Search

Wind tunnel tests were carried out to obtain the static aerodynamic characteristics of crescent iced 4-bundled conductors with different ice thicknesses, initial ice accretion angles, bundle spaces, and wind attack angles. The test models were made of the actual conductors and have a real rough surface. Test results show that the influence of wake interference on the drag coefficients of leeward subconductors is obvious. The interference angle range is larger than 20° and the drag coefficient curves of leeward subconductors have a sudden decrease phenomenon at some certain wind attack angles. The absolute value of the lift and moment coefficient increases with the increase of the ice thickness. In addition, the galloping of the iced subconductor may occur at the angle of wind attack near ±20° and the wake increases the moment coefficient. The variation of initial ice accretion angle has a significant influence on the aerodynamic coefficients. The aerodynamic coefficient curves exhibit a “moving” phenomenon at different initial ice accretion angles. The bundle spaces have a great influence on the moment coefficient of leeward thin ice-coated conductors. With the increase of ice thickness, the bundle spaces generally have little influence on the aerodynamic coefficients.

Figure S15. Comparative proteomics analysis of TQ and the nal8 mutant. (A) Venn diagram showing the number of different proteins that are up- and down-regulated in TQ compared with nal8. The expression values for the different proteins were adjusted by FDR (false discovery rate). Three biological repeats of both TQ and nal8 were used to perform the proteomics analysis. (B) Volcano plot showing the distribution of differential protein expression. The x-axes shows the Log2 fold-change of the differentially expressed proteins, and the y-axes shows the-log10 of the p-values of the differences between TQ and nal8. The expression values for the different proteins were adjusted by FDRâ â 2. (PDF 227 kb)

Figure S5. Genotyping of the NAL8CRISPR transgenic knockout lines. Alignment of the DNA sequences of the NAL8 gene region from the wild-type TQ and the NAL8CRISPR #1 and #2 lines. Black ellipses show the positions of a 1 bp deletion in the NAL8CRISPR #1 and a 2 bp deletion in NAL8CRISPR # 2 sequences (left), and 1 bp insertion in NAL8CRISPR # 2 (right). The mutations cause translational frame shifts which result in missense mutations in the NAL8 gene in both transgenic knockout lines. (PDF 49 kb)

Figure S8. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing NAL8 show no obvious developmental effects. (A) Plant architecture of the wild-type ZH11 and transgenic NAL8-overexpressing lines NAL8OE #1 and #2 at the reproductive stage. Scale bar = 15 cm. (B) Flag leaves of ZH11 and NAL8OE #1 and #2. Scale bar = 5 cm. (C) Mature panicles of ZH11 and NAL8OE #1 and #2. Scale bar = 5 cm. (D-K) Statistical comparisons of average flag leaf width (n = 20 plants) (D), average plant height (n = 20 plants) (E), average spikelet number (n = 20 plants) (F), average thousand seed weight (n = 20 plants) (G), average grain width (n = 20 plants) (H), average grain length (n = 20 plants) (I), average flag leaf length (n = 20 plants) (J) and the relative expression of NAL8 (n = 3 pooled tissues, three plants per pool) (K) in ZH11 and NAL8OE #1 and #2. Values in (D-K) are given as the mean ± SD. *P

Figure S3. Phylogenetic analysis of rice NAL8 and related proteins from plants, animals, and one species of insect. The species names are shown at the ends of the branches. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining tree method as implemented in MEGA7.0 and embellished with iTOL ( http://itol.embl.de/ ). The numbers shown on each branch indicate protein substitution rate. The NAL8 homologous proteins are highly consistent with the species evolution relationship. (PDF 117 kb)

Figure S2. Amino acid sequence alignment of homologous proteins to rice NAL8. The conserved alanine residue at position 228 is enclosed in a red box to show the site of the mutation in the nal8 mutant. The asterisks indicate the highly conserved residues in the proteins from nine plants, three mammals and one insect species. (PDF 668 kb)

Figure S6. Narrow leaf width and reduced spikelet number in the NAL8 transgenic knockout lines are similar to those in the nal8 mutant. (A) Plant architecture of the wild-type ZH11 and the NAL8 knockout lines NAL8CRISPR #1 and #2 at the reproductive stage. Scale bar = 15 cm. (B) Flag leaves of ZH11 and NAL8CRISPR #1 and #2. Scale bar = 5 cm. (C) Mature panicles of ZH11 and NAL8CRISPR #1 and #2. Scale bar = 10 cm. (D-K) Statistical comparisons of the average flag leaf width (n = 20 plants) (D), average plant height (n = 20 plants) (E), average spikelet number (n = 20 plants) (F), average thousand seed weight (n = 20 plants) (G), average grain width (n = 20 plants) (H), average grain length (n = 20 plants) (I), average flag leaf length (n = 20 plants) (J) and average tiller number (n = 20 plants) (K) in ZH11 and the NAL8CRISPR #1 and #2 knockout lines. Values in D-K are given as the mean ± SD. *P

Figure S4. Comparisons and statistical analysis of TQ, the nal8 mutant, and NAL8 complementation transgenic rice lines. (A) Spikelet phenotypes among TQ, nal8 and the transgenic complementation lines NAL8com#1 and #2. Scale bar = 5 cm. (B) Mature grains of TQ, nal8 and the complementation lines NAL8com#1 and #2. Scale bar = 2 mm. (C-H) Statistical analyses of average grain width (n = 20 plants) (C), average grain length (n = 20 plants) (D), average thousand seed weight (n = 20 plants) (E), average plant height (n = 20 plants) (F), average spikelet number (n = 20 plants) (G) and average flag leaf length (n = 20 plants) (H) in TQ, nal8 and the transgenic complementation lines NAL8com#1 and #2. Values in C-H are given as the mean ± SD. *P

Figure S7. Transgenic NAL8 gene silenced lines show similar leaf width and spikelet defects to the rice nal8 mutant. (A) Plant architecture of the wild-type TQ and the transgenic NAL8 RNAi silenced lines NAL8RNAi #1 and #2 at the reproductive stage. Scale bar = 15 cm. (B) Flag leaves of TQ and NAL8RNAi #1 and #2. Scale bar = 5 cm. (C) Mature panicles of ZH11 and NAL8RNAi #1 and #2. Scale bar = 5 cm. (D-K) Statistical comparisons of average flag leaf width (n = 20 plants) (D), average plant height (n = 20 plants) (E), average spikelet number (n = 20 plants) (F), average thousand seed weight (n = 20 plants) (G), average grain width (n = 20 plants) (H), average grain length (n = 20 plants) (I), average flag leaf length (n = 20 plants) (J) and the relative expression of NAL8 (n = 3 pooled tissues, three plants per pool) (K) in ZH11 and NAL8RNAi #1 and #2. Values in D-K are given as the mean ± SD. *P