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• We systematically synthesized the influence of state laws governing school physical education (PE) on PE attendance and physical activity (PA) in class and throughout the day among students in the USA. • Seventeen studies were included in the review and 5 in the meta-analyses. • The presence and strength of state PE laws positively affected PE attendance and the frequency and duration of PA during PE classes and throughout the school day. • State PE laws affected girls' PA more than boys'. • Differing aspects of state PE laws affected students' PE attendance differently. • Disparities in the implementation of state PE laws existed across schools. This study systematically synthesized and quantified the relationship linking state laws governing school physical education (PE) to PE attendance and physical activity (PA) in class and throughout the day and week among students in the USA. A keyword search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Complete, and EconLit. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the effects of state PE laws. A total of 17 studies were included in the review, and five contributed to the meta-analyses. A total of 8 studies used nationally representative school- or student-level data, three focused on multiple states, and the remaining six examined the PE laws of a single state. The presence and strength of state PE laws were positively associated with PE attendance and the frequency and duration of PA during PE classes and throughout the school day. Compared to those residing in states with weak or no PE laws, students in states with strong PE laws had an additional 0.2 days (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.1–0.4) of PE attendance per week and spent an additional 33.9 min (95%CI: 22.7–45.0) participating PE classes per week. State PE laws affected girls' PA more than boys'. Different aspects of state PE laws tended to affect students' PE attendance differently. Disparities in the implementation of state PE laws existed across schools. Future studies should adopt objective measures on PE and PA participation and examine the roles schools and districts play in mediating the effect of state PE laws on students' PE attendance and PA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic stress causes rapid transcriptional responses in plants. However, transcriptional regulators of arsenic‐induced gene expression in plants remain less well known. To date, forward genetic screens have proven limited for dissecting arsenic response mechanisms. We hypothesized that this may be due to the extensive genetic redundancy present in plant genomes. To overcome this limitation, we pursued a forward genetic screen for arsenite tolerance using a randomized library of plants expressing >2,000 artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). This library was designed to knock‐down diverse combinations of homologous gene family members within sub‐clades of transcription factor and transporter gene families. We identified six transformant lines showing an altered response to arsenite in root growth assays. Further characterization of an amiRNA line targeting closely homologous CBF and ERF transcription factors show that the CBF1,2 and 3 transcription factors negatively regulate arsenite sensitivity. Furthermore, the ERF34 and ERF35 transcription factors are required for cadmium resistance. Generation of CRISPR lines, higher‐order T‐DNA mutants and gene expression analyses, further support our findings. These ERF transcription factors differentially regulate arsenite sensitivity and cadmium tolerance. The transcription factors (TFs) mediating resistance to arsenic and cadmium (Cd) remain largely unknown. A redundancy‐ and lethality‐circumventing amiRNA screen uncovers CBFs as negative regulators of arsenite sensitivity and the ERF34 and 35 TFs as positive regulators mediating Cd resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: As a primary source of added sugars, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption contributes to obesity. This study systematically synthesizes the scientific evidence regarding the impact of sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels on consumer behaviors and intentions.Evidence Acquisition: A keyword/reference search was performed in 2019 in Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Meta-analysis was conducted in 2020 to estimate the effect of sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels on consumers' purchase decisions.Evidence Synthesis: A total of 23 studies (13 RCTs, 9 nonrandomized experiments, and 1 computer simulation study) met the eligibility criteria and were included. Labels were classified into 6 categories: (1) symbol with nutrient profile, (2) symbol with health effect, (3) text of nutrient profile, (4) text of health effect, (5) graphic with health effect, and (6) graphic with nutrient profile. Compared with the no-label control group, sugar-sweetened beverage warning label use was associated with reduced odds of choosing sugar-sweetened beverages (OR=0.49, 95% CI=0.41, 0.56) and a reduced sugar-sweetened beverage purchase intention (Cohen's d= -0.18, 95% CI= -0.31, -0.06). Across alternative label categories, the graphic with health effect (OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.08, 0.61), text of health effect (OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.39, 0.55), graphic with nutrient profile (OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.36, 0.81), and symbol with health effect (OR=0.67, 95% CI=0.39, 0.95) were associated with reduced odds of choosing sugar-sweetened beverages.Conclusions: Sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels were effective in dissuading consumers from choosing them. Graphic with health effect labels showed the largest impact. Future studies should delineate the psychosocial pathways linking sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels to purchase decisions, recruit socioeconomically diverse participants, and design experiments in naturalistic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By reviewing the current research status of the interface reaction between the precision casting and directionally solidified TiAl alloy and the shell material, it was pointed out that the reaction mechanism and degree of interaction between graphite shell, high melting point metal shell, oxide shell, zirconate shell and molten TiAl alloy were as follows: The graphite shell had more severe interface reactions and serious C pollution; the preparation cost of high melting point metal shells was relatively high, and its actual use required harsh environmental conditions; oxide shell materials had a wide range of sources and relatively low cost. Compared with the commonly used CaO, Al2O3, and ZrO2 shells, the interface reaction between the Y2O3 shell and the molten TiAl alloy was the weakest; the zirconate shell had a weaker interface reaction, showing considerable application potential. In the future, the application of oxide shells and zirconate shells in the field of cast TiAl alloys should be researched. Focus could be put on optimizing the structure of the shell materials and developing more stable adhesive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research status from magnetic substrate design, insulation coating treatment and new preparation technology were reviewed. It pointed out that the density and resistivity of soft magnetic composites could be effectively improved by using magnetic powders with different characteristics to complement the performance or controlling the morphology of the substrate during the design of the magnetic substrate. The insulation coating treatment could be used to increase the resistivity of the soft magnetic composite to reduce eddy current loss, but the addition of non-magnetic phase insulation materials would lead to a decrease in the magnetic permeability and saturation magnetization of the material. The optimized new preparation technology could effectively improve the performance of soft magnetic composite materials, such as plasma sintering, microwave sintering and laser sintering. The current comprehensive performance of soft magnetic composite materials could not meet the development needs of high frequency and miniaturization of electronic components. The future research directions would be further optimization of substrate component design and particle size coordination, development of new coating materials, innovative preparation processes, optimization of process parameters, and perfection of theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]