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Six different sodium lignosulfonates with varying degrees of sulfonation (0.14–1.29 sulfonate groups per phenylpropane unit) and molecular weights (Mw = 6000–330,000 g/mol) were evaluated for their ability to disperse carbon black in aqueous media. Rheological and particle size measurements of carbon black dispersions indicated that lignosulfonates with low degree of sulfonation function as good carbon black dispersants. The dispersion efficiency did not correspond directly to the amount of lignosulfonate adsorbed on the surface of carbon black. The lignosulfonates have an ability to enhance the colloidal stability by electrostatic repulsion, and the likely mechanism of stabilization is a combination of electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the microbial community of decaying wood, yeasts are important for the recycling of nutrients. Nevertheless, information on their biodiversity in this niche in the Northern hemisphere is limited. Wood-colonising yeasts encounter identical and similar growth-inhibitory compounds as those in spent sulphite liquor (SSL), an energy-rich, acid hydrolysate and waste product from the paper industry, which may render them well-suited for cultivation in SSL. In the present study, yeasts were isolated from decaying wood on the Faroe Islands and identified based on sequence homology of the ITS and D1/D2 regions. Among the yeasts isolated, Candida argentea, Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum, Naganishia albidosimilis, Naganishia onofrii, Holtermanniella takashimae and Goffeauzyma gastrica were new to decaying wood in cold and temperate climates. C. argentea and Rhodotorula are rarely-isolated species, with no previous documentation from cold and maritime climates. The isolates were further tested for growth in a medium with increasing concentrations of softwood SSL. Most grew in the presence of 10% SSL. Isolates of Debaryomyces sp., C. argentea and Rhodotorula sp. were the most tolerant. Representatives of Debaryomyces and Rhodotorula have previously been found in decaying wood. In contrast, the least tolerant isolates belonged to species that are rarely reported from decaying wood. The relative importance of individual inhibitors to yeast growth is discussed. To our knowledge, none of the present yeast species have previously been cultivated in SSL medium. Decaying wood can be a useful future source of yeasts for valorisation of various hydrolysates to industrial chemicals and biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-based panels find widespread application in the furniture and construction industries. However, over 90 % of adhesives used are synthesized with formaldehyde, leading to formaldehyde emission and associated health risks. In this study, an entirely bio-based adhesive (OSL) was innovatively proposed through the condensation of multi-aldehyde derived from the oxidization of sucrose (OS) with sodium lignosulfonate (L). This approach positioned oxidized sucrose (OS) as a viable substitute for formaldehyde, ensuring safety, simplicity, and enhance water resistance upon reaction with L. The optimization of the OSL adhesive preparation process involved determining the oxidant level for high sucrose conversion to aldehyde (13 % based on sucrose), the mass ratio of OS to L (0.8), and hot-pressing temperature (200 °C). Notably, the shear strength of 3-plywood bonded with the developed adhesive (1.04 MPa) increased to 1.42 MPa after being immersed in hot water at 63 ± 3 °C for 3 h. Additionally, the plywood specimens exhibited excellent performance after soaking in boiling water for 3 h, resulting in a shear strength of 1.03 MPa. Chemical analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed an addition reaction between L and OS, forming a dense network structure, effectively enhanceing the water resistance of OSL adhesives. Furthermore, compared with lignin-formaldehyde resin adhesive (LF), the OSL adhesive exhibited superior wet shear strength. This study offered an innovative approach for developing lignin-based adhesives utilizing a biomass aldehyde (OS), as a promising substitute for formaldehyde in the wood industry. The findings indicated that this approach may advance lignin-based adhesives, ensuring resistance to strength deterioration under highly humid environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Self-assembly of lignosulfonate in a water–organic (acetone) medium into vesicular nano- and submicrostructures. • Contribution of sulfonate groups to lignosulfonate self-association processes. • State diagram of the ternary lignosulfonate – water – acetone system. • Multistage formation mechanism of nano- and submicrostructures of lignosulfonates. • Encapsulating effect of lignosulfonate-containing polymersomes with respect to elemental sulfur. The renewable nature and natural origin of sulfite lignin (lignosulfonate) allow considering it as a potential raw material for the synthesis of valuable environmentally friendly polymer nanomaterials. To create them, a deep understanding of the relationship between the structure of the lignosulfonate macromolecule and the nature of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions is necessary, which would make it possible to control self-assembly processes and obtain nanostructures of specified sizes and morphology. The work discusses the structure formation processes occurring in the lignosulfonate – water – acetone system during the spontaneous formation of polymer nanostructures and submicrostructures. The electrostatic effects of sulfo groups and counterions under conditions of changing the medium polarity and their contribution to self-associations of lignosulfonates have been established. A state diagram was plotted for the ternary lignosulfonate – water – acetone system under conditions of induced phase separation at T = 298 K and under atmospheric pressure. The size and ζ-potential of these nanostructures and submicrostructures of lignosulfonates were estimated depending on the composition of the medium of their formation. The morphology of the resulting nanostructures and submicrostructures of lignosulfonates has been established. The vesicular nature of the aggregates (polymersomes) was confirmed, their shape being close to ideal spheroids with one hole, ranging in size from 40 to 500 nm. A multi-stage mechanism for the formation of lignosulfonate nanoassociates and submicroassociates is proposed. The encapsulating ability of our polymersomes with respect to elemental sulfur from the instant of its inception until the loss of aggregative and sedimentation stability was assessed. Lignosulfonate polymersomes can be recommended as additives to prevent the occluding effect of sulfur melts during hydrometallurgical processing of sulfide ores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-based hydrogels with promising biocompatibility and biodegradability have attracted considerable interest in areas of epidermal sensing, whereas, which are still difficult to synchronously possess high mechanical strength, self-adhesion, and recoverability. Hence, the bio-polymer lignosulfonate-reinforced gluten organohydrogels (GOHL x) are fabricated through green and simple food-making processes and the following solvent exchange with glycerol/water binary solution. Ascribing to the uniform distribution of lignosulfonate in gluten networks, as well as the noncovalent interactions (e.g., H-bond) between them, the resultant GOHL x exhibit favorable conductivity (∼14.3 × 10−4 S m−1), toughness (∼711.0 kJ m−3), self-adhesion (a maximal lap-shear strength of ∼33.5 kPa), high sensitivity (GF up to ∼3.04), and durability (∼3000 cycles) toward shape deformation, which are suitable for the detection of both drastic (e.g., elbow and wrist bending) and subtle (e.g., swallowing and speaking) human movements even under −20 °C. Furthermore, the GOHL x is also biocompatible, degradable, and recoverable (by a simple kneading process). Thus, this work may pave a simple, green, and cheap way to prepare all-biomass-based, tough, sticky, and recoverable protein-based organohydrogels for epidermal strain sensing even in harsh environments. [Display omitted] • Lignosulfonate was blended with protein to fabricate all-biomass organohydrogels. • The GOHL x exhibited superior mechanical properties and durability. • The GOHL x demonstrated excellent self-adhesion and self-recovery capabilities. • The GOHL x sensors can accurately detect human movements even under −20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces the preparation of a novel type of crosslinked polymers support based on calcium lignosulfonate-chitosan (CLS-CS) hydrogel with capping/reducing ability to encapsulated gold nanoparticles (CLS-CS/Au NPs). The morphology, structure and physicochemical properties of the prepared nanoparticles were characterized by different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX-elemental mapping study. The obtained results shown that CLS-CS/Au NPs prepared as spherical particles with sizes of 20–30 nm. The CLS-CS/Au NPs was applied as well for reduction of nitroarenes. The reduction of nitroarenes was obtained with good to high yields within short times. The related nanocatalyst was recovered for eight runs without significant loss of its catalytic performance. The MTT examination was conducted to check the anti-pancreatic cancer, anti-gastric cancer, anti-colorectal carcinoma, and cytotoxicity efficacies of the treated cells with CLS-CS/Au NPs over a 48-hour period on normal (HUVEC) and cancer cells. The IC 50 values of the CLS-CS/Au NPs were found to be 169 µg/mL for HT-29 (colorectal carcinoma cell), 196 µg/mL for MKN45 (Gastric cancer cell), and 112 µg/mL for PANC-1 (Pancreatic cancer cell). The growth of malignant colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cells was found to decrease in a dose-dependent manner when exposed to CLS-CS/Au NPs. Following clinical research, CLS-CS/Au NPs shows promise as an effective treatment for colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) is considered as a superior electrode material for capacitive deionization (CDI) due to its high conductivity and two-dimensional structure. However, the electrochemical performance of pristine MXene nanosheets has been significantly impeded by the surface oxidation in the aqueous media and re-stacking caused by van der Waals forces which reduces the ions storage capacity. In this study, the chitosan-lignosulfonate/MXene (CLM) composite was used as a binder-free electrode to enhance the ion storage capacity and long-run cycling stability for hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI). The chitosan-lignosulfonate nanospheres were able to increase the interlayer spacing between the MXene nanosheets effectively, which has significantly enhanced the ion storage capacity and electrochemical properties of the electrode. The binder-free CLM cathode demonstrated a high salt adsorption capacity of 44.6 mg g−1 and a maximum average salt adsorption rate of 5.8 mg g−1 min−1 at 1.2 V. A high cycling stability above 97 % for 30 cycles was observed. Also, the long-term stability of CLM electrode was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the results showed that the CLM electrode was not prone to surface oxidation after 30 cycles. This study can guide future development of high-performance 2D material composite electrodes for enhancing capacitive deionization efficiency. [Display omitted] • Chitosan-Lignosulfonate/MXene (CLM) composite is used as a binder-free electrode for hybrid capacitive deionization. • Chitosan-Lignosulfonate nanospheres enhanced the ion storage capacity of MXene nanosheets. • CLM electrode exhibited fast ions adsorption rate and long-run cycling stability. • 2D MXene composite electrodes can enhance the capacitive deionization efficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an electrochemical approach to extract methanol from lignin with a maximum efficiency of 95% under mild conditions of ambient pressure and a temperature of 75 °C. Hydroxyl radicals were generated from water over a platinum-sputtered anode and attacked the syringyl and guaiacyl units of the lignin. Methoxy groups in the units were demethylated to methanol with a yield greater than 40% through the formation of hemiketal intermediates. The electro-oxidation was coupled to cathode reactions that generated hydrogen in a helium flow and electric power in an air flow. Another important aspect of this approach is that no extra energy or effort was required to separate methanol from the reaction system. This technology can accelerate the replacement of fossil organic resources with renewable biomass resources. [Display omitted] • Lignin is anodically demethylated to methanol under mild conditions. • The faradaic efficiency for methanol formation reaches 95%. • Methanol yields of over 40% are obtained irrespective of the lignin weight. • Hydroxyl radicals function as a reaction initiator for demethylation. • The anode reaction proceeds in both electrolysis and fuel-cell modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was performed to investigate the effect of Eucalyptus camldulenses wood lignosulfonate on concrete properties. several concrete mixtures were used with the variables (cement: 500, 600, and 700 gm.), (water: 35, 40, 45, and 50%). (Lignosulfonate: zero. 3, and 5%). A compression test on all samples was used to evaluate the effect of the Eucalypt wood lignosulfonates on concrete properties. There were a highly significant effects of the studied main variables on compression test, specially cement, water percentage, lignin derivative (lignosulfonate) and the interactions between cement with water percentage, cement with lignin derivatives, water with lignin and cement with water and lignin derivatives. The interaction between cement and lignin derivative didn’t show any significant effect on compression test. After Duncan's test on all the study factors showed that cement amount of 600gm had a highest average of compression test with 130.28 kg/ cm2. water percent (35, 40, 45, and 50%) gave the highest values (112.34, 115.73, and 117.2 kg) respectively.Consequently lignin derivative percentages had a significant effect on the compression test specially at (3, 5%) percent (114, 118, 8 kg / cm2) respectively. Averages of 600gm of cement samples and 45% water interactions had a highest average (147, 81 kg/cm2) values, 40% percent of water & 3% lignin (Lignosulfonates) had compression values of (142, 84 kg / cm2).All samples of 600 gm. Cement, 45% water percentage and 3% lignin derivative had best compressed value 182.44 kg/ cm2.

Calcium lignosulfonate in different loadings was applied to the rubber matrix based on EPDM. A sulfur curing system, organic peroxide, and a combination of organic peroxide with two coagent types were used for cross-linking of rubber compounds. The work was focused on the investigation of filler content and curing system composition in the curing process, cross-link density, morphology, and physical–mechanical properties of composites. The achieved results demonstrated that the curing parameters of rubber compounds cured with the sulfur system were significantly different from those cured with peroxide systems. There was also an observed different influence of curing systems composition on cross link density, though in all cases, the degree of cross-linking showed a decreasing trend with increasing content of lignosulfonate. The tensile strength of the composites cured with sulfur system and organic peroxide was comparable, regardless of lignosulfonate loading. This points to the application of both curing systems in cross-linking of rubber compounds with biopolymer filler. However, the introduction of coagents in peroxide vulcanization led to the improvement of adhesion and compatibility between the rubber and the filler on the filler–rubber interface. This subsequently resulted in the improvement of the tensile characteristics of composites. The introduction of organic peroxide in combination with coagent seems to be a very simple and efficient way for the preparation of biopolymer-filled composites with applicable physical–mechanical properties.

The creation of the new "Ferry-Free Coastal Highway Route E39" in southwest Norway entails the production of a remarkable quantity of crushed rocks. These resources could be beneficially employed as aggregates in the unbound courses of the highway itself or other road pavements present nearby. Two innovative stabilizing agents, organosilane and lignosulfonate, can significantly enhance the key properties, namely, resilient modulus and resistance against permanent deformation, of the aggregates that are excessively weak in their natural state. The beneficial effect offered by the additives was thoroughly evaluated by performing repeated load triaxial tests. The study adopted the most common numerical models to describe these two key mechanical properties. The increase in the resilient modulus and reduction in the accumulated vertical permanent deformation show the beneficial impact of the additives. Furthermore, a finite element model was created to simulate the repeated load triaxial test by implementing nonlinear elastic and plastic constitutive relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green and facile synthesis of anisotropic 3D architecture high-performance carbon catalyst has been a hot research topic. Herein, a facile and scalable strategy was developed to fabricate an N, S co-doped microcellular carbon from natural polymers of chitosan (N-source) and lignosulfonate (S-source), with the properties enhanced as a result of pre-cryocrushing of natural polymer-based carbon precursors. The as-prepared 3D architecture carbon is mechanically strong and contains cross-linked hierarchical porous micro-sheets and micro-channels. This N and S co-doped carbon, prepared from pre-cryocrushing of chitosan (60%) and lignosulfonate (40%) precursor (NSC/CC-C/L (60/40)), annealed at 900 °C shows unique structures, with significant defects, rough edges, rich micro/meso-pores, large surface area, N and S doping, and high pyridinic-N and thiophene-S contents. The NSC/CC-C/L (60/40)-900 sample exhibits superior performance with favorable kinetics, methanol resistance, and excellent durability as an ORR catalyst, all of which are much better than a commercial Pt/C and most reported metal-free catalysts. Impressively, the onset potential of the NSC/CC-C/L-900 sample reaches 1.08 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and the half-wave potential is 0.98 V, which are compared to 1.02 and 0.92 V for Pt/C. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Loess Plateau in Northern China, repeated freeze-thaw (FT) cycles deteriorate the strength and structure of loess as a foundation soil, resulting in the instability or failure of supporting structure. Lignosulfonate is an eco-material, utilized as an effective and nontraditional stabilizer to improve the engineering properties of metastable soils. A series of laboratory tests, including unconfined compression tests, cyclic loading-unloading tests and scanning electron microscopy, on calcium lignosulfonate (CL)- and sodium lignosulfonate (SL)-stabilized loess were performed to investigate the stabilization effect, deterioration mechanisms of the FT cycles, and the resistance to FT cycles. Two traditional stabilizers, quicklime (QL) and sodium silicate (SS), were selected, and the engineering properties of QL- and SS-stabilized loess were compared with those of CL- and SL-stabilized loess. The results showed that the strength values of CL- and SL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 34.2% and 50% respectively, after 20 FT cycles, whereas those of the traditionally SS- and QL- stabilized specimens decreased by 85.3% and 82.87%, respectively. The elastic moduli of SL- and QL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 22.1% and 92.0%, respectively. The mean energy dissipations of nontraditionally treated specimens also decreased significantly less than those of traditionally treated specimens. Overall, the results showed CL and SL had better stabilization effects on engineering properties of loess than QL and SS, and their stabilized loess specimens exhibited stronger resistance to FT cycles. The study findings demonstrated the significant potential of lignosulfonate for extensive application in cold loess areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Depolymerized real lignin products are very complex mixtures. Comprehensive assessment of the decomposition efficiency and characterizing of depolymerized products still remain extremely challenging. In this study, based on depolymerization solution of commercially available sodium lignosulfonate under mild conditions, an improved method was well established for characterization of real lignin depolymerized products using GC–MS, which enabled the detection of main 37 lignin-based aromatic products. The effects of acid-catalyzed temperature, time and catalyst/lignin ratio on the depolymerization products were systematically investigated. The result revealed that ~ 25 wt% of lignosulfonate was depolymerized into lignin-derived aromatic products under optimized mild acid-catalyzed reaction conditions of 130 °C for 60 min with a catalyst/lignin ratio of 2.334. Most of the identified products were common commercial compounds, while the obtained bisphenols were potential compounds for new applications such as bio-based polymer building blocks. Preliminary studies also highlight that the depolymerization behavior seems to present selectivity to some extent during these specified acid-catalyzed reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of non-degradable microplastics in a wide plethora of daily life products is causing serious pollution problems. More ecofriendly solutions are therefore urgently needed. In this context, the use of lignin, a largely available aromatic polymer, may represent a viable option. Due to the self-assembly ability of its molecules, lignin is in fact an ideal matrix for the fabrication of nanostructures. In this study, lignosulfonate microcapsules containing a limonene core were prepared and characterized in terms of their dimensions and of the physicochemical characteristics of the capsule-forming lignosulfonate molecules. The main purpose is to elucidate the key properties governing the pH-responsive behavior of the capsules to be able to achieve better control over the release kinetics of the entrapped compound(s). The results demonstrate that both the molecular weight and the concentration of sulfonate groups are the most important factors in this respect. Based on these findings, two strategies were followed to further tailor the capsules’ behavior: (i) fractionation of the starting lignosulfonate by solvent extraction and (ii) introduction of a specific additive in the formulation. The first approach permitted to fabricate highly resistant capsules both in acidic, as well as in alkaline conditions, while in the second case the chemical structure of the additive, the diester diveratryl sebacate, allowed for fast kinetics of release, as values above 70% were reached after 24 h of incubation at pH 4 and pH 12.

Hydrogenation of phenol in aqueous solutions on Pt-Ni/SiO2, Pt-Ni-Cr/Al2O3, Pt/C, and Ru/C catalysts was studied at temperatures of 150–250 °C and pressures of 40–80 bar. The possibility of hydrogenation of hydrolysis lignin in an aqueous medium in the presence of a Ru/C catalyst is shown. The conversion of hydrolysis lignin and water-soluble sodium lignosulfonate occurs with the formation of a complex mixture of monomeric products: a number of phenols, products of their catalytic hydrogenation (cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone), and hydrogenolysis products (cyclic and aliphatic C2–C7 hydrocarbons).

Lignin is an abundantly occurring aromatic biopolymer that receives increasing attention as, e.g., a biofiller in polymer composites. Though its structure depends on the plant source, it is a valuable component showing biodegradability, antioxidant, and ultra-violet (UV) absorption properties. Lignosulfonates, a by-product of the paper and pulping industries formed as a result of the implementation of the sulfite process, have been used in the presented study as a raw material to obtain a sulfonamide derivative of lignin. Hereby, a two-step modification procedure is described. The obtained materials were investigated by means of FTIR, WAXD, SS-NMR, SEM, and TGA; the results of spectroscopic investigations confirm the formation of a sulfonamide derivative of lignin via the proposed modification method. The obtained modified lignin materials showed significantly improved thermal stability in comparison with the raw material. The internal structure of the lignosulfonate was not altered during the modification process, with only slight changes of the morphology, as confirmed by the WAXD and SEM analyses. The manufactured sulfonamide lignin derivatives show great promise in the potential application as an antibacterial filler in advanced biopolymeric composites.

In this work, sodium lignosulfonate (SL) was introduced in the hydrothermal preparation of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin sphere that was subsequently used as a green reducer and support for synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The results showed that the addition amount of SL had a remarkable effect on the size of the SL incorporated PF (SLPF) spheres and the smallest particle size was obtained when 20% of SL (based on phenol mass) was added. The addition of SL increased the surface area and negative charge of SLPF spheres, which enhanced the Ag NPs loading amount accordingly. Moreover, SL also prevented Ag NPs from aggregating effectively, resulting in the high-density loading of small size Ag NPs on the SLPF spheres. Therefore, the as-prepared Ag@SLPF composites exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activities in the 4-nitrophenol reduction than that of SL-free Ag@PF. Besides, the Ag@SLPF catalyst demonstrated superior recyclability owing to strong anchoring between the Ag NPs and the support. Consequently, the work demonstrates the incorporation of SL enables the green formation of high-density and tunable Ag NPs on the SLPF support and then endows the composite catalyst with enhanced catalytic performance, which presents a promising value-added application of lignosulfonate for functional catalyst preparation. Unlabelled Image • The addition of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) decreases the size of SLPF spheres significantly. • SL enhances the adsorption amount of Ag+ on SLPF spheres, resulting in high-density loading of Ag NPs. • SL prevents the aggregation of Ag NPs effectively, leading to the formation of small Ag NPs. • SL incorporation enables the formation of high-density and small Ag NPs on SLPF support. • The as-prepared Ag@SLPF exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activities compared with the SL-free Ag@PF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of this research work, an efficient membrane‐based process with ceramic ultrafiltration membranes was developed for the recovery of purified lignosulfonates from the spent sulfite liquor of chemical wood pulping. The aim was to separate the lignosulfonates from low‐molecular organic impurities (sugar, carboxylic acids, etc.) and process chemicals, to concentrate them, and to make them available for a targeted further use. One further aspect of the project was the separation of the products (target molecules) of lignosulfonate degradation using ceramic membrane technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive production of food waste and plastic pollution necessitates innovative solutions. This study reports the first fabrication of a flexible chitosan (CH) film reinforced with lignosulfonate (LS) derived from pulping byproduct as a sustainable alternative to synthetic food packaging. The CH/LS composite film was prepared by a simple casting method with varying LS contents of 1 % and 2 %. Compared to CH film, the addition of 2 % LS increased the tensile strength by over 4 times and decreased water vapor permeability by 11 %. Moreover, the CH/LS film exhibited excellent UV-shielding properties. This novel use of LS to reinforce CH film presents an eco-friendly active packaging material. When used to package cherry tomatoes for 2 weeks, the CH/LS film effectively maintained fruit freshness and hardness while minimizing weight loss. This work provides new scientific evidence on the optimized preparation and application of CH/LS composite films from renewable resources for food preservation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

In practical application, the adsorption capacity, adsorption kinetics, recycling and production cost of adsorbent affect the application of adsorbent. In this study, porous lignosulfonate/chitosan adsorbent was prepared by simple radical polymerization of acrylic acid in the mixed solution of lignosulfonate and chitosan. The porous and large surface area of adsorbent provides more adsorption sites for heavy metal ions. A variety of characterization methods were used to characterize the appearance and structure of the adsorbent. Adsorbent can effectively adsorb heavy metal ions in aqueous solution, and has the best removal effect for Cu2+ and Co2+. The adsorption capacity of adsorbent for Co2+ is 386 mg g−1, and for Cu2+ is 283 mg g−1. 0.01 g adsorbent was used to adsorb 100 mg L−1 Cu2+, and the adsorption equilibrium was reached within 60 min. When the amount of adsorbent reaches 0.03 g, the removal rate of heavy metal ions of 100 mg L−1 can reach 99%. In this study, an adsorbent based on acrylic resin was developed. Unlabelled Image • Reuse of waste sodium lignosulfonate; • The adsorbent has good reusability. • The synthetic method of adsorbent is simple. • The adsorbent has an efficient adsorption capacity for Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Elongated carbon structures, here denoted as carbon flakes (CF), are revealed after microwave‐assisted hydrothermal carbonization of sodium lignosulfonate. The morphology of formed CF is investigated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Interestingly, a wide range of length distributions (between 100 and 700 nm) and a relatively constant aspect ratio and thickness are observed, indicating structures clearly different from the carbon spheres commonly formed during hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provide further information of the chemical structure, which consist mainly of nanographitic domains with a high degree of defects such as oxygenated functional groups, hybridized sp3 carbon, and aliphatic side chains. Furthermore, new insights into the formation mechanisms are uncovered and the formation is speculated to proceed through the combined effect of microwave irradiation and a heterogeneous solid–solid conversion. The formed CF are anticipated as highly interesting products for a variety of material applications.

This study investigates the effect of the enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonate for the formulation of a lignosulfonate-based adhesive. For this, beech lamellas were glued together and tested according to the EN 302-1 standard. The results showed that the laccase-polymerized lignosulfonate-based wood adhesives (LS-p) had similar mechanical properties as a standard carpenter’s glue (PVAc-based D3 class white glue), as no significant difference in tensile shear strength between these two adhesive types was found. However, carpenter’s glue showed almost 100% wood failure, while with the lignosulfonate-based wood glue, the samples failed, mainly in the glueline. Pre-polymerization of LS-p is the most critical factor to achieve the required viscosity, which is also connected to the wetting properties and the resulting tensile shear strength. The longer the pre-polymerization, the higher the viscosity of the LS-p adhesive, with the tensile shear strength reaching a plateau. The presented data show the potential of using enzymatically pre-polymerized lignosulfonate as a well-performing wood adhesive. Further development and optimization of the pre-polymerization process is required, which is also important to push towards upscaling and practical applications.

Modification of kraft lignin (KL), traditionally uses harsh and energy-demanding physical and chemical processes. In this study, the potential of the bacterial laccase CotA (spore coating protein A) for oxidation of KL under mild conditions was assessed. Thereby, the efficiency of CotA to oxidize both softwood and hardwood KL of varying purity at alkaline conditions was examined. For the respective type of wood, the highest oxidation activity by CotA was determined for the medium ash content softwood KL (MA_S) and the medium ash content hardwood KL (MA_H), respectively. By an up to 95% decrease in fluorescence and up to 65% in phenol content coupling of the structural lignin units was indicated. These results correlated with an increase in viscosity and molecular weight, which increased nearly 2 and 20-fold for MA_H and about 1.3 and 6.0-fold for MA_S, respectively. Thus, this study confirms that the CotA laccase can oxidize a variety of KL at alkaline conditions, while the origin and purity of KL were found to have a major impact on the efficiency of oxidation. Under the herein tested conditions, it was observed that the MA_H KL showed the highest susceptibility to CotA oxidation when compared to the other hardwood KLs and the softwood KLs. Therefore, this could be a viable method to produce sustainable resins and adhesives.

Lignosulfonates (LS) are products from the sulfite pulping process that could be applied as renewable environmentally-friendly polymeric surfactants. Being widely used as plasticizers and water-reducing admixtures in concrete formulations LS compete in the market with petroleum-based superplasticizers, such as naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polycondensate (NSF) and copolymer polycarboxylate ethers (PCE). In this work, different chemical modification strategies were used to improve LS performance as dispersants for concrete formulations. One strategy consisted in increasing the molecular weight of LS through different approaches, such as laccase and polyoxometalate-mediated polymerization, glyoxalation, and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The other strategy consisted of preparing LS-based non-ionic polymeric dispersants using two different epoxidized oligomer derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Modified LS were used to prepare cement pastes, which were examined for their fluidity. Results revealed that the most promising products are PPG-modified LS due to the introduction of PPG chains by reaction with phenolic moieties in LS. The enhanced dispersant efficiency of the ensuing products is probably related not only to electrostatic repulsion caused by the sulfonic ionizable groups in LS but also to steric hindrance phenomena due to the grafted bulky PPG chains.

Bentonite-based drilling fluids are used for drilling, where inhibitive fluids are not required. The rheological and the density properties of the drilling fluids are highly affected by high temperature and pressure. Due to high temperature, the clay particles stick together, and the fluid system becomes more flocculated. Poorly designed drilling fluid may cause undesired operational issues such as poor hole cleaning, drill strings sticking, high torque and drag. In this study, the 80 °C thermally stable Herschel Bulkley’s and Bingham plastic yield stresses drilling fluids were formulated based on lignosulfonate-treated bentonite drilling fluid. Further, the impact of a MoS2 nanoparticle solution on the properties of the thermally stable base fluid was characterized. Results at room temperature and pressure showed that the blending of 0.26 wt.% MoS2 increased the lubricity of thermally stable base fluid by 27% and enhanced the thermal and electrical conductivities by 7.2% and 8.8%, respectively.

As the second-largest natural polymer, the utilization of lignin for practical applications has attracted increasing attention. In this study, lignosulfonate was employed to enhance the storage stability of urea formaldehyde (UF) resins. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was firstly used to observe the influence of lignosulfonate addition on the colloidal morphology of UF resin. Moreover, adding lignosulfonate at different stages during the UF resins synthesis was also investigated to reveal its effect on storage stability. The potential interaction between lignosulfonate and UF resins was then analyzed via FT-IR, 13C CPMAS NMR, and zeta potential. It has been observed that lignosulfonate could increase the electrostatic repulsion of UF resins to avoid aging. No chemical reaction between UF resins and lignosulfonate was observed. After the elucidation of potential interaction, the effect of lignosulfonate on the curing process, thermal stability and adhesive performance of UF resins was systematically evaluated. Finally, as adhesives to fabricate eucalyptus plywood, the shear strength and formaldehyde release of UF resins with 20% addition of lignosulfonate could reach 0.88 MPa and 0.12 mg/L, respectively. Due to the excellent performance, low cost and wide availability of lignosulfonate, it might be industrially used as a stabilizer in the UF resins production. • Lignosulfonate improved the storage stability of urea-formaldehyde resins. • Lignosulfonate served as a surfactant to influence the colloid stability. • Lignosulfonate addition showed no influence on shear strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel way for high value-added application of lignosulfonate is presented. In this study, we use lignosulfonate nanosheets to fabricate a free-standing, binder-free, ultrathin and light-weight conductive film electrode via vacuum filtration method. The results show that LS is a promising candidate material for the preparation of electrochemical capacitor film electrode. It is worth mentioning that we use non-toxic, pollution-free aqueous solution (water) over organic solvents as the dispersion during the reductive graphene oxide (RGO) preparation process. The electrochemical measurements exhibit that the resistivity of lignosulfonate nanosheets/RGO (LNRGO) film electrode is 0.66 × 10−3 kΩ cm−1. The specific capacitance of the LNRGO film electrode is calculated to be 120 mF cm−2 at the current density of 0.2 mA cm−2, which is approximately 6.67 times larger than that of RGO-water film electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lignosulfonate-based porous carbon generate substantial surface area through a self-activated mechanism, without strong acid or alkali required. • The ethylene adsorption capacity of lignosulfonate-based porous carbon is enhanced at a low temperature, which is beneficial for the case of the cold chain food packaging industry. • Physical adsorption was the main mechanism of ethylene adsorption for the lignosulfonate-based porous carbon, leading to efficient adsorption-desorption cycles. • The optimized lignosulfonate-based carbon produced in the current study is comparable to previously-investigated ethylene adsorbent products. This study applied lignosulfonate as raw material to develop porous carbon for ethylene adsorption, followed by testing for this material's ethylene adsorption efficiency and capacity. The results indicated that the gas released (CH 4, H 2 , CO, and CO 2) during pyrolysis could generate a pore structure on lignosulfonate-based carbon surface, regarded as the self-activated mechanism. Pore structure formation increased pore volume and resulted in generation of various pore shapes. When carbonization temperature was less than 800 °C, specific surface area of the samples increased with temperature, and it decreased otherwise. Moreover, with increasing carbonization temperature, the samples' carbon content increased but hydrogen content decreased. Ethylene adsorption uptake increased as carbonization temperature increased. Adsorption capacity was maximum when carbonization temperature was 800 °C. It was influenced by the pore structure, and specifically, it increased as micropore volume increased. In addition, physical adsorption was the main mechanism of ethylene adsorption for the lignosulfonate-based porous carbon, leading to efficient adsorption-desorption cycles. Finally, its application as an ethylene scavenger can potentially transcend currently available products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is the second most abundant polymer after cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass. Its aromatic composition and recalcitrant nature make its valorization a major challenge for obtaining low molecular weight aromatics compounds with high value‐added from the enzymatic depolymerization of industrial lignins. The oxidation reaction of lignin polymer using laccases alone remains inefficient. Therefore, researches are focused on the use of a laccase‐mediator system (LMS) to facilitate enzymatic depolymerization. Until today, the LMS system was studied using water‐soluble lignin only (commercial lignins, modified lignins, or lignin model compounds). This work reports a study of three LMS systems to depolymerize the three major industrial lignins (organosolv lignin, Kraft lignin, and sodium lignosulfonate). We show that an enzymatic depolymerization of these lignins can be achieved by LMS using laccase from Trametes versicolor, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt as mediator and a cosolvent (25% of 1,4‐dioxane) to enhance the solubilization of lignins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chopped stems of Prosopis juliflora, an invasive xerophyte, were digested in a laboratory digester following alkaline sulfite pulping process to generate spent liquor whereby lignin underwent sulfonation to produce sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). SLS was concentrated from the spent liquor by ultrafiltration. Raw wood was featured by high lignin (23.5%), low extractives (1.0%), low wax (0.41), and low ash (2.25%) content thus making it an ideal feedstock to produce lignosulfonates with appreciable physico-chemical property and relatively high mechanical strength. Attempts were made to provide basic information on SLS structure and structural changes that might occur during pulping of P. juliflora under the present experimental conditions. Spectral and X-ray diffraction studies on as-produced SLS revealed substantial depolymerization and structural modification of lignin during sulfite pulping. The derived SLS had higher crystallinity index than the feedstock wood. Effect of average size of raw wood chip and dose of sodium sulfite in the overall yield of pulp and SLS along with the kappa number of the pulp were also analyzed. Findings from this study would serve to cultivate a better understanding of the potential of P. juliflora as a feedstock, so far unexplored, to produce SLS − a value-added product with numerous commercial applications. The use of this particular plant species in paper and pulp industry could also be considered as an effective means of integrated agro management in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elongated carbon structures, here denoted as carbon flakes (CF), are revealed after microwave‐assisted hydrothermal carbonization of sodium lignosulfonate. The morphology of formed CF is investigated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Interestingly, a wide range of length distributions (between 100 and 700 nm) and a relatively constant aspect ratio and thickness are observed, indicating structures clearly different from the carbon spheres commonly formed during hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provide further information of the chemical structure, which consist mainly of nanographitic domains with a high degree of defects such as oxygenated functional groups, hybridized sp3 carbon, and aliphatic side chains. Furthermore, new insights into the formation mechanisms are uncovered and the formation is speculated to proceed through the combined effect of microwave irradiation and a heterogeneous solid–solid conversion. The formed CF are anticipated as highly interesting products for a variety of material applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SPORL pretreatment by product was used to prepare lignosulfonate/N-methylaniline composite (LSMA). • LSMA represented prominent Cr(VI) removal performance. • Only 10 min was needed for fully removal of Cr(VI) with initial concentration below 100 mg/L. • Maximum adsorption capacity of 1264.8 mg/g of Cr(VI) was obtained by LSMA. • LSMA showed a good selectivity of Cr(VI). A lignin-based biosorbent (LSMA) was prepared by cross-linking lignosulfonate and N-methylaniline with the aid of ammonium persulfate for efficient removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Since LSMA possessed both amino groups and oxygen-containing functional groups, such as phenolic, carboxyl, and sulfonic groups, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1264.8 mg/g was achieved at 318 K according to the Langmuir isotherm. LSMA also showed excellent performance at low Cr(VI) concentration solution. The hazardous Cr(VI) solution of 50 mg/L can be fully removed within 10 min. The adsorption process of LSMA fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting the chemical adsorption characteristics. Moreover, the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. LSMA worked very well even with high content of competing anions. The removal mechanism was demonstrated to be the adsorption of Cr(VI) anions on LSMA with abundant functional groups, and reduction of Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) by the adjacent electron donor groups. The generated Cr(III) was immobilized on LSMA by surface complexation and precipitation. LSMA composite has a great potential for the treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignosulfonate is a by-product of the cooking process by sulfite pulping for paper manufacturing. The treatment of wood chips by various salts of sulfurous acid solubilizes lignin to produce a cellulose-rich wood pulp. Developing a technique for the conversion of lignosulfonate by-product to high value materials has an important industrial utility. Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6, which was isolated from pulping wastewater, is one of the best enzymatically or genetically characterized bacteria for degrading lignin-derived aromatics. We have previously established a system for the production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), a novel platform chemical that can produce a variety of bio-based polymers, by introducing of ligA , ligB , and ligC genes from SYK-6 into a mutant strain of Pseudomonas putida PpY1100. In this study, extracts from lignosulfonates, which were desulphonated and depolymerized by alkaline oxidation, were evaluated as substrates for microbiological conversion to PDC by the transgenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the swelling and consolidation characteristics of lignosulfonate (LS) stabilized expansive clay. Expansive clay samples of Amol city in Iran have been used in this research. Based on Atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength tests, the optimum percentage of LS for the treatment of this clay was determined at 0.75% by soil dry weight. To investigate the swelling and consolidation properties of untreated and LS-treated remolded samples, one-dimensional swell and consolidation tests were conducted on these samples. Test results showed that LS had considerable effect on the consolidation and swelling behavior of the expansive clay. Moreover, the effects of compaction water content change and cyclic wetting and drying on the volume change properties of unstabilized and LS-stabilized samples were investigated. Untreated and LS-treated specimens showed different consolidation behaviors towards the variations of compaction moisture content due to the alteration of soil expansivity category from high to moderate. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of samples showed that the soil specific area was reduced because of stabilization. This reduction in soil specific area led to the decrease of affinity of samples to moisture increase; thus, the volume change of expansive clay decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based adsorbents possess exceptional adsorption capability, making them an ideal platform for the remediation of environmental contaminants. Here, we demonstrate carbonized lignosulfonate (LS)-based porous nanocomposites with excellent adsorption performance towards heavy metal ions and cationic dye pollutants. Through microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization, a green approach was employed to carbonize lignosulfonate to carbon spheres. The LS-derived carbon spheres were then oxidized into nanographene oxide (nGO) carbon dots. A facile two-step procedure that involved the self-assembly of nGO and gelatin into a hydrogel precursor coupled with freeze-drying enabled the construction of three-dimensional (3D) free-standing porous composites without the use of organic solvents or chemical crosslinking agents. The favorable pore structure and abundance of surface functional groups on the nGO/gelatin porous composite proved to substantially facilitate the adsorption of Cu(II) in comparison to conventionally-used activated carbon. Further enhancement of adsorption performance was achieved by introducing additional surface functional groups through a non-covalent functionalization of the porous composite with lignosulfonate. The presence of negatively-charged sulfonate groups increased the Cu(II) equilibrium adsorption capacity (66 mg/g) by 24% in comparison to the non-functionalized nGO/gelatin counterpart. Both functionalized and non-functionalized composites exhibited significantly faster adsorption rates (40 min) compared to many graphene- or GO-based adsorbents reported in literature. In addition to the adsorption of heavy metal ions, the composites also demonstrated good adsorption capacity towards cationic dyes such as methylene blue. This paves the way for a high value-added application of lignin in environmental remediation and opens up new possibilities for the development of sustainable materials for adsorption and water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte complexes composed of lignosulfonate and cationic polyelectrolytes were used as bio-based adhesives. Sodium lignosulfonate (L-SO3Na), a wood-derived anionic polyelectrolyte, was combined with three different cationic polyelectrolytes and the adhesive strength of the resulting complexes was evaluated on various substrates. Higher adhesive strength was observed with polar substrates (stainless steel, aluminum, and wood) compared to a nonpolar substrate (polypropylene). Complexes L-SO3Na/poly(allylamine) and L-SO3Na/ε-poly-l-lysine exhibited higher adhesive strength than the other polyelectrolyte complexes on aluminum and a commercial polyvinyl acetate adhesive on wood. In addition, our adhesives do not require any additional chemical reagents, such as organic solvents, crosslinkers, or condensation agents. The L-SO3Na/ε-poly-l-lysine complex is a strong and completely biodegradable adhesive. This study demonstrates the use of lignosulfonate in the development of low-toxicity, sustainable, and biodegradable adhesives with excellent adhesive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Laser scribing of porous graphene electrodes on flexible substrates is of great interest for developing disposable electrochemical biosensors. In this work, we present a new patterning process for highly conductive nitrogen-doped graphene derived from a lignin-based precursor. A CO2 laser scribing process was performed under ambient conditions to produce the porous graphene electrodes from lignin. The obtained nitrogen-doped laser-scribed graphene (N-LSG) is binder-free, hierarchical, and conductive. The interconnected carbon network displayed enhanced electrochemical activity with improved heterogeneous electron transfer rate. These features can be attributed to the high conductivity of porous N-LSG (down to 2.8 Ω per square) and its enriched active edge-plane sites. Furthermore, the N-LSG electrodes were decorated with MXene/Prussian blue (Ti3C2Tx/PB) composite via a simple spray-coating process, designed for sensitive detection of analytes. The Ti3C2Tx/PB-modified N-LSG electrodes were functionalized with catalytic enzymes for detecting glucose, lactate, and alcohol. The enzyme/Ti3C2Tx/PB/N-LSG electrodes exhibited remarkably enhanced electrochemical activity toward the detection of these biomarkers with a performance on par with previously reported on-chip carbon-based biosensors. Therefore, these materials have high potential for applications in personalized healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation and application of biorenewable carbon-based catalyst are attracting increasingly attention in the field of green and sustainable chemistry. Here, a facile and low-cost lignosulfonate-based carbonaceous solid acid (LSS) was availably prepared via directly sulfonating lignosulfonate that was from sulfite pulping industry, and used to catalyze biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol to yield versatile butyl levulinate. The fabrication and properties of LSS were highly sensitive to the sulfonation conditions (i.e., lignosulfonate-to-H2SO4 ratio and temperature). The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared LSS were well characterized using BET surface area, acid–base titration, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and TGA techniques. The LSS contained –SO3H, –COOH and phenolic –OH groups and was ideal to perform the reaction of furfuryl alcohol with n-butanol to obtain butyl levulinate in yield higher than 95% at 110 °C for 8 h with catalyst dosage of 15 g/L. Meanwhile, the catalyst deactivated increasingly with a recycle number that was attributed to the adsorption of formed polymeric by-products on the active catalyst sites, and the slightly deactivated catalyst after plain sulfonation treatment was found to remain active with an almost unchanged product yield in consecutive cycles. This work highlights an economic, eco-friendly, sustainable and promising protocol for catalytic upgrading of bio-based compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usage of lignin and its derivatives as chemical and carbon source, i.e. in processes other than burning, is one of the most active fields in renewable resource chemistry today. In this study, the synthesis of lignosulfonate (LS)-based polyurethane (PU) materials from non-toxic reagents and through environmentally friendly processes is presented. LS, modified with bio-based (glycerin-derived) cyclic carbonate moieties, was reacted with 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) to form characteristic PU material. For mechanistic studies and reaction optimization, cyclic carbonates and 1,2-diol derivatives of vanillyl alcohol (VA), as a simplifying lignin model compound, were employed. An LS-bound cyclic carbonate can be formed in one pot without a transesterification step, which simplifies the route toward non-isocyanate lignin-based PU materials. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra showed typical linkages of cyclic carbonates and 1,2-diols on LS. Further analytical characterization, in both the model compound and the LS polymer case, was provided by liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) and 31P] and 13C solid-state (ss) NMR. The production of PU materials from sulfonated lignin and glycerol carbonate, synthesized through a non-isocyanate reaction pathway, confirms the good potential of LS utilization in the development of PU composites based on renewable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical sensor for Pb(II) is described that exploits (a) the outstanding adsorption ability of chitosan modified with quaternary ammonium groups (CQAS; cationic) and of lignosulfonate (LSN; anionic), and (b) the good electrical conductivity of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy NPs). A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with PPy NPs and polydopamine, and CQAS and LSN are used as dispersants in PPy. The modified GCE exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity for Pb(II) in the 0.1 to 50 μM concentration range, with a 55 nM detection limit (3σ method). The redox potentials for Pb(II) is around −0.55 V, and the sensor is not interfered by the presence of Hg(II) and Cu(II). The time dependent stability test showed that this sensor can maintain good reproducibility for one month. This sensor was applied to the determination of Pb(II) in wastewater samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, based on depolymerization solution of commercially available sodium lignosulfonate under mild conditions, an efficient method for the chromatographic separation of lignosulfonate depolymerization products was firstly established. The self-built database contains 18 lignin-based standards and the information on their names, formulas, structures, retention times, fragments, and corresponding MSE data was developed. By searching the online spectral data in a novel informatics database, a total of nine aromatic lignin depolymerization products were identified automatically. Thus, a fast standard protocol for detection and identification of real lignin degradation products was preliminary built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous polybenzimidazole (PBI) based blend membranes were prepared by adding different amounts of lignosulfonate (LS) in the presence of LiCl salt. The morphology characteristics of the PBI/LS blends were investigated by FT-IR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The relation between the membrane morphology and membrane proton conductivity was studied. Results showed that LS content has a significant influence on the membrane morphology. High amount of LS in the blend created micro-pores within the membrane where increase in the LS content up to 20 wt% resulted in membranes containing pores with a mean diameter of about 0.8 μm. The resulting PBI/LS (0–20 wt%) membranes indicated high PA doping levels, ranging from 3 to 16 mol of PA per mole of PBI repeat units, which contributed to their unprecedented high proton conductivities of 4–96 mS cm−1, respectively, at 25 °C. The effect of temperature on the proton conductivity of blends was also investigated. The results showed that by rising the temperature, the proton conductivity increases in PBI/LS blends. In the blend containing 20 wt% LS, proton conductivity increased from 98 mS cm−1 at 25 °C to 187 mS.cm−1at 160 °C which can be considered as an excellent candidate for use in both high and low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Image 1 • Phosphoric acid doped PBI/lignosulfonate (LS) porous membranes were prepared. • Proton conductivity of the PBI/LS membranes were evaluated in high temperature. • The LS and pores in the membranes had a significant effect on the proton transfer. • Proton conductivity of 187 mS/cm (160 °C) was obtained for PBI/LS (20 wt%) membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that enzymatic hydrolysis is hampered by soluble inhibitors, while lignosulfonate (LS) generated from the sulfite pretreatment could enhance saccharification under certain conditions. To explain the roles of the LS during the hydrolyzing process, two types of LS were tested on selected lignocellulosic substrates and investigated through surface activity analysis and designed hydrolyzing experiments. The results showed that the LS with higher surface activity bound to and saturated the enzyme at a lower dosage and more effectively influenced the enzymatic hydrolysis. Both lignosulfonates, irrespective of their molecular weight and sulfonation degree, inhibited or enhanced the enzymatic saccharification related to two opposing mechanisms, i.e., competitive inhibition by the LS and its beneficial role on the enzyme activity. According to the Michaelis-Menten equation, the rate of cellulase-substrate complex conversion into product did not change with the introduction of the LS, whereas the specific binding affinity of the enzyme to the substrate was noticeably altered. With the introduction of LS, the stability of the enzyme increased, which increased the final hydrolysis yield. The hypothesis that the inhibition effects of LS could be effectively overcome by increasing the substrate content and the buffer concentration of the hydrolysates was confirmed through additional experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]