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Silicon (Si) is considered to be a plant growth and development regulator element as well as provide the regulatory response against various biotic stressors. However, the potential mechanism of Si enhancement to regulate plant disease resistance remains to be studied. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effects of Si application on the performance of sugarcane against Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) infection. Si was applied exogenously (0, 3.85 and 7.70 g Si/kg soil) and the results show that plant height, stem circumference and leaf width of siliconized sugarcane have been improved, which effectively reduced the disease index (0.17–0.21) and incidence (58.2%−69.1%) after Xa infection. Lowest values of MDA (348.5 nmol g−1 FW) and H2O2 (3539.4 mmol/L) were observed in 7.70 g Si/kg soil followed by in 3.85 g Si/kg soil (MDA: 392.6 nmol g−1 FW and H2O2: 3134.6 mmol/L) than that of the control. Whereas, PAL enzyme activity (50.8 mmol/L), JA (230.2 mmol/L) and SA (2.7 ug mL−1) contents were significantly higher in 7.70 g Si/kg soil followed by in 3.85 g Si/kg soil (PAL: 46.3 mmol/L, JA: 182.7 mmol/L and SA: 2.4 ug mL−1) as compared to control. The lower MDA, H2O2 level and higher enzymatic activities were associated with the highest expression levels of their metabolic pathway associated genes i.e., ShMAPK1, ShLOX, ShPAL, ShAOS, ShAOC, ShC4H, ShCAT, Sh4CL and ShNPR1 (22.08, 15.56, 10.42, 3.35, 2.54, 2.14, 1.82, 1.67 and 1.22 folds, respectively) in 7.70 g Si/kg soil as compared to other experimental units and control. Overall, the results of current study indicates that siliconized sugarcane more actively regulates disease resistance through modulation of growth and MDA, H2O2, SA and JA associated metabolic pathways.

Pak Choy plant is a vegetable plant that can grow with soil and hydroponic media. Plant growth can be monitored by knowing the width of the plant's leaves. This research creates a tool to accurately detect plant leaf width through plant growth monitored by the people-research implementation in the form of a mobile application that can detect the width of plant leaves. Using the canny edge detection method, the results obtained system accuracy of 95.06%, the light intensity of 18.75 lux, angle of 90°, and distance of 30 cm. Pak Choy plant growth was seen for 4 weeks, the best accuracy was obtained at 2nd week with an average accuracy of 99% and an average light intensity value of 22 lux.

Sapindus mukorossiGaertn., an important oleaginous woody plant, has garnered increasing research attention owing to its potential as a source of renewable energy (biodiesel). Leaf structural traits are closely related to plant size, and they affect the fruit yield and oil quality. However, plant size factors that predominantly contribute to leaf structural traits remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the associations between leaf structural traits and plant size factors in even-aged stands ofS. mukorossi. Results showed that leaf length (LL) and leaf area (LA) markedly increased with the increasing diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (TH), although other leaf structural traits did not show noticeable changes. Difference in slopes also indicated that the degree of effect of plant size factors on leaf structural traits was in the order of TH > DBH. Leaf structural traits showed no systematic variation with crown width (CW). LA was significantly positively correlated with LL, leaf width (LW), LL/LW, and leaf thickness (LT) and was significantly but negatively correlated with leaf tissue density (LTD) and leaf dry mass content (LDMC). Specific leaf area showed a significantly negative correlation with LT, LDMC, and LTD. LTD showed a significantly positive correlation with LDMC, but a negative correlation with LT. The results were critical to understand the variability of leaf structural traits with plant size, can provide a theoretical foundation for further study in the relationship between leaf structural traits and fruit yield, and regulate leaf traits through artificial management measures to promote plant growth and fruit yield.

The present study was aimed to assess the extent of genetic diversity with sixty-six genotypes of FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) by using Mahalanobis’ D² statistics at AINP (Tobacco), Zonal Agriculture and Horticultural Research Station, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka during Kharif-2019-20 in RCBD design with two replications. The 66 genotypes were grouped into eight clusters based on D² analysis. The cluster II had maximum with 29 genotypes followed by clusters I, III, V, and IV had the minimum with 16, 16, 8 and 5 genotypes respectively and remaining clusters were solitary. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and VIII and the lowest between clusters II and VIII. Cluster V had exhibited highest intra cluster distance and the lowest was observed in cluster VI, VII and VII. The character days to flowering, top grade equivalent and green leaf yield showed maximum contribution towards total genetic divergence. On the basis of cluster mean, cluster VI was superior for plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaf length. The maximum leaf width was observed in cluster VIII, while cluster VII sowed superiority for days to flowering. The cluster IV showed highest green leaf yield, cured leaf yield and top grade equivalent. Thus, the genotypes involved in these clusters may be taken into consideration for better parents for generating variability for the respective characters and their rational improvement.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed cereal grain in the world constituting the dietary staple food for more than half of the human population. More than 90% of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia. The investigation was carried out with 200 lines of F2 segregating generation of Rice in RCBD design with three replications in kharif 2016. The analysis of variation revealed significant differences in the genotypes for all the characters studied. High heritability was observed in panicle weight/plant followed by thousand grain weight, spikelet density, days to flowering, days to maturity. flag leaf width and thousand grain weight showed maximum genetic advance as percentage of mean followed by stem thickness, flag leaf length, gain yield/plant, spikelet density, number of productive panicles/plant, number of tillers/plant, number of productive tillers/plant, panicle weight/plant, fertile spikelets/plant, stem length, number of spikelets/plants, biological yield. Correlation studies revealed positive and significant association of grain yield/plant with panicle weight/plant followed by panicle index, biological yield/plant, number of tillers/plant, number of productive tillers/plant, number of panicles/plant, harvest index, fertile spikelets/panicle, panicle length, grain breadth, spikelet fertility, flag leaf width, stem length, amylose content. While, it showed negative and significant with days to 50% flowering, thousand grain weight and decorticated grain breadth.

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is one of the most important tropical bulbous-ornamental cultivated for production of long-lasting flowers spikes. Adaptation and acclimatization of different cultivars under humid agro-climatic conditions of Goa are to be confirmed for their better performance. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the performance of tuberose cultivars under agro-climatic conditions of Goa during 2014- 2017. Five single and six double cultivars of tuberose were evaluated during the study period. All the cultivars differed in their growth and flowering behaviour. Among the single cultivars, evaluated, maximum number of florets per spike (47.00) was observed in Pune local whereas spike-length (75.59 cm) was maximum in Mexican Single. Among the double cultivars, evaluated, maximum plant height (52.21 cm) and maximum number of leaves per plant (59.63) were recorded with cultivar Arka Suvasini. Leaf length was significantly higher (52.93 cm) in Pearl double whereas leaf width (2.04 cm) was maximum in Calcutta Double. Days to appearance of flower spike were earlier in Arka Suvasini. Minimum days taken for opening of basal floret (84.88 days) were recorded with cultivar Arka Suvasini. Spike girth (0.68 cm), Spike fresh-weight (69.06 cm), floret stalk-length (3.6 cm), floret diameter (5.24 cm), weight of individual floret (3.49 g) and vase life (7.93 days) was significantly maximum in Cv. Arka Suvasini followed by Pearl Double. Based on the performance evaluation cv. Mexican Single among single types and cv. Arka Suvasini and Pearl Double among double types could be recommended for commercial cultivation under agro climatic conditions of Goa.

Maize leaf plays an important role in the synthesis of organic compounds. It hosts the interception of light energy and conversion to organic energy, and the capture and assimilation of carbon dioxide in order to produce food. In this study, we explore the heritability of the maize leaf length, leaf width, and the number of leaves of two maize genotypes, JNE and BLC. The estimates of heritability varied from 0.2 to 0.44. Only estimates for leaf width and leaf length are significant. The coefficients of genotypic correlation were between 0.45 and 0.66, and like the estimates of heritability, only the genotypic correlations between parents and offspring are significant for leaf length and leaf width of the two genotypes. The estimates of degree of genetic determination also known as heritability in the broad sense are all high. They range between 0.52 and 0.85. We determined a significance criterion for the degree of genetic determination, the critical value at the level of significance = 0.05. We evaluated three methods for finding the critical value. With two methods based on the algebraic transformation of a function of the Snedecor’s F and a simulation based on that function of F, it can be concluded that the estimates of the degree of genetic determination of leaf width of both the JNE and BLC genotypes are significant. With the third method that is based on fitting a Beta distribution, the critical value helped to conclude that none of the estimates of the degree of genetic determination is significant. The Pearson coefficients of correlation between plant height and all three leaf traits showed significant correlation between them, except leaf length and number of leaves. Key words: Heritability, genotypic correlation, degree of genetic determination, genotype, significance test.

The cultivation of carambola produced some waste that can be used as organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer is useful to improve soil conditions and enrich the nutrient content contained therein so that it is easily absorbed by cultivated plants such as pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). The optimum pakcoy production is supported by good land management in order to meet the availability of nutrients needed by the addition of inorganic fertilizers and starfruit organic fertilizer. The study was conducted at Attaqie Farm, Tuban in November 2018 to May 2019. The experimental design used was randomized completely block design with two factors carambla derivated organic fertilizer 10 tons ha -1 , 20 tons ha -1 , 30 tons ha -1 and inorganic fertilizer 0 kg ha -1 ; 50 kg ha -1 ; 100 kg ha -1 . The results showed that carambola derivated organic fertilizer contained N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg about 6.19%, 0.94%, 75.04%, 0.02%, 20.13%, and 47.23%, respectively. The dosage of 50% inorganic fertilizer and 10 tons of carambola organic fertilizer gave optimum results for the growth of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, stem diameter, canopy weight, root length and root weight of pakcoy plants. Fertilization using a dose of organic fertilizer 10 tons ha-1 could reduce 50% of the need of inorganic fertilizer. Keywords : fertilizer efficiency, organic fertilizer, pakcoy, starfruit waste, verticulture

Identification Phenotypic Character of the Leaves Palm Plant in South Tapanuli Regency This studyaims to determine the effect of the phenotype character of palm leaf leaves on the production of roomiein wild populations of natural habitats in South Tapanuli Regency. The study was conducted in fivevillages in each oft he four sub-districts in the South Tapanuli district. Two hundred sugar palm plantsoriginating from four natural habitats have been identified in accordance with plant identificationprocedures issued by the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1995) and analyzed.The results show that 4 clusters were formed with 75% similarity or 25% diversity. These results canbe concluded that cluster 1 is the population of palm plants that have the long character of petioleand the highest number of unproductive leaves. Whereas the characters of leaf length and rachis lengthare still lower than the population of sugar palm plants in cluster 4. Cluster 2 is the population of sugarpalm plants that has the highest character of sap production per day. Cluster 3 is a population ofpalm plants that have the highest leaf width character. Cluster 4 is a population of palm plants thathave the highest leaf length and rachis length with the highest number of leaflets and the largest rachiscircumference and petiole circumference. The number of productive leaves and the percentage of sapsugar content above average.

This study aims to determine the response given by the red lettuce plant to the provision of nutrients in the form of nutrient solution (AB Mix) on the horizontal installation of the hydroponic system. The study was conducted on December 20, 2017 until February 16, 2018 at the PKK Gardens Education Center in Bengkulu province. Seeding process of Red Lettuce Seedlings is carried out for 14 days then transferred to a net pot at the installation in the Greenhouse. Fertilizers with the Fiora A and B Brands are dissolved to be mixed in a nutrient bath with a capacity of 3000 L with a nutrient density of 500 ppm in the Greenhouse to be distributed to the horizontal installation of the hydroponic system inside the Greenhouse. Then growth observations were carried out on 10 plant samples with parameters of leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, stem height, andstem diameter for 30 days. The results obtained by sample 1-10 have an average growth and development that is not much different. The maximum leaf length and leaf width parameters are in samples 2 and 3. While the highest number of leaf strands in sample 3 is 22 strands with an average of 18 strands and sample 4 has the highest stem height parameter of 3.5 cm with an average height 2.7 cm. The largest stem diameter in sample 4 is 4.1 cm with an average of 3.38 cm. The response of red lettuce after the last week showed symptoms of leaves that are less red with relatively more withered body.

Cultivation of the Elephant Grass cv Taiwan with tissue culture requires an acclimatization stage, therefore this study aims to find the best planting media and the effect of plant age and evaluation of production elephant grass cv taiwan mutant and nutrient content. Acclimatization was carried out in a greenhouse using sand, soil, and a combination of 50% sand with 50% soil, and the mutant type T2, T4 and K4. The acclimation process uses the Factorial RAL method with factor A type of mutant and factor B type of planting media and the parameters assessed are leaf length, number of leaves and plant mortality rate. Production evaluation uses the RAL method and the parameters observed to see elephant grass production are plant height, stem diameter, leaf width, number of tillers and amount of plant biomass production. Proximate analysis is used to show the nutritional value of plants that have been selected individually using scoring assessments. The results of the acclimatization study showed that the planting media that had the lowest mortality rate were sand and soil combination media (22%) followed by soil planting media (27%) and the planting media that had the highest mortality rate was sand media (30%). The results of the production evaluation stage showed that the highest average harvest weight was found in T4 mutants with an average weight of 1353 g clump-1harvest-1, followed by T2 mutants which had an average of 1198 g clump-1harvest-1 and the lowest harvest weight was found in K4 mutants with an average of 1002 g clump-1harvest-1. Based on the research results obtained the best planting media for the acclimation process of elephant grass cv Taiwan mutants is a combination of sand and soil media (1:1). The results of the evaluation stage of T4 mutant production are the best mutants based on morphological performance and production of plant biomass. Proximate analysis of selected plants shows that plants with mutant T2PT7 species have the best nutritional value, with nutritional content of PK 11.71% and SK 24.67%. Keywords : acclimatization, Elephant grass cv Taiwan, proximate analysis

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive winter seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/ 2019 at the Farm of Sids Hort. Res. Station, Agric. Res. Center, Beni–Suief Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate of some five garlic genotypes, namely Egyptian (Balady) and Sids-50 (soft neck garlic white), Sids-40, Eggaseed-1 and Eggeseed-2 (hard neck garlic purple) on some vegetative growth, bulb characteristics and productivity as well as Allicin content in cloves during fresh and cured yield . The results showed the uppermost plant height, maximum leaves number per plant and longest leaf, highest total plant fresh weight/ plant, bulb diameter, both fresh and cured yield / fed. were obtained by Sids-50 genotype in both seasons. Meanwhile, Eggaseed-2 cultivar gave the largest leaf width and bulbing ratio. However, Balday cultivar recorded the highest number of cloves/ bulb in both seasons. The relative increases in cured yield due to Sids -50 genotype were about (6.15 and 22.58 %) over Baldy cultivar , (30.18 and 31.03 %) over Sids-40, (15.0 and 24.59 %) over Eggaseed-1 and ( 68.29 and 80.95 % ) over Eggaseed-1 in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The maximum concentrations of Allicin content in fresh and cured cloves of garlic were recorded with the two cultivars Eggaseed-2 and Sids-40, while the minimum concentrations were recorded with Sids- 50 genotype and Baldy cultivar in both growing seasons. Conclusively: It could be concluded that the highest garlic growth, yield and its components can be achieved from Sids-50 garlic cultivar followed by cv. Balady, and Eggaseed-1 (purple). In order to obtain the highest Allicin content it is recommended to cultivate Sids-40 or Eggaseed-2.

Effect of hydroponic systems and planting media on growth and production of mustard plants (Brassica rapa L) The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of systems and different hiodroponic growing media on the growth and production of mustard plants. This research was conducted for 3 months, starting from June to September 2017. The research location was located in Embalut village, Tenggarong Sub-District, across the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors with 5 replications, the first factor was the hydroponic system consisting of 3 (three) levels, namely: system wick (s?), system NFT (s?), system DFT (s?) . The second factor is m? = husk charcoal, m? = Cocopeat, m? = Rockwool. The results of this study indicate that the treatment system has a very significant effect on the average number of leaves, leaf width, plant height, leaf width of mustard plants aged 4, 5 and 6 mst, did not significantly affect the fresh weight of mustard plants. The media treatment did not affect the average number of leaves, plant height, leaf width of plants at 4, 5, 6 and fresh weight of plants did not have significant effect. The effect of the best system treatment on the growth of mustard plants produced by the NFT system (s?), the best media treatment for the growth of mustard plants was produced by the Cocopeat treatment (m?). The highest interaction with the fresh weight of mustard plants was produced by a combination of treatment s?xm?.

Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] has two distinctive biotypes, summer and winter, with winter biotypes requiring a vernalization treatment to enter the reproductive phase. Increased interest in broadening the diversity of winter-hardy cover crops in the northern Great Plains of the U.S. to reduce soil erosion through the winter months has led seed companies to offer winter camelina seed outsourced from other states. Regrettably, in 2017, outsourced camelina seed from other states turned out to be summer biotypes that did not survive the North Dakota winter. The objectives of this study were to determine the morphological characteristics of seed and seedlings from summer- and winter-biotypes. Morphological characteristics of seedlings were determined by growing nineteen summer- and eleven winter-biotypes in an environmental chamber. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. To determine differences in seed wavelength absorbance between winter- and summer-biotypes both visible and near infrared spectra were examined, which encompass 400–2498 nm wavelengths. Mixtures of cultivars Joelle (winter) and one summer type were analyzed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Seed mixtures were prepared in increments of 5% of ‘Joelle’. Mixtures of different lots of Joelle were prepared in increments of 25%. Significant interactions were present and observed for pairs of vegetative leaves, growth stage, height, leaf length, leaf width and the number of lobes. The equation for the ratio of winter seed (r2 = 0.96) performed very well, being able to distinguish known field grown cultivars used in the equation. Differences in seed and seedling morphological characteristics can be used to differentiate winter- or summer-biotypes. Having a rapid method to determine the percentage of winter camelina in an unknown seed sample will be very favorable for all producers, as well as seed companies, interested in growing winter camelina as either a winter-hardy cover crop or as a winter annual cash crop.

The present study aimed to evaluate different agro-morphological traits among twenty genotypes of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. and three varieties of Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. Agro-morphological data traits were investigated based on qualitative and quantitative parameters from PPVFRA descriptors with modification. All the recorded data was analyzed through SPSS 16.0 and R 3.4.2 for ANOVA and similarity analysis, respectively. Significant differences (P

Leafy vegetables are generally neglected by consumers because of their rural lifestyle and low social status. As a result, they are often considered a "food of the poor. The general objective of our study is to carry out a nutritional and nutritional characterization of the vegetable Basella alba L. A cross-sectional survey of the consumption of B. alba L. leaves was carried out in the 9 districts of Brazzaville and concerned 150 households, as well as physicochemical analyzes carried out in the laboratory. The results show that the average age of respondents is 41.18 ± 15.36 years. The female sex is more represented with 83.3%. Many consumers are single (38.7%). Respondents are sourcing from the market (99.3%) per purchase (98.0%). The leaves of B. alba L are eaten cooked 99.3%. Its frequency of consumption is 1 time in the week 46%. 71.3% of those surveyed consume them all seasons. Laboratory results give the following morphological characteristics and nutritive values: leaf length 10.75 ± 2.10 cm, leaf width 9.5 ± 2.54 cm, petiole length 4 ± 0.70 cm, leaf water (89.03 g/100 g of fresh material); protein content (11.15 g / 100 g of dry matter); carbohydrate content 68.98 g/100 g of dry matter. The ashes have a content of 15.05 g/100 g of dry matter. Energy 363.9 kcal (or 1521.102 kJ). The leaves of B. alba L. have a good nutritional value, take into account the content of proteins and minerals and can contribute to the improvement of the nutritional state of the populations. Key words: Leaf vegetable, consumer survey, nutritional value, Brazzaville.

Leaf area (LA) and leaf mass (LM) are key parameters for predicting plant growth, but empirical models for measuring LA and LM at the leaf scale in different broadleaf species of saplings and adult trees across growing periods have rarely been proposed. Here, we collected leaf samples from saplings and adult trees of eight temperate broadleaf tree species during three growing periods (i.e., May, July and September) in northeastern China. For each leaf sample, we measured LA, LM and some leaf structure parameters (e.g., leaf length, L, and leaf width, W). We calculated the leaf length:width ratio (L:W). Afterwards, the data from the eight broadleaf tree species were classified into two categories by L:W and then tested to determine whether life history and growing period had a significant influence on developing the empirical models. Finally, we developed combined empirical models for predicting the LA and LM of saplings and adults of different broadleaf tree species across growing periods. The results showed that both life history and growing period generally had a more significant effect on predicting LM than LA for the two L:W categories. Generally, the forecast accuracy of these combined empirical models in predicting the LA and LM of the saplings and adults of most species across growing periods ranged from 83% to 93% and from 76% to 82%, respectively. In addition, the combined empirical models of the saplings or adults were suitable for predicting the LA and LM of six shrub species with maximum forecast accuracies of 93% and 85%, respectively, indicating that our developed combined empirical models were generally effective in predicting LA and LM in other broadleaf species. Furthermore, the optimum number of leaf samples ranged from 11 to 14 for LA and from 59 to 62 for LM, with forecast accuracies all greater than 97% for the broadleaf species.

Morphological diversity was studied in 101 accessions of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) collected from old gardens in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden. The characterization work was performed over three years, where a total of 19 descriptors from the UPOV guidelines TG/191/2-2001 were recorded each year. The results showed high diversity among the studied accessions, both for leaf and rhizome characters. A morphotype with long leaves and a high leaf length/leaf width quota was the most common, but also elliptic and heart-shaped leaf types were found. Some characters showed stability over the years, although there were variations in the results. Correlations between descriptors were found and five different clusters of descriptors were identified. In two of the clusters, only leaf characters were found, whereas the rhizome characters were divided into three other clusters. Correlation between descriptors can be used to reduce the number of descriptors for further studies of horseradish. The results showed that there is a high diversity both in leaf and rhizome characters, despite that horseradish is a vegetatively propagated plant.

espanolEn el Ecuador las condiciones climaticas y ecologicas favorables, permiten que pequenos, medianos y grandes productoresse dediquen a la explotacion de bananos y platanos. En el caso del orito, es una fruta especial, de gran aceptacion porsu sabor y aroma. Las plantaciones se encuentran como monocultivos en unos casos y en otros, como asociaciones que seintercala con diferentes especies frutales y arboles maderables. Las diferentes especies de platanos se reproducen asexualmentea partir de fracciones vegetativas. Por otro lado el uso de abonos organicos obedece a que estos son fuente devida bacteriana para el suelo y necesarios para la nutricion de las plantas. Se obtienen de la degradacion y mineralizacionde materiales organicos (estiercoles, desechos de la cocina, etc.), Los diferentes tipos de bioles se prepara con diferentesestiercoles que se deben fermentar durante dos a tres meses en un bidon de plastico, es un abono que permite sustituir auna gran parte de fertilizantes quimicos. Con estos antecedentes la presente investigacion tuvo como objeto evaluar elefecto de dos abonos organicos liquidos (humus liquido de lombriz a base de estiercol vacuno (HLV) y Te de estiercolvacuno (TEV) a una concentracion del 75% sobre el desarrollo de cormos de orito (Musa acuminata AA) para obtenerplantas de una manera rapida y establecer cultivos comerciales para las condiciones de Canton Cumanda provincia deChimborazo. El ensayo fue conducido en un diseno bloques al azar con 3 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones. Los parametrosevaluados fueron: peso de la masa de raiz en g (PMR), volumen radicular en ml (VR), longitud de raices en cm (LR),longitud de hojas en cm (LH), peso del follaje en g (PF) y ancho de la hoja en cm (AH). Cada 14 dias fueron realizadasevaluaciones desde los 111 dias hasta los 181 dias del desarrollo de los cormos. Las variables evaluadas no mostrarondiferencias significativas hasta los 167 dias. A partir de este dia fueron detectadas diferencias en el PMR, VR, PF, LH yAH, mientras que la LR no mostro diferencias significativas. La mejor respuesta se obtuvo con el HLV, el cual supero alTEV y al testigo (T). Los valores sobresalientes se encontro a los 181 dias para: PMR con 110.6 g, VR 110 ml, PF 205 g,LH 36 cm, AH 15.5 cm, LR 59.5 cm. no presentan significancia con los otros tratamientos. EnglishIn Ecuador, the favorable climatic and ecological conditions allow small, medium and large producers to dedicate themselvesto the exploitation of bananas and plantains. In the case of the orito, it is a special fruit, of great acceptance for itsflavor and aroma. The plantations are found as monocultures in some cases and in others, as associations that are interspersedwith different fruit species and timber trees. The different banana species reproduce asexually from vegetativefractions. On the other hand, the use of organic fertilizers is due to the fact that they are a source of bacterial life for thesoil and are necessary for the nutrition of plants. They are obtained from the degradation and mineralization of organicmaterials (manure, kitchen waste, etc.). The different types of bioles are prepared with different manures that must befermented for two to three months in a plastic container, it is a fertilizer that allows to replace a large part of chemicalfertilizers. With this background, the present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of two liquid organic fertilizers(worm manure liquid based on cow dung (HLV) and beef manure tea (TEV) at a concentration of 75% on the development of corms of orito (Musa acuminata AA) to obtain plants in a fast way and establish cash crops for the conditions ofCanton Cumanda province of Chimborazo The trial was conducted in a randomized blocks design with 3 treatments and3 repetitions. root mass in g (PMR), root volume in ml (VR), root length in cm (LR), leaf length in cm (LH), foliageweight in g (PF) and leaf width in cm (AH) Every 14 days, evaluations were made from 111 days to 181 days for thedevelopment of the corms The variables evaluated did not show significant differences until 167 days. in the PMR, VR,PF, LH and AH, while the LR did not show significant differences. The best response was obtained with the HLV, whichsurpassed the TEV and the control (T). The outstanding values were found at 181 days for: PMR with 110.6 g, VR 110ml, PF 205 g, LH 36 cm, AH 15.5 cm, LR 59.5 cm. do not show significance with the other treatments.

Expanding the range of vegetable crops, including green ones, through the introduction of new varieties into production is an important task. The study and evaluation of the original material of the salad, the features of cultivation in different periods, will allow to identify samples of a complex of economically valuable traits for the selection of culture, which is relevant for the creation of varieties in Belarus. Research was carried out on the experimental field of the Department of horticulture of the Belarusian state agricultural Academy in 2013-2015. The article assesses the relationship between the main economically valuable features of varieties of lettuce when grown in the spring (seedling method) and spring and summer sowing in the open ground. In lettuce plants of the headed variety, the sign “the mass of the vegetative part of the plant” strongly depends on the sign “diameter of the head” (r=0.640 - with the seedling method and r=0.809 - with the spring sowing period), “leaf width” (r=0.685 and r=0.790, respectively). A high connection is also established between the signs "leaf length" and "leaf width" (r=0.702 - with the spring sowing period and r=0.749 - with the seedling method). In leaf lettuce plants, a strong correlation was noted between the signs “leaf length” and “plant height” (r=0.706 for summer and r=0.810 for spring planting), diameter of the rosette of leaves (r=0.564 for summer and r=0.810 - at the spring sowing time). The average feedback for leaf lettuce varieties is revealed between the signs “leaf width” and “number of leaves” (r=-0.444 - for spring and r=-0.458 - for summer sowing time). The majority of morphological signs, depending on the time of cultivation, are related to each other by average correlation links (the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.458 to 0.531).

Pyrus boissieriana appears to be a promising species for its use as rootstock for the commercial pear (P. communis L.) in lowland areas prone to drought and flooding. The current study was conducted on the evaluation of phenotypic diversity among 102 accessions of wild pear (P. boissieriana). The accessions studied showed significant differences in terms of all the measured characters. The leaf length ranged from 19.33 to 51.33 mm and leaf width varied from 17.13 to 48.75 mm. The fruit length ranged from 8.26 to 22.51 mm and the range of 10 fruit weight was from 2.48 to 72.00 g. Fruit weight showed positive correlations with bunch length, bunch weight, fruit length, and fruit width. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first eight PCs explained 80.47% of the total variance and the characters such bunch weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and fruit flesh length were the key characters in the present data set, which differentiated the accessions belonging different areas. The dendrogram obtained based on the measured characters grouped the accessions into three main clusters and indicated the existence different levels of morphological variation among the accessions, which is applicable and useful for pear breeding programs. The finding obtained here confirmed that the northern and northeastern parts of Iran are rich sources of pear genetic diversity which this valuable gene pool should be in situ and ex situ conserved.

Simple lattice design with two replicates was used to evaluate 25 tobacco genotypes. The following eight traits were measured and evaluated: plant height (PH), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), leaf number per plant (LN), stem girth (SG), leaf area (LA), dry leaf yield (DLW), and fresh leaf yield (FLW). The genotype by trait biplot for tobacco dataset explained 73% of the total variation of the standardized data. The polygon view of genotype by trait presented for the eight different traits of tobacco genotypes showed six vertex cultivars (G4, G5, G11, G12, G18, and G21). Genotype G21 had the highest values for most of the measured traits. Based on a vector view biplot, strong positive associations among LL, DLW, FLW, and LA were detected while near zero correlations between LL and SG, as well as between LL and PH were observed. Generally, based on ideal genotype and ideal tester biplots, it was demonstrated that the selection for high leaf yield should be performed via leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area traits identified as effective selection criteria for high yielding cultivars.

Boiler ash is a solid waste from biomass combustion from palm oil mills. The boiler ash can be used as fertilizer because it has a high content in the samples of N, P, K and Mg and is safe for the environment. This study aims to determine the effect of boiler ash fertilizer on the growth of cocoa seedlings and get the optimal fertilizer dose when applied. This research was conducted in Jayapura – Papua for 3 months (September – November). This study used a completely randomized design that was repeated as many as 6 replications. The treatments given include: A0 (control), A1 (300 g.polybag–1), A2 (350 g.polybag–1), A3 (400 g.polybag–1) and A4 (450 g.polybag–1). Parameters measured were plant height, leaf number, leaf width, leaf length and plant wet weight. Based on statistical tests, the results showed that the use of boiler ash fertilizer on the growth of cocoa seedlings which was seen from all parameters had no significant effect. However, A4 treatment using 450 g of boiler ash fertilizer per polybag gives significant results for all parameters measured.

The aims are (1) to present a clinical brain case where the dose distribution calculated at 2.5-mm grid resolution was significantly different from that of 1.0 mm with Varian HD120 multileaf collimator (MLC; 2.5-mm central leaf width), and (2) to present our analysis results to better understand the influence of dose calculation grid resolution and its spatial alignment with MLC. A simulation using a static MLC pattern with 10 open strips was conducted to demonstrate the possibility that the characteristics of MLC dose profiles can be completely hidden. The effects of the spatial MLC alignment with the dose grid were investigated for grid resolutions from 1.0 mm to 5.0 mm. In the end, 20 recent stereotactic radiotherapy plans (5 brain, 5 lung, 5 spine, and 5 other) were retrospectively selected, and their dose distributions were recalculated at 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2.5 mm resolutions for comparisons. Film dosimetry results were used as references. At 2.5-mm grid resolution, the MLC open-strip patterns were not visible in the dose distribution when the MLC leaf interspaces were at exact alignment with the dose grid. The effects were smaller at 1.0-mm grid resolution. The dose error at the centers of the open strips varied significantly (7% to 39%) depending on the alignments. Overall, the planning target volume mean dose of 1.5-mm plans was higher than 1.0-mm plans by 1.3 ± 0.3% (mean ± 1SD) with a maximum of 2.6%, while the mean dose of 2.5-mm plans was lower by −0.5 ± 0.5% with a maximum mean dose of −3.7%. In conclusion, the choice of dose calculation grid resolution can affect the plan dose distribution significantly. The dose grid resolution must be smaller than the width of MLC leaf at a minimum. A finder resolution is expected to produce less uncertainty in the calculated dose and influenced less by the MLC-grid spatial alignment.

The purpose of this study is to determine the morphological diversity and distribution of Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) in two preferential agro- ecological growth areas in C?te d’Ivoire, for the sustainable management of the species. Ninety-four (94) trees of G. kola were sampled in Affery (south) and Biankouma (west) and characterized on the basis of 13 quantitative characteristics of the fruit, the general appearance of a plant, leaves and seeds. This study revealed the existence of very significant variability and differences within the trees sampled for most characteristics. Very strong correlations were found among the characteristics of the fruits. On the basis of these characteristics, it emerged that the fruits of the Biankouma area are larger than those of Affery. Ascending hierarchical classification (AHC) structured the trees into three distinct phenotypic groups based on the following discriminating characteristics: fruit height (Hfr), seed mass (Mgr), trunk diameter (Dm), leaf width (largF), Height of first branch (HtF) and width of the petiole (larP). These parameters can be used as a basis for selecting and maintaining the high variability of G. kola. Analysis of the geographical distribution of trees, based on the nearest neighbour model, revealed an aggregate distribution in both areas.

Background and AimsLeaf size has considerable ecological relevance, making it desirable to obtain leaf size estimations for as many species worldwide as possible. Current global databases, such as TRY, contain leaf size data for ~30 000 species, which is only ~8% of known species worldwide. Yet, taxonomic descriptions exist for the large majority of the remainder. Here we propose a simple method to exploit information on leaf length, width and shape from species descriptions to robustly estimate leaf areas, thus closing this considerable knowledge gap for this important plant functional trait.MethodsUsing a global dataset of all major leaf shapes measured on 3125 leaves from 780 taxa, we quantified scaling functions that estimate leaf size as a product of leaf length, width and a leaf shape-specific correction factor. We validated our method by comparing leaf size estimates with those obtained from image recognition software and compared our approach with the widely used correction factor of 2/3.Key ResultsCorrection factors ranged from 0.39 for highly dissected, lobed leaves to 0.79 for oblate leaves. Leaf size estimation using leaf shape-specific correction factors was more accurate and precise than estimates obtained from the correction factor of 2/3.ConclusionOur method presents a tractable solution to accurately estimate leaf size when only information on leaf length, width and shape is available or when labour and time constraints prevent usage of image recognition software. We see promise in applying our method to data from species descriptions (including from fossils), databases, field work and on herbarium vouchers, especially when non-destructive in situ measurements are needed.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is a tropical plant with many benefits, one of which istraditional medicine. Moreover, noni can grow in all types of climates. Plant diversity is themain key in plant breeding. The existence of a diverse plant makes it easy for breeders toassemble varieties. This study aims to determine the diversity and relationship of nonigermplasm based on morphological characters and RAPD markers. The materials used ten noniaccessions at Cimanggu Research Station, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops ResearchInstitute (ISMCRI), Bogor, West Java. The morphological characters observed were leaflength, leaf width, number of pods, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and number of seeds. Therewere 20 primers used for RAPD. The results showed that morphological characters of leafshape, fruit shape, and the number of seeds could distinguish noni. Molecular analysis showedthat three primers (OPA 9, OPA 17, and OPB 18) could produce polymorphic DNA bands.Based on differences in DNA band patterns, 10 noni accessions were divided into two groups.There is no specific DNA band pattern that distinguishes a total of seeds noni.

This study aimed to obtain equations to estimate leaf area from linear leaf dimensions and establish the allometric relationship between leaf area and the number of leaves on the main stem of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) at different sowing times. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year 2016/2017 on five sowing times in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, in a randomized block design with four repetitions. In each plot, ten random plants were marked weekly during the vegetative phase to determine the number of leaves (NL) in the main stem, and three of these for the determination of leaf area (LA). A total of 70 leaves of different sizes were used to calibrate the model. Another 106 leaves were used to test the predictive capacity of the equations by various statistical indices. The length (L) and the largest leaf width (W) were measured. Leaf collection was carried out during the cycle, in all sowing times to represent all leaf sizes. The linear, quadratic, exponential, and potential models were adjusted. The non-destructive method, through the linear dimensions of the leaf, is appropriate for estimating the leaf area in chia. The general equation LA = 0.642 (L x W) can be used to estimate the leaf area of the chia plants without loss of precision. The potential model is appropriate to characterize the allometric relationship between leaf area evolution and the number of leaves accumulated in the main stem of chia at different sowing times. RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo obter equações para estimar a área foliar a partir de dimensões lineares da folha e estabelecer a relação alométrica entre a área foliar e o número de folhas da haste principal de chia (Salvia hispanica L.) em diferentes épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2016/2017 em cinco épocas de semeadura em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Em cada parcela, dez plantas ao acaso foram marcadas para determinação semanal do número de folhas (NF) na haste principal durante a fase vegetativa, e três para determinação da área foliar (AF). Um total de 70 folhas de diferentes tamanhos foram usadas para calibrar o modelo e outras 106 folhas foram usadas para testar a capacidade preditiva das equações por vários índices estatísticos, nas quais foram medidos o comprimento (C) e a maior largura da folha (L). A coleta de folhas foi realizada durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento de todas as épocas de semeadura para ter representação de todos os tamanhos de folhas. Os modelos linear, quadrático, exponencial e potencial foram ajustados. O método não destrutivo, através das dimensões lineares da folha, é adequado para estimar a área foliar em chia. A equação geral AF = 0.642 (L x W) pode ser usada para estimar a área foliar das plantas de chia sem perda de precisão. O modelo potencial é adequado para caracterizar a relação alométrica entre a evolução da área foliar e o número de folhas acumuladas na haste principal de chia em diferentes épocas de semeadura.

In North American wetlands, two cattail species -native Typha latifolia and exotic T. angustifolia- hybridize generating T. x glauca. Typha angustifolia and the hybrid spread invasively, negatively affecting wetlands. Due to high trait variability and hybridization, Typha species are difficult to identify morphologically. Building on previous work that relied on microsatellite markers to differentiate Typha species (including hybrids, parental backcrosses, and advanced-generation hybrids) in southern Canada and in the US upper Midwest and northeast, our goals were to 1) estimate relative frequencies of parental species in additional Midwestern cattail populations, and 2) quantify their hybridization. We also assessed level of agreement between morphological identification based on leaf width and gap between inflorescences and molecular identification. Using 6 microsatellites markers (4 used previously in other populations and 2 novel ones), we identified ~25% of the samples as native T. latifolia, while ~6% were exotic T. angustifolia. Furthermore, 19% of the samples were first-generation hybrids (T. x glauca) and 50% were advanced-generation hybrids, with backcrosses to native T. latifolia being almost twice as high as those to exotic T. angustifolia, rates that are much larger than previously reported. Agreement between morphological and molecular identification was lower than expected highlighting the fact that these morphological traits can be misleading when used alone in cattail identification. We caution that the seemingly asymmetric hybridization towards the native Typha latifolia could potentially lead to its extinction in the Midwest. Cattail management may thus require efforts to preserve the native cattail through seed banking and/or other approaches.

Invasive species represent excellent opportunities to study the evolutionary potential of traits important to success in novel environments. Although some ecologically important traits have been identified in invasive species, little is typically known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie invasion success in non-model species. Here, we use a genome-wide association (GWAS) approach to identify the genetic basis of trait variation in the non-model, invasive, diffuse knapweed [Centaurea diffusa Lam. (Asteraceae)]. To assist with this analysis, we have assembled the first draft genome reference and fully annotated plastome assembly for this species, and one of the first from this large, weedy, genus, which is of major ecological and economic importance. We collected phenotype data from 372 individuals from four native and four invasive populations of C. diffusa grown in a common environment. Using these individuals, we produced reduced-representation genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) libraries and identified 7,058 SNPs. We identify two SNPs associated with leaf width in these populations, a trait which significantly varies between native and invasive populations. In this rosette forming species, increased leaf width is a major component of increased biomass, a common trait in invasive plants correlated with increased fitness. Finally, we use annotations from Arabidopsis thaliana to identify 98 candidate genes that are near the associated SNPs and highlight several good candidates for leaf width variation.

Morphological leaf traits are frequently used to quantify, understand and predict plant and vegetation functional diversity and ecology, including environmental and climate change responses. Although morphological leaf traits are easy to measure, their coverage for characterising variation within species and across temporal scales is limited. At the same time, there are about 3100 herbaria worldwide, containing approximately 390 million plant specimens dating from the 16th to 21st century, which can potentially be used to extract morphological leaf traits. Globally, plant specimens are rapidly being digitised and images are made openly available via various biodiversity data platforms, such as iDigBio and GBIF. Based on a pilot study to identify the availability and appropriateness of herbarium specimen images for comprehensive trait data extraction, we developed a spatio-temporal dataset on intraspecific trait variability containing 128,036 morphological leaf trait measurements for seven selected species. After scrutinising the metadata of digitised herbarium specimen images available from iDigBio and GBIF (21.9 million and 31.6 million images for Tracheophyta; accessed date December 2020), we identified approximately 10 million images potentially appropriate for our study. From the 10 million images, we selected seven species (Salix bebbiana Sarg., Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Viola canina L., Salix glauca L., Chenopodium album L., Impatiens capensis Meerb. and Solanum dulcamara L.) , which have a simple leaf shape, are well represented in space and time and have high availability of specimens per species. We downloaded 17,383 images. Out of these, we discarded 5779 images due to quality issues. We used the remaining 11,604 images to measure the area, length, width and perimeter on 32,009 individual leaf blades using the semi-automated tool TraitEx. The resulting dataset contains 128,036 trait records. We demonstrate its comparability to trait data measured in natural environments following standard protocols by comparing trait values from the TRY database. We conclude that the herbarium specimens provide valuable information on leaf sizes. The dataset created in our study, by extracting leaf traits from the digitised herbarium specimen images of seven selected species, is a promising opportunity to improve ecological knowledge about the adaptation of size-related leaf traits to environmental changes in space and time.

Many vision-based techniques have been proposed and handheld devices have been commercially available for leaf area measurement. However, they are not cost-effective nor simple enough for use. As an effort to tackle this problem, this study proposed an easy vision-based approach toward measuring the leaf dimensions and area using a smartphone, a cost-effective and available device. Acceptable measurement accuracies were achieved from experiments with different leaf shapes and sizes in terms of both error and error percentage. The leaf area had the largest error percentage of 2.3%; however, its largest mean error percentage was only 0.6 ± 0.5%. The smallest error was associated with the leaf width with the largest mean error and mear error percentage of 0.61 ± 0.35 mm and 1.5 ± 1.0%, respectively. It is thus promising to apply this simple approach for screening the dimensions and area of many leaves with different shapes and sizes.

CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is an important technical strategy to reduce global CO2 emission from heavy industries. However, the risk of CO2 leakage in CCS-related projects cannot be ignored and it is crucial to identify and monitor CO2 leakage in CCS project areas in a timely and effective manner. So here we investigate the biological characteristics (plant height, leaf length, leaf width and SPAD value) and leaf spectral characteristics of maize under soil CO2 concentration of 10, 30, and 50%, with normal soil condition as control (CK). By analysing the original spectrum and first derivative spectrum of maize leaves, spectral parameters relatively sensitive to soil CO2 stress were extracted. Further, eight composite spectral characteristic indexes that are expected to identify CO2 leakages were constructed and analyzed. Besides, the normalized pigment chlorophyll index (NPCI) and modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI) were also investigated for the indication role in CO2 leakage. The results showed that maize morphological traits had a significant hysteresis effect for the indication of CO2 leakage; the SPAD value was difficult to indicate the lower concentration of soil CO2 early. But it was found that three spectral characteristic indexes REP-BEP, RGP/RRV and RGP-RRV/RGP+RRV can effectively identify CO2 leakage, and three spectral characteristic indexes (RVP-GPP, REP-BEP and MCARI) can be used for quantitative inversion of soil CO2 concentration. Especially, REP-BEP index could both indicate CO2 leakage and quantitatively inverse soil CO2 concentration. In sum, the spectral characteristic indexes of maize leaves can be used as effective indicators to quickly and effectively identify CO2 leakage and quantitatively invert the CO2 concentration in soil.

In the first direction of this article, the new Marhamat, Mustaqillik-18 and Jararik-12 varieties of mulberry have economic value characteristics, such as leaf stem size, leaf length, leaf width, leaf stem length, leaf weight, leaf stem weight, leaf stem weight, and net leaf weight. In addition, the systems of mulberry silkworms Liniya-101 and Liniya-205 were cultivated with Marhamat, Jararik-12 and Mustaqillik-18 and Tajik seedless varieties of mulberry. The second direction of the study was the experiments on in vitro propagation of new varieties of tobacco, and the cost-effectiveness of testing in the conditions of production of positive data obtained on the basis of the results of 2017-2020. At the same time, it can be seen that the economic efficiency of mulberry varieties grown and introduced in vitro is 4,695,300 UZS, net profit is 1,577,500 UZS, and the size of profitability is 39.6% contrast to the comparator.

Prostrate growth 1 (PROG1) gene is vital in controlling the prostrate growth habit of rice. Studying the effect of PROG1 gene on rice canopy structure is crucial in elucidating the molecular mechanism of rice plant type evolution. Herein, the morphological characteristics of different rice genotypes were collected at different growth stages and leaf nodes using image processing techniques. The morphological characteristics included leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area. The image processing techniques involved boundary mean oscillation (BMO) filtering and minimum bounding rectangle extraction of the target image. On this basis, the effect of the PROG1 gene on rice leaf morphology was quantitatively assessed. Also, the feasibility of image processing techniques in detecting the morphological characteristics of rice leaves was discussed. Under the influence of the PROG1 gene, the length, width, and area of rice leaves decreased by 45.1%, 12.7%, and 44.8%, respectively, at the booting stage. Similarly, the length, width, and area of flag leaves decreased by 15.8%, 32.0%, and 33.7% at the heading stage and by 25.4%, 16.2%, and 19.7% at the filling stage, respectively, and that of secondary leaf reduced by 23.2%, 13.6%, and 54.2% at heading stage and by 24.1%, 17.3%, and 37.0% at filling stage, respectively. Furthermore, the length, width, and area of other leaves reduced by 32.3%, 9.8%, and 51.6% at the heading stage and by 28.6%, 7.3%, and 36.7% at the filling stage, respectively. The leaves in the rice canopy were shorter, narrower, and smaller in leaf area. Notably, no significant differences were found between image processing technology and manual measurement methods regarding the values of leaf morphological characteristics obtained ( P < 0.05 ). Thus, these results show that image processing technology is effective in studying the morphological characteristics of rice leaves. This study provides a reliable foundation for molecular breeding studies and will guide the application of the PROG1 gene in molecular breeding.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the usage possibilities in the landscape and to bring an alternative species to the ornamental plant sector by determining the form, length and habitat characteristics of Prometheum sempervivoides (Fisch. ex Bieb.) H. Ohba taxon, naturally grown in Erzurum province and its close environment. Within the scope of this research, Erzurum province and its surroundings were scanned and it is determined that there are large populations of this taxon in Ispir and Askale districts. The plant vegetative characteristics of P. sempervivoides taxon in the regions where the plant was found were examined. At the same time, the altitude of the regions was determined and the soil structures were observed and the possibilities of use in landscape applications were evaluated. As a result of field trips, photographs of the plants were taken and their point coordinates were determined by GPS. The morphological characteristics of the specie (plant height, stem length, number of leaves, number of branches of the middle cluster, leaf width and length, flower diameter, stem diameter and branch diameter characteristics, habitat) were recorded. Plant height were varied between 9.0- 16.70 cm by taking the average of the data obtained from all locations. The highest plant height data were obtained from POS-4 coded genotypes from a location at an altitude of 1942 m in Askale district. Stem length varied between 3.60 and 9.30 cm, and the highest stem height was determined in the averages of POS-4 genotypes. While the maximum number of leaves was determined with an average of 19.00 in POS-10 genotype; POS-9, POS-8 and POS-2 genotypes were also included in the same statistical group. The highest value obtained for the number of branches of the middle cluster was determined in the POS-3 genotype. These values differed between 4.00 and 10.00 number/ plant. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the species can be used in landscape studies due to its efficacy with its flower color and star-shaped flowers, red showy leaves and ground cover properties. In addition, It can be recommended that they can be used in rock gardens, in collections of succulents etc., since they have adapted to different environments such as stony rocky habitats, steep slopes and arid soil conditions.

Background: Wheat is an important cereal crop and improving wheat production is essential for meeting the food demand from the growing population worldwide. Flag leaf width (FLW) is an important trait affecting plant architecture and contributing to grain yield. To detect loci conferring FLW, we assessed a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross of EGA Wylie/Sumai 3 in different environments.Results: A total of six QTL were detected from the population. Two of them located on chromosome 2B and the other four located on chromosomes 2D, 4B, 7A, and 7B, respectively. The percentage of phenotypic variation (PEV) explained by these loci ranged from 14.6% to 33.8%, with LOD scores varying from 3.01 to 7.81. Of them, the locus located on chromosome arm 7AS is likely novel. Significant effects of this locus were detected in multiple trials conducted and the PEV explained by this QTL varied from 14.6% to 19.8% among the different trials. An orthologous analysis based on rice and Arabidopsis identified 3 putative genes underlying this potentially novel locus.Conclusion: This study identified a stable potentially novel QTL in multiple environments and predicted three candidate genes of it, which laid the foundation for further fine-mapping and cloning the gene(s) underlying QFlw.WS-7A with the contribution to grain yield.

Malus orientalis Uglitzk. is considered as one of the probable ancestors of domestic apples (M. × domestica) and has valuable traits such as late-blooming, adaptation to a wider array of habitats, and capacity for longer storage of the fruits. In the present investigation, morphological and pomological characteristics of M. orientalis were evaluated. Results showed significant differences among the accessions in terms of the recorded traits. Leaf length ranged from 38.56 to 101.36 mm and leaf width varied from 20.27 to 45.31 mm. Fruit length ranged from 14.69 to 39.98 mm, while fruit width varied from 22.16 to 47.39 mm. Fruits weighted between 4.76 and 36.32 g with an average of 15.28. Fruit weight showed positive and significant correlations with dimensions of leaf and fruit. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed that fruit-related characteristics were more important in explaining the variation among the accessions. The dendrogram generated using Ward’s method and Euclidean distance showed that the accessions were placed into two major clusters. The dissimilarity level in terms of morphological and pomological characteristics showed a wide range of phenotypic diversity, allowing the effective selection of parents in various breeding programs, referring to fruit quality and high yield. The current findings confirmed that conservation of M. orientalis genetic resources is important for future breeding programs.

Present investigation was carried out to assess the heterotic potential and combining ability of immortal restorer lines [consisting of two recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and two doubled haploid lines (DHLs)] developed from an elite rice hybrid, KRH-2 by crossing them with three popular WA-CMS lines, IR58025A, CRMS32A and APMS6A through line × tester analysis. The doubled haploid line 1 (DHL-1) was observed to be a good general combiner for total grain yield per plant (YLD) and other yield component traits and among the CMS lines, IR58025A was observed to be the best combiner as it showed positive significant values for the traits viz., total grain yield per plant, panicle length and spikelet fertility. Higher preponderance of the variance associated with specific combining ability (SCA) as compared to general combining ability (GCA) variance was observed for most of the traits indicated the predominant role of non-additive gene action in the expression of the traits. Out of twelve novel crosses between the immortal restorer lines derived from KRH-2 and the WA-CMS lines, 66.66% (eight crosses) showed significant and desirable SCA effects for the traits viz., total grain yield per plant, days to fifty percent flowering, plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, number of filled grains per panicle and spikelet fertility. Two crosses IR58025A/RIL-24 and CRMS32A/RIL-24 were observed to be the most promising cross combinations showing standard heterosis of >50% for YLD trait (as compared with KRH-2) with higher prevalence of GCA and SCA, respectively. Heterotic yield advantage of IR58025A/RIL-24 and CRMS32A/RIL-24 was 77.05% and 54.74%, respectively over KRH-2 and these can be utilized for developing commercial hybrids. The present study also indicates the potentiality of RILs in providing useful parental lines for developing heterotic hybrids which are hard to get from outside sources in the new intellectual property regime.

This study aimed to evaluate the morphological characteristics and leaf area of Solário hybrid green pepper plants under different doses and times of application of organic fertilizers based on manure and enriched organic compounds. Two experiments were carried out with applications of organic fertilizers based on manure and enriched organic compounds, using bovine manure (CBF) and sheep manure (SBF). A randomized block experimental design was used was in factorial scheme 4 x 3 + 1, with three replications, composed by the doses of biological fertilizers (100, 200, 300 and 400 dm³ ha-1), application times (0, 30 and 60 days after transplantation - DAT) and control. The following variables were evaluated: plant height (AP); canopy width (LC); stem diameter (DC); leaf number (NF); leaf length (CF); leaf width (LF); and leaf area (PA). The dose of 100 g L-1 of Bovine biofertilizer (CBF) applied at 30 and 60 DAT is indicated for hybrid green peppers cv Solário cultivation since it promoted greater expansion of leaf area. Bovine and sheep fertilizer are indicated to promote plant height, canopy width, stem diameter and number of leaves in hybrid green pepper cv Solário plants.

The orchids that produced tuber are known as salep orchids and have been collected from nature for centuries as a medicinal and aromatic plant. These orchids are endangered species because of their limited vegetative and generative production possibilities. Salep orchids, seed germination has been achieved with in-vitro studies, but no source has been found regarding the development of germinated seeds over the years. In this study, Dactylorhiza euxina (Nevski) Czerep. was used as research material. Seeds that were determined to germinate in nature were observed to develop in their own environment for five years and some morphological characteristics (plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, total weight, tuber width, and tuber weight) were determined at the end of each vegetation year. Plants that start to develop with seed germination produce one leaf and a tuber of 0.115 g in the first year. When the tubers obtained from the first year were planted again, the plants was obtained 2-3 leaves and they were formed 0.465 grams of tubers. In the third year plants bloom for the first time. The period until flowering in the plant was called maturity period and Dactylorhiza euxina (Nevski) Czerep. was found to have a 3-year maturity period. Plants produced tuber 0.850 g in the third year, 1.585 g in the fourth year and 2.522 g in the fifth year. According to the mathematical modeling, the relationship between year (Y) and fresh tuber weight (FTW) was found Y = 1.22 + (1.61 × FTW) and there was a significant relationship among year, fresh tuber weight, and total biomass (TBM). This equation Y = 1.05 + (0.76 × FTW) + (0.14 × TBM) shows us the mathematical relations of year, fresh tuber weight, and total biomass. The mathematical relations among to fresh tuber weight, total biomass, and plant height (PH) was produced Y = 1.74 - (0.11 × FTW) + (0.57 × TBM) - (0.09 × PH). R2 values were found 0.95-0.99. All R2 values and standard errors were found to be significant at the p < 0.01 level.

This study was designed to identify the drought tolerant and susceptible genotypes among 160 wheat genotypes. Analysis of variance under drought condition showed mean square due to genotypes had highly significant differences for all the quantitative traits in both years and pooled data, except flag leaf width, flag leaf area those were significant only and under control condition. Mean square due to genotypes had highly significant differences for all the traits in both the years and pooled data, except plant height in the pooled data that was significant only. On the basis of grain yield per plant under both the conditions twenty one tolerant genotypes namely; DBW 39, FLW 13, FLW 7, HD 2833, HD 3093, HI 1500, HI 617, HW 2004, HW 2005, HW 2066, HW 4002, HW 4008, HW 4029, HW 4215, Lok 1, Lok 65, MACS 2496, RAJ 4037, SOKOLL, SSRT 14, VJ 99 were selected and eleven susceptible genotypes using same criteria namely; DBW 14, DBW 28, DBW 88, HD 2824, HD 2877, NW 1014, PBW 343, PBW 373, RAJ 4083, UP 2828, MACS 6272 were identified. Identified tolerant and susceptible genotypes can be used for development of mapping populations to map the QTLs for drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Doi.org/10.25174/2582-2675/2020/96419