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Classroom libraries are an important component of elementary classrooms. These collections support readers' literate identities, their motivation to read, and their access to texts that reflect a world outside of the classroom. Yet, many classrooms lack texts that mirror the racial, cultural, and linguistic diversity of students and their lived experiences. The authors--three elementary teachers (grades 1-3) and three teacher educators--inventoried the hundreds of books in the teachers' classrooms. The team discovered that the libraries lacked diversity across intersectional representations. Teacher-purchased books created the diversity that was present in each library, a lack of Black boy representation in transitional chapter books was evident, and the physical space of the libraries was problematic for young readers. The authors provide a strategy for classroom teachers to assess the contents of their own classroom libraries.

How do you make art history and art museum library research exciting and relevant to an undergraduate studio art student? And, how can an innovative learning experiment lay the groundwork for future utilization of the acquired course knowledge and the art museum library resources? One answer, as we discovered, lies in creatively utilizing a special collection with the potential for direct application to the students' present and/or future career goals. Through this case study, we present our strategies for connecting undergraduate art students to a unique art museum library archive on contemporary local artists. After an explanation of the project, we explore the project's impact through student survey responses taken at three key points in the project, reflect on how the intersection of varied perspectives can create meaning for the student learner, and explore how the lessons learned in this museum-university collaboration could be applied by other museums to generate long-term relationships with audiences.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that impact the quality of the education service in a Peruvian private university, based on the perception of students and graduates. Design/methodology/approach: The sample consisted of 29 students and 20 graduates from the Administration and Finance Program of a Peruvian private university. The data was collected through focus groups and in-depth interviews based on the students' and graduates' perspectives of their experiences. The collected data was subjected to content analysis. Findings: The study identified ten factors or the underlying dimensions that drive the quality of the education service provided by a Peruvian private university. The factors are professors, lecturers, curriculum, extracurricular activities, position and recognition of the university, infrastructure, library, admission, adequate communication mechanisms with faculty and authorities and services. The main quality indicators of the education service were the professors and curriculum planning. As the students were using the education service, they were more focused on "how" they received the service, rather than "what" services they received, i.e. they evaluated the quality of the process. In contrast, graduates gave more importance to functional service quality. They evaluated the quality of "what they received," i.e. the result. Research limitations/implications: The study has several limitations. First, the qualitative approach does not allow generalizing data. The sample size was relatively small and only involved one Peruvian private university. The study was based on the respondent's perceptions, which were considered accurate. Practical implications: Based on the study findings, the authors made recommendations to meet the needs of the students and graduates. These findings can help universities to develop strategies that improve educational quality and to allocate resources more effectively. Further research could focus on factors that impact service quality in higher education at different stages of the student lifecycle, namely, applicants (service expectations), students (quality of the process) and graduates (results). The authors suggest validating these results quantitatively. Originality/value: The study proposes a framework of the higher education service quality based on the experiences of students and graduates that can be used by higher education institutions to continue improving educational quality. The originality of the study lies in the perspective on service quality according to the experiences of students and graduates. Also, this study provides empirical evidence on service quality research in Latin American higher education institutions.

Global information resources and sophisticated technology have accelerated the availability and utilization of Online Information Resources (OIR) in the Open Distance Learning environment. The study examines the contributions of OIR to Open Distance and Lifelong Learning in relation to three purposively selected dual-mode institutions in South-West Nigeria. A sample of 425 open distancelearners was purposively selected from three (3) dual-mode institutions and three (3) study centres from the only single-mode university in Nigeria. The finding shows that OIR contributed significantly to both Open Distance and Lifelong learning. The finding highlights the increased desire for continued learning and the suitability of the OIR in enhancing learning and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education. This, nevertheless, suggests that government should ensure the implementation of the vision of free Wi-Fi in public spaces.

Traditionally media production with young people has been characterized by an aspiration to 'give voice' or 'empower youth', but this core value is under threat. Recently, the rationale for undertaking youth media production has shifted to focus on enabling young people to acquire digital and entrepreneurial skills that serve the needs of rapidly changing creative industry/gig economy. In this paper, we challenge this rationale by sharing qualitative data from a young people's media production project run in libraries in a city in the United Kingdom where participants were invited to create video games/stories. We adopt Potter and McDougall's notion of Third Spaces as negotiated, contested and political to enable us to identify the ways in which pedagogical choices of setting, software and style of facilitation combined to support young people's critical and creative engagement with digital media and society. We reframe notions of third spaces, seeing less a bridge between linguistic and cultural domains, arguing instead that Third Spaces are productively disruptive. We conclude by proposing a new set of pedagogical principles for critical reflection in the development and funding of digital media production with young people.

Zine making involves not only the creation of handmade and self-published books, but also local distribution in zine communities, as well as archival processes of zine collecting in university and community libraries. These creative and communal practices, as part of the intellectual discourse known as zine studies, engender valuable arts-based research orientations and implications for art education. This article investigates zines for their potential as objects of research exploring art teacher identities and autoethnography, fandom in zines as a devotional orientation and interdisciplinary form of research methodology, and research questions pertaining to practices of collecting and archiving zine materials in universities and zine communities. Characterized by proliferation in the 1990s and a strong contemporary continuation, zines continue to create distinctly personal and communal spaces for art education reflection.

This report introduces a children's English literature library project the author implemented in his undergraduate English language teacher education programme. Through modelling literacy practices found to be effective with young English language learners, he aimed to increase his students' readiness for teaching. The project was found to be beneficial to the development of students' pedagogical content knowledge regarding children's English language literature and its uses in the classroom. Implications for initial teacher education are included.

The category of hate crime is a recent legislative response to the increasing levels of antisocial, criminal and discriminatory behaviours and practices that target a wide spectrum of individuals on the basis of their identification within certain minority sociological subcultures. People with intellectual disability are often targeted for this kind of behaviour. Here, we report on an evaluation of one English city's efforts to instigate a street-based scheme to offer some security and protection to its intellectually disabled citizens. The physical location of the premises and the engagement of the staff employed therein have some bearing on their potential to be effective in offering shelter and support to distressed individuals. But even where premises are well situated with positive staffing, the absence of local records to list the uptake of the scheme leaves room for doubt about its overall effectiveness.

This study used the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) prison sample to explore the predictive contributions of Print Vocabulary and Sentence Processing skills to the Literacy and Passage Comprehension performance of 461 U.S. prisoners. Both predictors were significant, but Print Vocabulary accounted for less than 1% unique variance. Nine demographic and prison-specific activities were explored as moderators of the relation between Sentence Processing and Literacy or Passage Comprehension. For the literacy outcome, only learning disability status, age, educational attainment, and job prior to incarceration significantly moderated the Sentence Processing--Literacy relation. For the Passage Comprehension outcome, only age, job prior to incarceration, prison library use, and prison educational attainment moderated the Sentence Processing--Passage Comprehension relation. Incarcerated adults who rarely or never used the prison library and had low Sentence Processing scores exhibited the weakest Passage Comprehension performance. Differences in moderation results may be a function of the manner in which PIAAC assessed reading skills. The findings may have important implications for tailoring correctional education to specific demographic characteristics and prison-specific activities as well as improving inmates' post-release success.

The social structure of the family has always been in the state of transformation. In the past centuries, the nuclear family was replaced with a Patriarchal Family which lasted for only two centuries from 16th to the beginning of 18th century. In this new structure of the family, men were privileged to play the role of the master and the women were marginalized and subordinated. Recent years, however, has witnessed a re-adjustment of this order towards a more equal distribution of power relations. These changes in family structure has ever since initiated new conflicts leading to establishment of the physical and psychological bonds between men and dolls. The present study aims to find out the major sociopsychological reasons behind this conflict. In a qualitative library based study, the researchers attempt to analyse the video interview of some of the doll-owners. In the survey conducted in this study, the video of "Guys and Dolls", BBC Video Documentary, has been shown to 10 participants, five male and five female. Then, a questionnaire was distributed to ask for their opinion based on their gender. The findings of this analysis reveal that women can hardly accept the notion of using dolls as replacement to real partners in comparison with men. On the contrary, the male participants advocated the employment of dolls as sexual replacement for the real woman figure.

Introduction: Along with leading to growth in the numbers of people doing information work, the increasing role of information in our contemporary society has led to an explosion of new information professions as well. The labels for these fields can be confusing and overlapping, and what does and does not constitute an information profession has become unclear. Method: We have available a body of theory and analysis that can form the basis of a review of this new professional landscape, and enable us to clarify and rationalize the array of emerging information professions. Analysis: Work by the author and others on the philosophical nature, and core elements, of the information professions is drawn upon and applied to the current professional scene. The nature of information itself and of information-related activities are defined and closely analysed to produce models of the disciplines and the work elements within the disciplines of information. Results. The analysis makes possible the incorporation of popular new information disciplines into an overarching framework that includes pre-existing fields as well. Conclusions: The analysis provides a perspective that clarifies the relationships among the information disciplines as well as their relationship to other professional activities in society.

Universities are seeking to play a key role in the research and development process. An important element in the research process is the accessibility of information resources and services provided by libraries. Postgraduate students are key producers of research in universities, and an important element in their research process is the access to information. This study examines postgraduate students' views on the access, awareness and usage in facilitating their research and their satisfaction with the sources and services currently provided. The Random Sampling technique together with a Questionnaire was used for data collection from 50 postgraduate students from Gulbarga University. The findings shows that the majority (90.1%) of respondents acknowledged the important role of library in facilitating research, and 72.5% of the respondents were satisfied with the current role being played by the libraries. However, certain areas needed to be improved such as longer opening hours for physical visits, in spite of the facilities for remote access assistance for supporting students' research. The findings will be useful to academic libraries in providing better services to postgraduate students for their research. The paper records the reasons why Post graduate students use electronic information resources are; research activity, Paper writing for publication, and referring course materials. It suggests further for an improvement in the access facilities with high Internet speed and subscription to more e-resources by the University Library. The present study also attempts to encounter different problems faced by the students during accessing e-resources.

This paper examines the relation between children's summer activities before fourth through sixth grade and their vocabulary knowledge in fifth grade and at age fifteen using the NICHD SECCYD dataset (N = 1,009). We used OLS regression and propensity score analyses to understand how children's summer reading, library visits, participation in enrichment classes, and unsupervised time predicts their vocabulary knowledge. Propensity score matching and OLS analyses show that time spent reading predicts vocabulary during the following two years, and high levels of time allocated to reading across three or more summers in middle childhood predicts vocabulary knowledge at age 15. OLS analyses suggest a relationship between library visits and vocabulary knowledge. There is no short-term relationship between enrichment classes and vocabulary knowledge, although our OLS analysis demonstrated that consistent enrollment in summer enrichment classes over three years predicted improved vocabulary. Unsupervised time predicted poor vocabulary in both the short and long-term.

Sometimes great initiatives in education start with just a glimmer of an idea and a belief that building a foundation under that idea can effect change. That glimmer of an idea came to Bandera Independent School District (BISD) from a middle school English teacher who attended an International Reading Association Conference and heard about teachers who, in the summer, brought tubs of books to students from low-income families. A group including district librarians, teachers, and campus administrators applied for a grant to pilot a summer bookmobile. After almost a full year of planning, BISD's Bulldog Mobile was born in the summer of 2014. The mobile literacy center was intended to provide free literacy materials to encourage summer reading and to decrease a slide in reading skills over the summer. This "summer slide" often results in widening the achievement gap that manifests when disadvantaged students lose academic ground over successive summers. Data from the end-of-year tests at BISD was compared to data from the beginning-of-year tests to determine if access to the Bulldog Mobile made any impact on preventing students from losing ground or helping them gain ground over the summer months. Findings show that nearly 67 percent of the children who visited the Bulldog Mobile at least once either maintained their reading skills or gained reading skills.

In 2010, the University of Toronto's Centre for Teaching Support & Innovation (CTSI) and University of Toronto Libraries (UTL) jointly launched Partnering for Academic Student Success (PASS), a partnership to foster new opportunities for collaboration between academic librarians and those involved in developing excellence in university teaching. This article describes the challenge of professional education in support of the teaching mission for librarians, and a partnership designed to address this need. The article reports on the genesis, goals, and key principles contributing to the partnership's success, while discussing implications and recommendations for those seeking to develop similar programs of intentional collaboration that enable teaching/learning goals.

The American Library Association's (ALA's) Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) strives to educate librarians and the public about the nature and importance of intellectual freedom in libraries, and it will celebrate its fiftieth anniversary in 2017. Libraries are a forum for information and ideas (under the First Amendment), and librarians are responsible for making sure that every person has equitable and unrestricted access. At OIF, the first priority is to make sure that all librarians, educators, and users know this. The second priority is to fight any attempts to limit or remove access. This article briefly describes the roles and responsibilities of OIF and OIF staff.

According to Stearns (2009), culture shapes childhood. The way a society defines culture shapes: (a) how childhood is constructed; (b) the production of literary products and services for young people; and (c) training for library professionals. In 21st century America, children are viewed as a vulnerable population in need of protection, as evidenced by the books that are challenged in schools and libraries every year. In Denmark, however, childhood is constructed differently. While the American-style of helicopter parenting described in Finkel and Fitzsimmons (2013) exists, since the 1980s a cultural shift has occurred, as Danes move from what Juncker (2007) calls a silent, attendant culture to a vocal, participatory culture. Today, young Danes' right to access culture is mandated through the Ministry of Culture, and libraries and cultural institutions, working in partnership with schools, are largely responsible for providing such access. According to the Royal School of Library and Information Science's website, Bachelors and Masters degrees in Information Science and Cultural Dissemination emphasize connections between information and knowledge, but also focus on the interplay between knowledge and culture. As library education changes, children's library centers in turn are transformed into cultural institutions that incorporate media in all forms, focusing on culture, creativity, and play. This qualitative study uses participant observation gathered in Denmark during summer 2014 at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, libraries and cultural centers, and online analysis. Findings demonstrate how the Danish LIS program addresses changing constructions of childhood and the roles of information and culture, encompassing both aesthetics and play.

During a program titled "Libraries and Museums in an Era of Participatory Culture," co-sponsored by the Salzburg Global Seminar (SGS) and the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), one of the discussion groups developed recommendations for skills needed by librarians and museum professionals in today's connected and participatory world. The group focused on the concepts, knowledge, and processes that both librarians and museum professionals need to understand and know, realizing that participatory culture has ramifications both for traditional functions and emerging skills. The initial framework was an overview. This paper expands on the work started in Salzburg and calls for further discussion. By opening the conversation to the library and museum worlds, it is proposed that the two systems of education and continuing education will experience positive and possibly unexpected synergistic benefits.

It is commonly agreed that a country cannot be fully developed without large-scale investment in her educational scheme since the breakthrough of a country is directly proportional to her educational level. Since the acquisition of effective reading skills has a positive effect on all school subjects, then reading is sine-qua-non for human capital and global development. Yet, it has been observed that many Nigerians today have a poor reading habit. Thus, this paper focuses on this poor reading habit among our people today and its causes. The paper is rounded off with suggestions as to what concerned stakeholders can do to develop and re-invent the reading culture in Nigeria.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the predominance of literacy activities within the homes of African American toddlers in an urban setting in Mississippi. The data were collected through a Likert survey from parent participants in daycares, preschools, and churches, as well as institutions from five different parts of Jackson, MS. The results indicate that reading to/with toddlers is the most predominant literacy activity that parents conducted within the homes of African American toddlers. Taking toddlers to the library is the least of literacy activities parents conducted to enhance their children's literacy development. This study is able to help parents engage more in their children's literacy development at home and develop early childhood education programs for parents.

Introduction: In recent years, the introduction of social question and answer services and other Internet tools have expanded the ways in which people have their questions answered. There has been speculation and debate over whether such services and other Internet tools are replacing library virtual reference services. Method: Most previous research on the comparison between social question and answer services and virtual reference has been conducted from the perspectives of libraries or library users, and research based on social question and answer services users' viewpoints has not yet been explored. This study surveyed Yahoo! Answers users on their awareness, use, and evaluation of the social question and answer services site and virtual reference. Analysis: The survey data from multiple-choice questions, fill-in, and open-ended questions were analysed using SPSS for a quantitative summary. Results: The findings of this study show that social question and answer services and virtual reference have their own strengths and weaknesses in serving various user needs and in meeting the expectations of an online or virtual service, based on important user-identified considerations. Conclusions: The notion that social question and answer services will take over virtual reference is not supported. As they stand, virtual reference and social question and answer services have great potential for collaboration in meeting user information needs. The practical implications of the findings to virtual reference are also discussed.

Long overlooked, reading volume is actually central to the development of reading proficiencies, especially in the development of fluent reading proficiency. Generally no one in schools monitors the actual volume of reading that children engage in. We know that the commonly used commercial core reading programs provide only material that requires about 15 minutes of reading activity daily. The remaining 75 minute of reading lessons is filled with many other activities such as completing workbook pages or responding to low-level literal questions about what has been read. Studies designed to enhance the volume of reading that children do during their reading lessons demonstrate one way to enhance reading development. Repeated readings have been widely used in fostering reading fluency but wide reading options seem to work faster and more broadly in developing reading proficiencies, including oral reading fluency.

Developing silent fluent reading is an important goal to be achieved in elementary literacy instruction. This article reviews characteristics of effective silent reading fluency instruction and practice. Next, the authors make the case for four components of effective silent reading fluency practice routines. Finally, the authors describe two evidece-based silent reading fluency routines--Scaffolded Silent Reading (ScSR) and R5. Evidence of efficacy along with richly described and illustrated examples provide readers with all the necessary information to implement these effective silent reading fluency routines in elementary classrooms.

In early spring 2013, a pilot study was conducted at a major public university in Ohio to explore elements of information anxiety (defined herein as a combination of library anxiety and information technology anxiety) among second-semester freshmen enrolled in all iterations of both a traditional and a remedial first-year English course. The Information Anxiety Scale (an adaptation of Sharon Bostick's 1992 "Library Anxiety Scale") was the pilot study's primary measure. Study researchers wanted to examine which information anxiety elements registered the most statistical significance for respondents. Analysis of results revealed statistically significant findings between elements in the scale and previous research and library experience, sex, and race/ethnicity. This pilot study experience will aid the study's researchers in revising their version of the Information Anxiety Scale for a larger study on information anxiety, toward understanding specific information anxiety triggers for undergraduate students and informing future information literacy instruction practices.

This Practice Brief describes a grant-funded pilot program at an urban four-year public college, developed to address the needs of students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This Interdisciplinary Collaborative Support Services program provided (1) more clinical assistance for students with ASD to promote their academic and social success; (2) education, training, and supervision for graduate student mentors; (3) in-service training for faculty, staff, students, and administrators; and (4) a resource library related to the target population. This article describes the work among the different program partners to offer interdisciplinary, collaborative services for the students who elected to participate in the initiative and reports both the positive outcomes and challenges of the program. This article concludes with suggestions for expansion of the practice and research opportunities on the efficacy of the model.

This column focuses on the conceptual and practical aspects of teaching information literacy and opens with the question: What is a university library's relationship with peer tutoring services on campus? Peaceful coexistence, détente, or active collaboration? Armies of tutors employed through student services may routinely use a university library as a convenient place to meet but have no actual knowledge of the research services, let alone the information literacy objectives of the instruction program. Without making connections with tutoring services universities may be missing an important opportunity to broaden the reach of information literacy across the curriculum. What can assist? It is academic libraries with writing centers or satellites located within their learning commons. Close proximity of research and writing services gives each more visibility. It is convenient for students, facilitating easy referral from librarian to tutor and back. It makes available to the writer and tutor an information and technology-rich environment. Taking some time to get to know each other; planning an initial event that includes casual intermingling of librarians, tutors, and writing center administrators with a common goal of helping students provides real collaboration in peer assisted learning and promises a much richer experience for all as universities form meaningful learning communities together.

In this study, we examined students' access to text, defined as the number of texts freely available to children in their classrooms. From 60 elementary classrooms across five states, we catalogued the books in first, third and fifth grades in both high- and low-achieving schools (based on state-wide reading test scores) to create a database of more than 50,000 books. From this database, we concluded that the number of books per classroom varied significantly within and between states. However, the quantity of texts available to students did not appear to be related to variations in test scores; 54 of the 60 classrooms surpassed the recommended number of books per child based on previous research; two of the six classrooms that did not were in high-achieving schools. Our conclusion is that classroom libraries can provide children with necessary access to print, but access alone does little to explain differences between states in standardised test scores.

In 2016, the Office of Correctional Education in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation embarked on a process of implementing professional learning communities (PLCs) in all 35 California state prisons. The American Institutes for Research provided professional development and consulting on the PLC process. Through working to implement the building blocks of PLCs in a correctional setting, lessons were learned about how to address some of the particularities of the prison environment. This article describes some of the issues and strategies surrounding time and space for meetings, standards, engaging all staff, and distributive leadership.

A century of research has shown that culturally relevant, responsive, and sustaining literacy teaching is essential to teaching all students well and is especially crucial for students of color, who most often attend urban schools. The authors share one innovative and culturally sustaining literacy practice that critically centers kindergarten and first-grade students' agency and language knowledge in writing and drawing labels for their classroom book baskets. When students create labels for their classroom books, they not only take ownership of their classroom library but are also positioned as real readers and real writers who are active and innovative communicators, writers, and readers of everyday texts that represent their diverse lives and experiences.

The use of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons is becoming widespread for context-aware learning environments. This technology can be used in indoor and outdoor settings such as museums, shops, home and schools in order to identify the location of learners and their contexts. Specifically, in the constructivist view of learning, learners can use such sensing technology for constructing knowledge and experiencing learning at any time, anywhere. However, exploration of such technology has been limited in the constructivist context-aware ubiquitous learning (U-learning) literature. For this purpose, the authors evaluated two android-based U-learning applications: one was an outdoor learning environment in a garden, the other was about locating books in a library. The applications were implemented and tested with school and university students. The qualitative results are presented in this article, and show how such sensing technology is promising for both pedagogical environments.

This paper examines the history of epistemological conceptualizations of the library, considered as a technology. Drawing from Heidegger's philosophy, a technology is a way of human relating to the world. At its best, this relationship is in terms of belonging and understanding, but modern information technologies may not foster such aims very well. Heidegger links understanding to questioning; thus, this paper paper explores questioning in the library as a path to reorient the library more concertedly toward understanding. As a first stage in such work, this paper explores the history of questioning in the library. The library was originally conceived as an educational institution that afforded questioning, personal relationships and understanding. As time wore on, the library was transformed into something more like a business, where answers and information were provided as economic resources. This paper provides grounds for a renewed conceptualization of the library as a site for understanding and questioning. If the field is to reorient toward understanding, a deeper appreciation for questioning will be required.

Given that much of the research on classroom libraries focus on elementary school classrooms, this study sought to examine classroom libraries at the middle school level. Access to books is especially important for middle school students given the persistent decline in reading engagement at this level. The research questions guiding this investigation focused on the nature of the libraries, the physical features of the libraries, the contributions made by the libraries to the literacy environment of the classrooms, the contents of the libraries, and teacher perceptions of their own classroom libraries. Findings indicate that teachers value classroom libraries for promoting literacy engagement and understand how these libraries provide students with immediate and easy access to books. The contents of the libraries that were examined varied in terms of genre, multicultural literature, and social justice issues.

Drawing on conceptual resources that underpin arts integration, drama-based and embodied teaching approaches, and embodied mathematical cognition, the authors developed a fresh professional learning model for teachers to use with their mathematics classes. This article discusses how "Creative and Body-based Learning" (CBL), the authors' interpretation of drama-based pedagogy (DBP) for the local context in South Australia, uses active and creative approaches to deepen engagement and academic learning. The approach incorporates foundational arts strategies that work with the body to activate dialogue, use game as metaphor, engage in image work and/or role-play, and support mathematical understanding. The CBL endeavor was part of a larger vision--to activate creative education for young people in South Australia in ways that build collaboration, while inspiring and informing decision-makers. The following sections are included at the end of the article: (1) Spotlight on Innovators; (2) Innovative Programs Teaching History around the World; and (3) A Model of Innovation for Children's Libraries.

This article presents one way that librarians, archivists, and educators can create new knowledge by connecting communities with rare material culture. The authors share how they engaged critically reflective practices while gathering descriptions of rare Mexican artists' books at community-engaged outreach events. The books took on new meanings once they were removed from the context of the archives, and were centered within diverse communities. Participants interacted with the books in places where culinary bites and libations overlapped with the themes presented within the books. Polysensory, transcultural, tactile, embodied, visual, and gustatory literacies were observed as well as bilingual narratives of food, drink, memories, and personal recipes. The authors learned that bringing unique archival objects to communities made them more accessible both in and out of the archives. This project speaks to larger issues facing academic libraries and archives, such as engaging diverse audiences in inclusive programming, and building outreach into existing services, spaces, and collections.

"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world" Nelson Mandela (Strauss, 2013). Nelson Mandela's statement provides the basis for this article. Education provides a means of escaping the consequences of poverty. Children who live at or below the poverty level must overcome the detrimental effects of poverty before education can begin. The causes of poverty in America is as varied as the number of students affected. The one theme that evolved from the research is the number of children affected by poverty continues to grow (Flores, 2014; Ehrenfreund, 2016; Staff, 2017). With more than 19% of public school children affected by poverty in the United States, researchers are delving into the repercussions related to the long term effects of children living below the poverty level. This article reviews the prevalence of poverty and growth of "extreme" poverty. Through research, the author presents the expanse of poverty in the United States. The author also examines the educational effects of living at or below the poverty level for young children. The author examines several long-term and short-term studies relating to the physical evidence of developmental effects of poverty on childhood learning and the long term effects. Finally, this article offers several interventions that can help meet the needs of the most needy students.