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Objectives: To explore the change rules of behavioral characteristics, survival time and saturation of carboxyhemoglobin （HbCO） in different CO concentration to provide experimental basis for the cases of CO poisoning death in forensic practice., Methods: Total 160 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. CO with the concentration of 1 250 mg/m³, 3 750 mg/m³, 6 250 mg/m³ were continuously and respectively replenished in a self-made toxicant exposure equipment until rats died from poisoning. In different CO concentration, the behavioral characteristics and survival time of poisoning rats were observed and recorded. The saturation of HbCO in heart blood was detected by spectrophotometric method. Organs such as brain, heart, lung and liver, and heart blood were obtained via autopsy and histopathological observation was performed., Results: The behavioral characteristics of CO poisoning rats were limp and slow response. There were a gradual decrease of survival time and an increase of HbCO saturation in rats with the increase of CO concentration. Three rats in CO concentration of 1 250 mg/m³ group showed lower saturations of HbCO than the lethal dose and this situation hasn't been found in other groups., Conclusions: The animal model of CO poisoning established under different CO concentration has the advantages such as simplicity and good repeatability, which lays a foundation to the further study for CO and other inhaled toxic gas in the research of forensic sciences., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine)

Trichoepithelioma is a benign neoplasm that primarily shows follicular germinative differentiation. Classic trichoepithelioma typically presents as a skin-colored papule or nodule on the face or upper trunk; lesions have a predilection for the nose. Trichoepithelioma can be sporadic or familial and solitary or multiple. Most previously reported multiple trichoepithelioma cases are familial, and germline CYLD mutations could be detected in some patients. We performed mutational analysis of the germline CYLD gene in 8 Chinese multiple trichoepitheliomas patients, 6 of which were sporadic cases. A heterozygous missense mutation (c.1112C>A) in the 9th exon of the CYLD gene was detected in some mother-daughter patients. However, the germline CYLD mutation could not be detected in the 6 non-familial cases. The results suggest that the pathogenesis of sporadic multiple trichoepitheliomas may differ from that of familial cases. Our findings also further confirmed the genetic heterogeneity of multiple trichoepitheliomas.

Low temperature is a major environmental stress in rice cultivating and production. The alternative oxidase 1 (AOX1) gene is potentially important for genetic engineering to increase cold adaptation. However, previous studies related to this effect have mostly focused on the dicot plants Arabidopsis and tobacco, whereas functional research on rice is limited. In this study, we cloned a rice predominant cold-response AOX1 gene, OsAOX1a. Transgenic rice plants with overexpression of OsAOX1a were obtained. We found that OsAOX1a overexpression could strongly enhance the cold growth of seedlings, especially with respect to root extension. However, growth between transgenic and control plants did not differ under normal conditions. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation and ion leakage rate were determined after cold treatment in transgenic plants. Both factors were reduced by OsAOX1a overexpression, which revealed that OsAOX1a could reduce oxidative damage under cold stress. Taken together, our results suggested that overexpressing OsAOX1a could improve growth performance of rice under cold stress, which might be closely related to the reduction of reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative damage.

Objective: To assess the relationship between the dental fluorosis and caries,and their prevalence features in school students in Wensu country in Xinjiang., Methods: The study groups consisted of 1527 Weuer and Han students at the age of 6 to 16. Dental fluorosis and caries disease were assessed strictly by Dean's Classification Standard and WHO "Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods" (the 3rd ed). The concentration of fluorine in water and urine was measured by using selective electrode., Results: The prevalence and index of dental fluorosis in Weuer and Han students were 73.70%, 64.67%, 1.647, 1.303,respectively. The prevalence of dental caries and DMFT were 61.19%, 42.66%, 1.648, 1.023 respectively. The corresponding values were 51.94%, 52.99%, 1.305, 1.449 for students of fluorosis group and non-fluorosis group, respectively. The fluorine degree of water was 2-5mg/L,the average value of fluorine in urine was 3.64 mg/L in Han students, and 5.28 mg/L in Weuer students., Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries didn't decrease, even though the grevalence of fluorosis was high in Weuer country. The prevalence of fluorosis dental caries in Weuer students were significantly higher than those in Han students. It showed no significant different between the group of fluorosis and the group of non-fluorosis in the prevalence of dental caries, perhaps due to the high fluorine intake, poor oral hygiene, and unqualified medical service.

Patients with putamen or cortical lesions participated in a first- and third-person movement imagery task, each primarily engaging kinesthetic and visual imagery. The subjects were instructed to imagine themselves (first-person task) and a third party (third-person task) performing a sequence of three movements and to choose from a set of four photos the end posture resulting from the movements. The results demonstrated that, limb-specific imagery was impaired in both putamen and cortical lesions, in the first-, but not third-person task. Moreover, more than half of the errors made by cortical patients were with respect to the first movement, a finding consistent with motor cortex involvement in memory processes. Taken overall, the results provide evidence that the basal ganglia as well as cortical structures play an important role in the neural network mediating motor imagery.

Twenty-nine 1-(1-substituted phenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol or benztriazol-1-yl)-O-(substituted benzyl) ethanoximes have been synthesized for the first time. Results of preliminary biological test in vitro show that most compounds have antifungal activities against most fungi tested. The antifungal activities of compounds T1, T4, T6, T11, T12, B1, B3, B4 and B6 are better than or comparable to the activities of the lead compound oxiconazole against some fungi.

Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and reactivation of persistent CMV are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Although recovery from CMV disease is correlated with the development of CMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), the major viral target antigens to which the response is directed are ill-defined, though they may comprise viral structural elements. We now identify the CMV matrix protein pp65 as a significant target antigen for CD8+ class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted CMV-specific CTL derived from the peripheral blood of four of five latently infected individuals. CMV-specific CTL recognition of pp65 on target cells occurs prior to the onset of viral gene expression and persists throughout the duration of the replicative cycle. Recognition in the absence of viral gene expression suggests that abundant viral protein enters the normal trafficking pathway upon viral penetration and is readily made available to MHC molecules for presentation at the cell surface. Thus pp65 specific CTL may represent an important effector population for early control and limitation of CMV infection and disease. The observation that CMV-specific CTL can be induced in vitro using peptide fragments derived from pp65 supports the future use and manipulation of this and similar effector populations in a clinical setting.

Protection from cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in immunocompromised hosts has been shown to correlate with recovery of the host virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response. The administration of ganciclovir to immunosuppressed transplant recipients as antiviral prophylaxis has reduced the early risk of CMV disease, but late disease is observed with increased frequency, suggesting that recovery of the CMV-specific T-cell responses necessary for protective immunity may be delayed in these patients. Therefore, we evaluated reconstitution of CMV-specific T-cell responses in 47 bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients entered on a randomized placebo-controlled study of ganciclovir. The study drug was initiated at a mean of 24 days after BMT. At day 30 to 40, a minority of patients had recovery of T-cell immunity to CMV and the frequency of reconstitution was equivalent in patients randomized to ganciclovir or placebo. The failure of ganciclovir to effect early reconstitution may reflect the short duration of treatment. Early recovery was associated with the infusion of BM from a CMV seropositive donor (P = .07 for CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL), P = .04 for CD4+ Th). Between day 40 and day 90, recovery of deficient CD8+ and CD4+ CMV-specific T-cell responses occurred in the majority of individuals that received placebo, but in a minority of ganciclovir recipients. Two cases of late-onset CMV disease occurred in ganciclovir recipients. In all patients, the presence of a CTL response to CMV conferred protection from subsequent CMV disease (P = .005), and these protective CTL responses are shown to be specific for structural virion proteins similar to the responses in immunocompetent CMV seropositive individuals. These data confirm the importance of CMV-specific T-cell responses and suggest that a delay in recovery of these responses as a result of ganciclovir prophylaxis may contribute to the occurrence of late CMV disease.

Spontaneous release of IgG, production of IgG, IgM and IgG subclasses induced by PWM in vitro, serum IgG, IgM, IgA and IgG subclasses were measured in 23 patients with acute Kawasaki disease (KD). The results showed that there was polyclonal B cell activation with significantly increased IgG1 and IgG3. As compared with 21 healthy controls, the mean activities of B cell growth factors (BCGFs), B cell differentiation factors (BCDFs) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were significantly elevated. IL-6 activity was correlated with the production of IgG, IgG1, IgG3 and IgM, while BCGFs and BCDFs were also correlated with IgG1. The serum level of circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) determined in 16 patients with acute KD using double antibody ELISA was 1.86-8.83 micrograms/ml, but it was less than 1 microgram/L in normal controls. The clinical value of increased TNF in serum is discussed.

The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells to establish immunity is an effective therapy for viral infections and tumors in animal models. The application of this approach to human disease would require the isolation and in vitro expansion of human antigen-specific T cells and evidence that such T cells persist and function in vivo after transfer. Cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clones could be isolated from bone marrow donors, propagated in vitro, and adoptively transferred to immunodeficient bone marrow transplant recipients. No toxicity developed and the clones provided persistent reconstitution of CD8+ cytomegalovirus-specific CTL responses.

With monoclonal antibodies serum immunoglobulin G(IgG) subclasses were measured in seventy children aged 2 to 13 years with recurrent respiratory tract infections including upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, asthmatic bronchitis and pneumonia. 211 healthy, aged-matched children served as control. IgG subclass deficiency was found in 19 out of the 70 patients (27.1%, single IgG1 deficiency in 7, IgG2 deficiency in 4, combined IgG1-IgG3 deficiency in 5, IgG1-IgG2-IgG3-IgG4 deficiency, IgG1-IgG2-IgG4 deficiency and IgG2-IgG4 deficiency each in 1). The incidence of IgG subclass deficiencies was in the sequence as follows: IgG1, 20%; IgG2, 10%; IgG3, 8.6% and IgG4, 4.3%. The results suggest that IgG subclass deficiency indicate a common disorder in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections.

IgG subclass concentrations in sera of 17 patients with Kawasaki syndrome were determined. Significantly increased IgG1 (P less than 0.001) and IgG3 (P less than 0.001) were found in the patients compared with 22 age-matched healthy children, whereas IgG2 and IgG4 were normal or slightly decreased. IgG immune complexes were measured by protein A-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) combined polyethylene glycol precipitations. Eight of 17 patients (47.1%) were found to have circulating immune complexes (CIC) values above the normal control range (geometric mean +2 SD). IgG subclass composition in CIC was analyzed. The subclasses in CIC were predominantly IgG1 and IgG3. Because the antibody responses to different antigens exhibit IgG subclass restriction, it would suggest that the change of serum and CIC IgG subclasses in Kawasaki syndrome may have relevance to the pathogenesis of the disease.

IgG subclass levels in sera of 17 patients with Kawasaki disease were determined and a significant increase of IgG 1 (P less than 0.001) and IgG 3 (P less than 0.001) was found in the patients compared with 22 age-matched healthy children, while IgG 2 and IgG 4 were normal or slightly decreased. IgG immune complexes were measured by SPA-ELISA combined with PEG precipitations, and 8 out of 17 patients (47.1%) were found to have CIC values above the normal control range (geometric mean +2 SD). IgG subclass composition in CIC was analysed. The subclasses in CIC were predominantly in IgG 1 and IgG 3. Because the antibody responses to different antigens have IgG subclass restriction. These results suggest that the change of serum and CIC IgG subclasses in Kawasaki disease may be related to the pathogenesis of the disease.