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468 results on '"Lievens, Eva"'

154. Why join groups? Lessons from parasite-manipulated Artemia

Author

Rode, Nicolas O., Lievens, Eva J.P., Flaven, Elodie, Segard, Adeline, Jabbourd-Zahad, Roule, Sánchez, Marta I., Lenormand, Thomas, Rode, Nicolas O., Lievens, Eva J.P., Flaven, Elodie, Segard, Adeline, Jabbourd-Zahad, Roule, Sánchez, Marta I., and Lenormand, Thomas

Abstract

Grouping behaviours (e.g. schooling, shoaling and swarming) are commonly explicated through adaptive hypotheses such as protection against predation, access to mates or improved foraging. However, the hypothesis that aggregation can result from manipulation by parasites to increase their transmission has never been demonstrated. We investigated this hypothesis using natural populations of two crustacean hosts (Artemia franciscana and Artemia parthenogenetica) infected with one cestode and two microsporidian par- asites. We found that swarming propensity increased in cestode-infected hosts and that red colour intensity was higher in swarming compared with non-swarming infected hosts. These effects likely result in increased cestode transmission to its final avian host. Furthermore, we found that microsporidian-infected hosts had both increased swarming propensity and surfacing behaviour. Finally, we demonstrated using experimental infections that these concurrent manipulations result in increased spore transmission to new hosts. Hence, this study suggests that parasites can play a prominent role in host grouping behaviours.

Published
2013

155. Blocking and Removing Illegal Child Sexual Content: Analysis from a Technical and Legal Perspective.

Author

Demeyer, Karel, Lievens, Eva, and Dumortier, Jos

Subjects
PREVENTION of child pornography, SEX crime prevention
Abstract

In 2011, the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Combating the Sexual Abuse, Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child Pornography was adopted, repealing and updating the 2004 Framework Decision on this topic. The much debated Article 25 of this proposal requires Member States to ensure the prompt removal of child pornography websites hosted in their territory and to endeavor to obtain the removal of such websites hosted outside their territory. It also leaves the option for Member States, subject to several safeguards, to block access to such websites to users within their territory. Both these policy choices are highly controversial and much debated, both at the level of the European Union and within Member States. This article analyzes both mechanisms, describing them from a technical as well as a legal point of view, in order to provide more clarity as to the advantages and drawbacks of these policy options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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163. Optimizing transparency for users in social networking sites.

Author

Lievens, Eva, Donoso, Verónica, and Wauters, Ellen

Subjects
ONLINE social networks research, USER-centered system design, TERMS of service (Internet), INDUSTRIAL design coordination, LEGAL documents
Abstract

Purpose -- It is the aim of this article to reflect on possible ways to optimize current ways to deliver information provision in order to make it more transparent to users In particular, we will refer to the benefits (and challenges) of employing more user-centred approaches to inform users in a more transparent way. Design/methodology/approach -- In this paper we analyse individual as well as contextual factors (e.g. cognitive differences, time constraints, specific features of SNS platforms) which may have an impact on the way users deal with Terms of Use, privacy policies and other types of information provision typically made available on SNS platforms. In addition, we discuss possible ways of improving current practices in the field. In particular, we refer to the benefits (and challenges) of a user-centred approach when it comes to informing users in a way that is more meaningful to them. Finally, we discuss how user-centred approaches can act as mechanisms to increase transparency in SNS environments and how (alternative) forms of regulation could benefit from such an approach. Findings -- We believe that it is necessary to start focusing on users/consumers' needs, expectations and values in order to develop visualisation tools that can help make law (more) meaningful to users/consumers by giving them a better insight into their rights and obligations and by guiding them in making truly informed decisions regarding their online choices and behaviour Originality/value -By looking at different techniques such as visual design and the timing of information, the article contributes to the discussion on how we can make people more aware of legal documents and actually read them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014

164. Towards a better protection of social media users: a legal perspective on the terms of use of social networking sites.

Author

Wauters, Ellen, Lievens, Eva, and Valcke, Peggy

Subjects
ONLINE social networks -- Law & legislation, ONLINE social network security, TERMS of service (Internet), WEBSITE access control, ACCEPTABLE use policies (Computers), RIGHT of privacy
Abstract

The 'Terms of Use' of Social Networking Sites (SNS) increasingly attract attention from policymakers and civil society. It is argued that these terms are rarely read by users and that, consequently, users cannot correctly assess their implications. This article attempts to evaluate the validity of SNS Terms of Use based on the requirements that are imposed in existing legal instruments. Firstly, we look at the phenomenon of standard contracts in the offline world. Secondly, we try to identify whether the SNS environment adds additional elements to the manner in which consumers approach standard Terms of Use. Thirdly, as a case study, we examine the Terms of Use of Facebook and assess whether the clauses could be found invalid on the basis of several law requirements. Finally, we try to put forward a number of remedies for the imbalance of the rights and responsibilities that can currently be found in SNS Terms of Use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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165. The Right to Science

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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166. The Right to Communications Freedom

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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167. Human Rights-Compatible Information Security Cycle Governance

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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168. Human Rights-Compatible Quantum Computing Governance

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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169. Summary and Conclusion

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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170. Human Rights-Compatible Encryption Governance

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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171. Introduction

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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172. Human Rights in Context

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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173. The Right to Privacy and Data Protection

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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174. The Technological and Societal Landscape

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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175. The Governance Landscape

Author

van Daalen, Ot, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, and van Daalen, Ot

Published
2025
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176. Children’s privacy and digital literacy across cultures: implications for education and regulation

Author

Pangrazio, Luci, Sefton-Green, Julian, Livingstone, Sonia, Bulger, Monica, Burton, Patrick, Day, Emma, Lievens, Eva, Milkaite, Ingrida, De Leyn, Tom, Martens, Marijn, Roque, Ricarose, Sarikakis, Katharine, Stoilova, Mariya, De Wolf, Ralf, Pangrazio, Luci, Sefton-Green, Julian, Livingstone, Sonia, Bulger, Monica, Burton, Patrick, Day, Emma, Lievens, Eva, Milkaite, Ingrida, De Leyn, Tom, Martens, Marijn, Roque, Ricarose, Sarikakis, Katharine, Stoilova, Mariya, and De Wolf, Ralf

177. Adolescents’ advertising literacy and privacy protection strategies in the context of targeted advertising on social networking sites: implications for regulation

Author

Zarouali, Brahim, Verdoodt, Valerie, Walrave, Michel, Poels, Karolien, Ponnet, Koen, Lievens, Eva, Zarouali, Brahim, Verdoodt, Valerie, Walrave, Michel, Poels, Karolien, Ponnet, Koen, and Lievens, Eva

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the development of adolescents’ advertising literacy and privacy protection strategies in the context of targeted advertisements on social networking sites (SNSs). Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted among 374 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age, and 469 young adults (18–25 years) served as a comparative benchmark. Findings: Results indicate that advertising literacy increases progressively throughout adolescence, and reaches adult-like levels only by the age of 16. In addition, adolescents have an inadequate awareness of commercial data collection practices. This awareness slowly increases as a function of their age until it reaches an adult level around the age of 20. Finally, findings reveal that adolescents take little action to cope with targeted advertisements by means of privacy protection strategies. Practical implications: This paper devotes much attention to the formulation of specific recommendations for EU policymakers and regulatory bodies. In addition, it also holds implications for advertisers (e.g. the need for more in-depth data protection impact assessments), social media providers (e.g. adolescent-friendly privacy policy) and social caretakers (e.g. achieving advertising literacy and privacy education). Originality/value: This paper fulfills the need to investigate adolescents’ advertising literacy and privacy-protective behaviors on SNSs, and, in turn, directly translates these insights into recommendations that can underpin the rationale of regulatory or policy decisions on a European level.

178. Children’s rights and digital technologies

Author

Liefaard, Ton, Kilkelly, Ursula, Lievens, Eva, Livingstone, Sonia, Mclaughlin, Sharon, O'Neill, Brian, Verdoodt, Valerie, Liefaard, Ton, Kilkelly, Ursula, Lievens, Eva, Livingstone, Sonia, Mclaughlin, Sharon, O'Neill, Brian, and Verdoodt, Valerie

Abstract

Digital technologies have reshaped children’s lives, resulting in new opportunities for and risks to their well-being and rights. This chapter investigates the impact of digital technologies on children’s rights through the lens of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Up until now, not all rights have received the same level of attention in the digital context. Legal and policy discourse in the area of children and digital media predominantly focuses on ‘protection’ rights, albeit with a growing awareness of the tension between ‘protection’ and ‘participation’ rights. ‘Provision’ rights are not often emphasised, other than in the important domain of education. However, all children’s rights should be supported, valued and developed in both online and offline spheres of engagement. Governments, parents, educators, industry, civil society and children’s rights commissioners or ombudspersons should all take up their responsibility to enhance children’s rights in relation to digital technologies, while actively listening and taking account of children’s views when developing laws, policies, programmes and other measures in this field.

179. Bringing Media Literacy into Education and Policy

Author

Lievens, Eva, Donoso, Veronica, Lievens, Eva, and Donoso, Veronica

Abstract

Today and tomorrow, the first European Media and Information Literacy Forum will be held at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris bringing together NGOs, media professionals, educators, and other stakeholders. Eva Lievens and Verónica Donoso, researchers at the Interdisciplinary Centre for Law & ICT at KU Leuven, propose two key considerations for new methods of integrating media literacy into existing educational frameworks, and the policymakers’ role in sustaining it.

180. Who controls children's education data? A socio-legal analysis of the UK governance regimes for schools and EdTech.

Author

Day, Emma, Pothong, Kruakae, Atabey, Ayça, and Livingstone, Sonia

Abstract

A socio-legal analysis of the UK governance regime for data collected from children at school for teaching and learning contrasts the government-mandated data collection by schools to inform educational policy and planning with data processed and shared with third parties by commercial EdTech providers. We find the former is effectively governed by the government's 'Five Safes Framework' with some problematic exceptions. By contrast, EdTech providers process a growing volume of personal data under the DPA 2018/UK GDPR with a looser enforcement regime. While schools have few mechanisms and insufficient expertise or resources to hold EdTech providers accountable for processing children's data, EdTech providers have considerable latitude in interpreting the law. Consequently, and paradoxically, regulations governing (mostly) deidentified data used for public purposes are more systematically enforced than those governing personal (identifiable) data used for public and commercial purposes. We conclude with recommendations so that education data can serve children's best interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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181. Smart Contracts and the Law

Author

Ferreira, Agata, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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182. Central Bank Digital Currency: A Focus on Anonymity

Author

Beja, Anjeza, Correia Barradas, Bernardo, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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183. The DLT Pilot Regime and DeFi

Author

Maia, Guilherme, Vieira dos Santos, João, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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184. Blockchain and the Law: Setting the Floor

Author

Lucas Pires, Martinho, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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185. Blockchain Execution of Judgements—A Possibility in South Africa?

Author

Raath, George Daniel, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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186. Blockchain and Elections: Opportunity and Peril

Author

Rosario, Nelson, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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187. Taxing Crypto-Assets—The Portuguese Perspective

Author

Carmo, Marta, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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188. What Are the Limits of Blockchain? Considerations on the Use of Blockchain in Transitional Justice Processes

Author

Gomide M. de Almeida, Renato, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, Ausloos, Jef, Series Editor, Dreyer, Stephan, Series Editor, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Graef, Inge, Series Editor, Kuczerawy, Aleksandra, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Tamo-Larrieux, Aurelia, Series Editor, Pereira Coutinho, Francisco, editor, Lucas Pires, Martinho, editor, and Correia Barradas, Bernardo, editor

Published
2024
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189. Misunderstandings and Intentional Misrepresentations: Challenging the Continued Framing of Consensual and Nonconsensual Intimate Image Distribution as Child Pornography.

Abstract

Many educational presentations continue to straightforwardly frame both consensual and nonconsensual intimate image distribution among youth as child pornography. This continues despite the availability of a purpose-built offence for nonconsensual intimate image distribution (NCIID) that was designed, in part, to avoid the use of child pornography offences in NCIID cases and the existence of a "private use exception" that limits the applicability of child pornography offences in cases of consensual "sexting" among youth. This sometimes inaccurate and, I argue, inappropriate focus on child pornography offences is especially common in presentations by police and public safety personnel. Through a discursive analysis of Canadian case law and a case study of educational approaches provided by the CyberScan unit, I find that the continued dominance of a child pornography framing is based on both genuine misconceptions of how these offences apply to intimate image distribution and intentional misrepresentations of the legal context. Résumé: De nombreuses présentations éducatives continuent d'assimiler à la fois la distribution consensuelle et non consensuelle d'images intimes chez les jeunes à de la pornographie juvénile. Une qualification qui continue malgré l'existence d'une infraction spécialement désignée pour la distribution non consensuelle d'images intimes (DNCII) ayant été conçue, en partie, pour éviter le recours à des infractions de pornographie juvénile dans les affaires de DNCII, et malgré également une « exception d'usage privé » limitant l'applicabilité des infractions de pornographie juvénile dans les cas de « sexting » consensuel entre jeunes. Ce recours aux infractions de pornographie juvénile est parfois inexact, et même inapproprié selon moi, mais s'avère pourtant particulièrement courant dans les présentations des policiers et des acteurs de la sécurité publique. Grâce à une analyse discursive de la jurisprudence canadienne et à une étude de cas sur les approches pédagogiques fournies par l'unité CyberScan, je conclus que cette tendance à appréhender de telles actions à travers la lunette de la pornographie juvénile est fondée à la fois sur des incompréhensions quant à la façon dont ces infractions s'appliquent à la distribution d'images intimes et sur des représentations erronées intentionnelles du contexte juridique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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195. The Study of Artificial Intelligence as Law

Author

Verheij, Bart, van den Berg, Bibi, Series Editor, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Zevenbergen, Bendert, Series Editor, Custers, Bart, editor, and Fosch-Villaronga, Eduard, editor

Published
2022
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196. AI and Lawmaking: An Overview

Author

Drahmann, Annemarie, Meuwese, Anne, van den Berg, Bibi, Series Editor, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Zevenbergen, Bendert, Series Editor, Custers, Bart, editor, and Fosch-Villaronga, Eduard, editor

Published
2022
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197. Regulating Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Author

Mahler, Tobias, van den Berg, Bibi, Series Editor, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Zevenbergen, Bendert, Series Editor, Custers, Bart, editor, and Fosch-Villaronga, Eduard, editor

Published
2022
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199. Lawyers’ Perceptions on the Use of AI

Author

Weinstein, Stuart, van den Berg, Bibi, Series Editor, van der Hof, Simone, Editor-in-Chief, González Fuster, Gloria, Series Editor, Lievens, Eva, Series Editor, Zevenbergen, Bendert, Series Editor, Custers, Bart, editor, and Fosch-Villaronga, Eduard, editor

Published
2022
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