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Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP) receptor (PAC1R) is a class B Gprotein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) that is widely expressed in the human body and is involved in neuronal differentiation. As class B GPCRs are known to form heterocomplexes with family members, we hypothesized that PAC1R mediates neuronal differentiation through interaction with a class B GPCR. We used the BRET assay to identify potential interactions between PAC1R and 11 class B GPCRs. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and secretin receptor were identified as putative binding partners of PAC1R. The effect of heterocomplex formation by PAC1R on receptor activation was evaluated with the cyclic (c)AMP, luciferase reporter, and calcium signaling assays; and the effects on receptor internalization and subcellular localization were examined by confocal microscopy. The results suggested he PAC1R/GIPR heterocomplex suppressed signaling events downstream of PAC1R, including cAMP production, serum response element and calcium signaling, and β‐arrestin recruitment. Protein–protein interaction was analyzed in silico, and induction of neuronal differentiation by the PAC1R heterocomplex was assessed in SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells by measure the morphological changes and marker genes expression by real‐time quantitative PCR and western blot. Over‐expression of GIPR suppressed PACAP/PAC1R‐mediated neuronal differentiation and the differentiation markers expression in SH‐SY5Y cells. GIPR regulates neuronal differentiation through heterocomplex formation with PAC1R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares a single-moment microphysics scheme to a double-moment microphysics scheme using four observed cases of a mesoscale cloud system. Previous studies comparing a single-moment microphysics scheme to a double-moment microphysics scheme have focused on microphysical processes or overall dynamics, precipitation and morphology of cloud systems. However, they have not focused on how the different representation of microphysical processes between a single- and double-moment microphysics scheme affects precipitation. This study shifts its focus from that of previous studies to the effect of the different representation of microphysics on precipitation. In addition, this study examines the effect of the different representation of microphysical processes on different radiation budgets between single- and double-moment microphysics schemes.

Although empirical studies have consistently indicated that students commonly struggle to learn and understand the concepts related to reflex actions, few teaching strategies have been developed that specifically address these learning difficulties. This article introduces simple teaching models that simulate the nervous pathways related to the human withdrawal reflex. We show how these models may be used to engage students in active learning about these nervous pathways. The proposed models and the activities are useful resources for enabling secondary school students to gain conceptual understanding of the withdrawal reflex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]