilitating charge transfer kinetics, and augmenting the diffusion coefficient of Na+. With exceptionally high porosity and substantial carbon content, the caky S-TiO 2 @C electrode manifests superior rate capability of 167.7 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1 and long-cycle life of 239.0 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1 over 4000 cycles. It is foreseeable that the strategy of anionic doping and carbon coating on the metal oxide with porous structure to optimize the sodium storage capability of the electrode will be applied in the future. • Metal-organic framework derived S-doped TiO 2 with carbon coating was synthesized for the first time. • The high level of porosity facilitates electrolyte infiltration and offers more active sites for sodium storage. • The S atoms partially substitute oxygen atoms in the lattice, thereby enhancing the kinetics of sodium storage. • The S-TiO 2 @C electrode exhibits superior rate capability and long-term cycle stability over 4000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The H 2 V 3 O 8 /MXene film shows excellent electrochemical properties as cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries and solid-state zinc-ion batteries. [Display omitted] • H 2 V 3 O 8 /MXene film has been synthesized by hydrothermal method and coating method. • Combination MXene and H 2 V 3 O 8 synergistically improves electrochemical properties. • The H 2 V 3 O 8 /MXene film shows excellent performance for AZIBs and solid-state ZIBs. In this study, freestanding H 2 V 3 O 8 /MXene (HVO/MX) film were synthesized by high temperature mixing hydrothermal method and coating method. The composite film exhibits good electrical conductivity and flexibility. In addition, HVO/MX film shows excellent electrochemical properties when used as cathode material for aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) and solid-state ZIBs. The aqueous ZIBs assembled from the HVO/MX film shows satisfactory specific capacity (highest specific capacity can reach 346 mAh/g at 10 A/g) and cycling performance. Surprisingly, the assembled quasi-solid-state batteries can work well at room temperature and low temperature conditions. The battery maintained a high discharge specific capacity of 180 mAh/g after 3000 cycles at 25 °C. The outstanding performance of the HVO/MX film assembled battery is due to its good electrical conductivity, zinc-ion diffusion rate and simple battery structure. This work provides a novel route for the preparation of self-supporting cathode materials for different battery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method is proposed for batch preparation microfiber Bragg grating (MFBG) sensors using alkaline solution with safety and the high efficiency. • The smooth-surfaced MFBG sensors were produced with a roughness of less than 100 nm, which is nearly 30 times lower compared to the widely-used HF etching method. • The method can achieve diameter customization of MFBG sensor by controlling time with an error of only ± 1.2918 μm. • The effects of diameter reduction of FBG sensors on their optical property, sensing performance, and mechanical property were systematically investigated. Microfiber Bragg grating sensors hold great promise given their compactness and large evanescent field effect. The fabrication method of the sensors plays a pivotal role in determining the performance. In this study, a novel approach for batch manufacturing microfiber Bragg grating sensors was proposed using a NaOH solution under hydrothermal conditions. Compared to other methods, it is simpler, safer, and more efficient. Through precisely controlling the reaction time, 50 microfiber Bragg grating sensors were produced with smooth surfaces, exhibiting a surface roughness of about 87 nm, and achieved tailored fiber diameters with an error of only ± 1.2918 μm. In addition, the sensors with different diameters produced by the method to systematically investigate the effects of diameter reduction on various aspects, including spectral characteristics, temperature, strain, refractive index sensing, and bending performance, accompanied by theoretical explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, large and small industries have discharged a multitude of organic pollutants into the environment, causing environmental pollution. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) materials is very important photocatalyst as a result of its outstanding applications to remove organic contaminants from the environment. Nonetheless, the low utilization rate of visible light of TiO 2 has limited its application. To begin with, Black TiO 2 is produced by the magnesium thermal reduction method to promote the absorption of visible light, Subsequently, The black TiO 2 /SnO 2 composites are synthesized by chemical synthesis method to form a hetero-junction to augment the photocatalytic activity. The morphology, chemical composition, phase structure and photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation were investigated. The morphological properties demonstrated that a Ti3+ self-doped disorder layer forms on the surface of TiO 2 nanophase, and black TiO 2 nanoparticles are well decorated with SnO 2 nanoparticles. After 90 min of visible light irradiation, RhB has a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 96.62%, which is 1.597 times that of TiO 2 nanoparticles, and its cycle stability is well beyond our expectation. The ameliorated photocatalytic degradation performance of TiO 2 /SnO 2 composite is ascribed to the formation of a "type Ⅱ heterojunction", which not only reinforces the absorption of visible light of black TiO 2 /SnO 2 nanoparticles, but also heightens the separation and transfer efficiency of the photogenerated carriers. • The black TiO 2 /SnO 2 composite are prepared to improve the photocatalytic activity. • The black TiO 2 are well decorated with SnO 2 nanoparticles to form "type Ⅱ heterojunction". • The composite exhibits an excellent visible-light photocatalytic performance and cycle stability. • The composite improve absorption of visible light and separation of the photogenerated carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) group IIE (GIIE) is involved in several biological events, such as lipid metabolism and possibly inflammation that may mainly depend on its catalytic reaction. We previously showed that Asn21 is a critical residue that contributes to the enzymatic activity of hGIIE, but the underlying mechanism is still not clear. Here, combined with crystal structures and mutagenesis studies of the Asn21Gly mutant, we demonstrate that Asn21 acts as a switch responsible for the calcium binding and the catalytic efficiency. Our results of the atypical feature of calcium binding in hGIIE not only provide clues to understand the molecular basis of its enzymatic activity and physiological function, but also confer improved specificity for potential inhibitor design of sPLA2. • sPLA2 GIIE is a Ca2+-dependent hydrolytic enzyme and contains two Ca binding sites. • N21 contributes to the catalytic efficiency of hGIIE. • N21G mutation can affect the second Ca (Ca2) binding. • N21 acts as a switch to regulate the Ca2 binding involved in the catalytic action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dopamine@BaTiO3 whiskers/P(VDF-HFP) nanocomposite films with high charge energy density were successfully prepared by a simple solution casting method. The BaTiO3 whiskers has been obtained under an optimized two-step hydrothermal condition. To alleviate the interfacial incompatibility, the BaTiO3 whiskers are modified by dopamine coating. The structure and morphology of dopamine@BaTiO3 whiskers have been well confirmed through XRD, SEM, and TEM. Further performance characterization of the nanocomposite films indicates that higher addition of BaTiO3 whiskers gives better dielectric properties and energy density. However, enhanced energy storage and high breakdown strength of nanocomposite can be obtained simultaneoulsy under suitable content.The maximal discharged energy density of the nanocomposite films with 5 vol% dopamine@BaTiO3 whiskers can reach 9.02 J/cm3, and the discharged efficiency remain 46.29% at 300 MV/m. These findings reveal a straightforward approach to improve the performance of the nanocomposite films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia has become a new dental implant material because of its excellent esthetics, biocompatibility, and minimal ion release. However, biological inertness of zirconia surface results in weak integration with bone tissue in the early stage of osseointegration. To enhance the early osseointegration of zirconia implant, a homogeneous nanoporous tantalum (TaNS) coating (~30 nm in diameter and 1 μm in length) with good adhesion strength was prepared on zirconia surface via magnetron sputtering combined with anodization. The roughness and hydrophilicity in ZrO 2 /TaNS groups were significantly improved as compared to other groups. The protein adsorption, initial adhesion, spreading and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly enhanced in ZrO 2 /TaNS group as compared to ZrO 2 and ZrO 2 /Ta group. Moreover, the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly improved in ZrO 2 /TaNS groups than other groups by up-regulating the expression of the osteogenic-related genes (RunX2, ALP, COL-1, OSX, OCN and OPG). Histological analysis displayed that more newly regenerated bone was deposited around ZrO 2 /TaNS group than other groups, and the bone-implant contact in ZrO 2 /TaNS group was enhanced correspondingly. In conclusion, the TaNS coating with good adhesion strength can be successfully prepared on zirconia surface by magnetron sputtering combined with anodization. This novel coating will be a promising clinical application in improving osseointegration of the zirconia implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P 2) is an essential phosphoinositide required for endosome homeostasis and sorting for lysosomal degradation; however, the underlying mechanisms, especially in mammals, remain elusive or unexplored. Here we determined a structure of PI(3,5)P 2 bound to Sorting Nexin 11 (SNX11) with an opened PPII-C loop. We also obtained an SNX11 structure with its PPII-C in "closed" form that serves as a potential PI3P-binding model. In addition, our results reveal that SNX11 can interact with the V1D subunit of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), which provides a link between PI(3,5)P 2 and human V-ATPase and further evidence for their roles in the endosome homeostasis regulation. Lastly, a new apo-form structure of SNX11, combined with molecular dynamics (MD) studies, indicates that the α5 helix can unfold from the PX domain of SNX11 when targeting the membrane or interacting with its partner. Taken together, these findings identify a novel PI(3,5)P 2 effector, which will shed light on the PIs recognizing mechanism and the understanding of the downstream sorting events triggered by different PI binding. Unlabelled Image • PI(3,5)P2 is essential for endo-lysosomal trafficking. • The structure of PI(3,5)P2 with SNX11 reveals specific recognition mechanism. • SNX11 links PI(3,5)P2 to human V-ATPase. • A membrane binding model for SNX11 is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To study the grey spatial soliton families in biased two-photon photovoltaic photorefractive crystal, the dynamical evolution equation and the numerical solution of the grey spatial soliton families were established. The numerical results show that the incoherently coupled screening-photovoltaic grey soliton families can be established provided the multiple incident beams have the same polarization, wavelength, and are mutually incoherent. The screening-photovoltaic grey soliton families can be considered as the united form of screening grey soliton families and open- or closed-circuit photovoltaic grey soliton families due to two-photon photorefractive effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In previous studies, it has been proven that properties of titanium mesoporous (MP) coatings have a strong bond to substrates and excellent anti-stripping property, thus making it ideal for clinical implants. Also, the high porosity and specific surface area of MP material make it excellent for drug loading and sustained release. However, compared with untreated titanium, the bioactivity of MP samples does not have a significant improvement. In this study, we deposited zinc oxide (ZnO) into/on MP structures using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology, which would significantly improve the biological activity of MP material while maintaining its structures. The fluorescence results showed that the porosity and drug loading capacity had little change after 10 ALD cycles (MP-ALD10), but decreased significantly after 30 ALD cycles (MP-ALD30). Cell results showed that with the increase of ALD cycle (from 0 to 50), the cytocompatibility of the corresponding materials increased first and then decreased: the optimal proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were observed in MP-ALD10 and MP-ALD30 groups, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the antibacterial properties of different MP samples against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus gradually enhanced with the increase of ZnO (MP < MP-ALD10 < MP-ALD30 < MP-ALD50). Overall, the study proved that 10 cycles of ZnO deposition significantly enhanced the bioactivity of MP without affecting its structure, drug-loading and drug-releasing properties, thus making MP-ALD10 more suitable for the development of drug-device combined titanium implants than MP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative infections caused by bacteria are now thought to be the main cause of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) failure. In this study, six groups of PLGA/wool keratin composite GTR membranes loaded with the antibacterial agent ornidazole (0% ORN, 1% ORN, 5% ORN, 10% ORN, 20% ORN, and 30% ORN composite membranes) were prepared by an electrospinning method. The surface morphology and physicochemical properties of the composite membranes were determined, and the in vitro drug release behavior, bacteriostatic properties and in vitro cytotoxicity were assessed to optimize the amount of drug loaded into the composite membranes. The composite membrane with 1% ORN showed strong water absorption and mechanical properties as well as suitable in vitro degradation and drug release characteristics; the 5% ORN composite membrane showed good water absorption and degradation characteristics; and the 10% ORN composite membrane showed good mechanical and degradation properties. The five PLGA/wool keratin/ornidazole composite membranes could release ornidazole continuously for 7 d. When the content of ornidazole in the composite membranes was greater than or equal to 10%, the growth of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) was inhibited, while composite membranes with an ornidazole content of less than 10% facilitated the growth and proliferation of hPDLFs and could promote their osteogenic differentiation. The five PLGA/wool keratin/ornidazole composite membranes all inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (Pa), and higher drug contents resulted in stronger bacteriostatic effects. In summary, the 1% ORN composite membrane had good physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and bacteriostatic properties, making this membrane applicable for use as an antibacterial GTR membrane for periodontal tissue repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is one of the conventional methods for surface modification of titanium (Ti)-based dental materials. However, in the process of MAO, the surface porous titania (TiO 2) coating is prone to micro-crack, which affects the stability of coating and the long-term service life of the implant. In this work, high-energy shot peening (HESP) pretreatment would be used to improve the stability and bioactivity of the MAO coatings and increase the effective doping of calcium and phosphorus (Ca & P) elements in surfaces. We verified that the MAO specimens pretreated by HESP (S-MAO) had larger pore size (~ 4.0 μm), coating thickness (~ 8.5 μm) and critical load (~ 11.1 N) than the samples without pretreatment (MAO, ~ 3.1 μm, 6.2 μm & 6.2 N); and the content of Ca and P in S-MAO group (Ca: ~ 6.3 wt%; P: ~ 9.4 wt%) was higher than that of MAO group (Ca: ~ 5.8 wt%; P: ~ 6.7 wt%. Meanwhile, it was also proved that compared with Ti and MAO groups, MC3T3-E1 cells on S-MAO substrates had better spreading, viability, ALP activity, and osteogenic gene expression. All the above results indicate that the HESP pretreatment has excellent potential to improve the coating stability and bioactivity of MAO-treated substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia (ZrO 2) is widely used as dental implants due to its aesthetics and biocompatibility. However, its bio-inert surface compromises the osseointegration. If bacterial infection occurs, the failure rate of traditional ZrO 2 implant will further increase. Thus, to endow ZrO 2 with antibacterial and osteogenic properties simultaneously, zinc oxide (ZnO) coated microrough structures were prepared on ZrO 2 substrates (denoted as SA-ZrO 2 /ZnO) by sandblasting/acid etching and subsequent atomic layer deposition (ALD) in our study. After 30 cycles of ALD, the target SA-ZrO 2 /ZnO exhibited a similar appearance to unmodified ZrO 2. Uniform nano-granular ZnO were observed on both smooth and microrough ZrO 2 substrates, but the latter loaded more Zn2+ and released Zn2+ for a longer time (over 14 d) due to its larger specific surface area. These ZnO nanoparticles exhibited superior bactericidal ability against Porphyromonas gingivalis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Escherichia coli , and provided more adhesion sites for MC3T3-E1 cells to significantly increase cell spreading and migration. Moreover, MC3T3-E1 cells on SA-ZrO 2 /ZnO showed better proliferation and osteogenic differentiation abilities than other groups because of the synergistic effects of microrough structures and Zn2+. Thus, the SA-ZrO 2 /ZnO may have a great potential for dental application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we adopt a facile two-step annealing strategy to synthesize different structural 3D Fe2O3 micro-cubes and 3D Fe3O4 micro-cubes using Prussian blue (PB) as a precursor. Importantly, the effect of the annealing temperature on the structural evolution of the products is systematically investigated. In the first step, the 3D Fe2O3 cubes are synthesized by annealing PB in air. With the increasing temperature, the morphology of 3D Fe2O3 changes from the cube with pores on surface to the hollow cube assembled by nanosheets (HCNSs), which is caused by the higher gas generation and overflow. In the second step, 3D Fe3O4 cubes are obtained by annealing 3D Fe2O3-HCNSs in the atmosphere of Ar/H2. With the increasing temperature, the morphology of 3D Fe3O4 changes from the hollow cube assembled by nanosheets to the hierarchical porous hollow cube assembled by fine nano-particles (denoted as HCNPs), an interesting micro/nano-structure that is obtained by recrystallization and reduction. When the temperature is excessive, the building blocks become larger and the 3D structures collapse. Furthermore, we evaluate the electrochemical performance of 3D hierarchical porous Fe3O4-HCNPs as the anode materials for Li-ion batteries. They exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance, characterized by a large reversible capacity of 1193.6 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and a high rate capacity of 942.1 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1. This superior performance is due to the unique structural advantages of 3D hierarchical porous Fe3O4-HCNPs, including abundant meso/micro-pores, hollow structure and robust structural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of trace levels of pharmaceuticals is an emerging issue impacting the aquatic ecosystem. Naproxen (NPX) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been frequently detected in aquatic environments worldwide. Recently, concerns regarding endocrine disruption by NSAIDs have increased; however, their effects on the thyroid system have yet to be understood. In this study, zebrafish were utilized to evaluate the thyroid-disrupting effects of NPX. After a 60-day exposure to various concentrations of NPX (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L), the body length and weight of the zebrafish were significantly decreased. The decrease of cytochrome P450 gene expression and enzyme activity might inhibit the metabolism of NPX, which might result in the significant bioconcentration in zebrafish. Thyroid hormone (TH) analysis showed that both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were substantially decreased. Gene transcription expressions along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were also markedly affected. Significant downregulation of dio1 , dio2 , nis , nkx2. 1 , pax8 , tg , tpo , trβ and ttr levels, along with the stimulation of the tshβ gene, were also observed in exposed fish compared to controls. Western blot analysis indicated that expression of the TTR protein was significantly decreased, which coincides with the results of the gene expression analysis. Collectively, our observations show that NPX increases the risk of bioconcentration and thyroid disruption in zebrafish. Given the continued increasing consumption and emission of pharmaceuticals, thyroid disruption should be considered when assessing the aquatic risk of long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals. Unlabelled Image • Exposure to naproxen for 60 days causes significant bioconcentration. • Naproxen exposure decreased T3 and T4 contents. • Naproxen at environmental concentrations could induce thyroid disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interrupted aging treatment, T6I6, was conducted on 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy to improve the corrosion resistance. The microstructure evolution, intergranular corrosion (IGC), exfoliation corrosion (EXCO), and electrochemical corrosion behaviors of 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy subjected to T6I6 and T6 aging treatment were systematically investigated. The results reveal that the number density of T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) phases in the grain interior and at the grain boundaries of T6I6 sample increases by suppressing the precipitation of θ' (Al 2 Cu) phases. The higher density of T 1 phases along the grain boundary can increase the potential difference between the grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) and Al matrix, resulting in decreased corrosion resistance. However, the GBPs coarsening and precipitate free zone (PFZ) narrowing induced by interrupted aging offset the harmful effects of T 1 phases, which are responsible for the improved corrosion resistance of T6I6 sample. Hence, the proposed T6I6 aging treatment more effectively improves the corrosion resistance for the studied alloy compared to T6 aging. • The T6I6 can significantly improve the IGC, EXCO, and electrochemical corrosion resistances of 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy. • The precipitation kinetics of T 1 phases are promoted by interrupted aging, but those of θ' phases are inhibited. • The length, rather than the thicknesses of θ' and T 1 phases, is affected by interrupted aging. • The GBPs coarsening and PFZ narrowing induced by interrupted aging offset the harmful effects of T 1 phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity and sustainable antibacterial activity of unmodified PEEK under specific wavelength light treatment (365 nm), and its antibacterial mechanism was also preliminarily discussed. A near-ultraviolet source with a wavelength of 365 nm and a power of 5 W were selected. The irradiation time was 30 min, and the distance was 100 mm. A water contact angle tester was used to characterize the surface of the PEEK after 1–15 light treatments. MC3TC-E1 cells were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the materials under light treatment. Five kinds of common oral bacteria were detected in vitro, and antibacterial efficiency was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial mechanism of PEEK under light was preliminarily discussed by spectrophotometry. The membrane rupture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was detected by lactate dehydrogenase. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans were selected for the cyclic antibacterial test. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple range test. A significance level of 0.05 was considered (α = 0.05). The results of the cell experiment showed that PEEK had no cytotoxicity (P > 0.05). CFU results showed that PEEK had an obvious antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus mutans, Staphylococcus gordonii and Staphylococcus sanguis , but had no antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli (P < 0.05). The SEM results also verified the above antibacterial effect. The existence of singlet oxygen was confirmed by spectrophotometry. Meanwhile, the rupture of Staphylococcus aureus membrane was verified by lactate dehydrogenase assay. The water contact angle of the PEEK surface did not change significantly after 15 cycles of light treatment. Cyclic antibacterial experiments showed that the antibacterial effect was sustainable. This study showed that PEEK has good cytocompatibility with stable and sustainable antibacterial properties under near-ultraviolet. It provides a new idea to solve the non-antibacterial property of PEEK, and also provides a theoretical basis for its further application in dentistry. [Display omitted] • First study of near-ultraviolet irradiation treatment at 365 nm to enhance the antibacterial activity of unmodified PEEK. • The "benzophenone-like" in the PEEK structure can produce singlet oxygen under near-ultraviolet irradiation treatment. • Singlet oxygen had a significant bactericidal effect on Gram-positive bacteria, but not on Gram-negative bacteria. • The antibacterial activity of unmodified PEEK was stable and sustainable under near-ultraviolet irradiation at 365nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]