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The improvement in grazing spatial distribution is an important goal for the efficient and sustainable management of rangelands. However, extensive livestock systems such as the Patagonian rangelands generally fails due to the large paddock size (up to 6000 ha). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategic use of nutritional blocks as an atractive element in underused areas of the landscape, in a shrub steppe of low cover (less than 50%) under dry climate. The spatial distribution of sheep was evaluated in two extensive paddocks (1900 and 5500 ha) under two sequential treatments (With nutritional blocks and Traditional management without nutritional blocks) in two years. The study was carried out using wethers of the Corriedale breed, with an average stocking rate of 0.17±0.03 sheep/ha. The geotracking of wethers was obtained by means of collars equipped with global positioning system technology, configured with a measuring frequency of 5 minutes within an average period of 15 days. The use of nutritional blocks resulted in a 46.1-57.4% expansion in the daily home range with respect to the traditional management, suggesting a more spatial homogeneous use of the paddocks by sheep. These results would have important practical implications, considering that the use of nutritional blocks would allow the combination of supplementation strategies with the sustainable use of pastoral resources. El uso de bloques nutricionales como herramienta para el manejo del pastoreo en sistemas ovinos extensivos. Mejorar la distribución espacial del pastoreo es importante para lograr el objetivo de un uso eficiente y sustentable de los pastizales naturales. Sin embargo, los sistemas ganaderos extensivos como los que se utilizan en pastizales de la Patagonia generalmente fallan debido a la gran extensión de los cuadros de pastoreo (hasta 6000 ha). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la efectividad del uso estratégico de bloques nutricionales como elementos atractivos en áreas subutilizadas del paisaje; específicamente, en una estepa arbustiva de baja cobertura (menos de 50%), bajo un clima árido. La distribución espacial de ovinos fue evaluada en dos cuadros de pastoreo extensivo (1900 y 5500 ha) a través de dos tratamientos secuenciales (Con bloques nutricionales y Manejo tradicional sin bloques nutricionales), en dos años. Para el estudio se emplearon capones (carneros castrados) de la raza Corriedale, bajo una carga animal promedio de 0.17±0.03 ovinos/ha. La geolocalización de los capones se obtuvo mediante collares equipados con sistemas de posicionamiento global, configurados con una frecuencia de medición de 5 minutos en un período de 15 días. El uso de bloques nutricionales resultó en una expansión de 46.1-57.4% del área diaria de campeo con respecto al manejo tradicional, lo que sugiere que los ovinos hicieron un uso espacial más homogéneo de los cuadros. Estos resultados podrían tener importantes implicancias prácticas, considerando que utilizar bloques nutricionales permitiría combinar estrategias de suplementación con el uso sustentable de los recursos pastoriles. EEA Santa Cruz Fil: Ormaechea, Sebastián Gabriel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; Argentina. Fil: Cipriotti, Pablo Ariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Argentina. Fil: Cipriotti, Pablo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Distel, Roberto Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina. Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina. Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.

Knowledge about the distribution of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants from Germany is limited. Therefore, serum samples were examined from 71 small ruminant flocks (2731 sheep, 447 goats) located in the five German federal states: Schleswig-Holstein (SH), Lower Saxony (LS), North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Bavaria (BAV). Antibodies to Anaplasma spp. were determined by a cELISA based on the MSP5 antigen. A risk factor analysis at animal and flock level was also performed. Antibodies to Anaplasma spp. were detected in 70/71 flocks without significant difference in the intra-flock prevalence (IFP) between the federal states. The mean antibody levels from sheep were significantly lower in northern Germany (LS, SH) compared to west (NRW) and south Germany (BW, BAV). Sheep had a 2.5-fold higher risk of being seropositive than goats. Females and older animals (&gt, 2 years) were more likely to have antibodies to Anaplasma spp. in one third and one quarter of cases, respectively. Flocks used for landscape conservation had a five times higher risk of acquiring an IFP greater than 20%. Cats and dogs on the farms increased the probability for small ruminant flocks to have an IFP of above 20% 10-fold and 166-fold, respectively. Further studies are necessary to assess the impact of Anaplasma species on the health of small ruminants in Germany.

The practical problems of implementing the Regulation on Landscape Audits (European Landscape Convention, ELC) in Poland are discussed through the topic of landscape relief, on an example of landscape classification of three of Poland’s landscape parks. In the existing landscape typologies, various criteria are proposed, in which relief is usually considered to be one of the leading components. The study was carried out for the purposes of the Landscape Parks Conservation Plans, based on a comparison of the method under the Principles of Landscape Audits and the authors’ method. The results indicate that the landscape types set out in the regulation insuficiently take relief into account, leading to omitting the local specific nature of the terrain. The essential attributes of the terrain in the analysed parks are the morphometry of relief and its genesis. Relief helps to determine the landscape types that are more related to the terrain.

In the mountains of Lombardy, the practice of mountain pastures is an activity increasingly in crisis, even if it continues to be necessary and essential for the management of the territory and the social, cultural and economic promotion of mountain areas. A multifunctional approach to the management of mountain pastures is instead a suitable way to give value to the different natural, human, productive and cultural components which make up alpine activity. The article proposes a series of innovative initiatives to enhance, strengthen and support the activities of mountain farmers with particular attention to multi-functional aspects such as landscape conservation, typical productions, recreational and cultural services.

Inspired by the European Landscape Convention, landscape conservation policies in European countries are increasingly becoming connected to cultural heritage policies. In some European countries su...

River landscapes represent key areas of great importance to human society as they perform many functions and provide valuable services. Traditionally, these areas have been perceived as geomorphological phenomena characterised by specific soil conditions, hydrological regimes and unique habitats. Due to the availability of detailed data, it is possible to perform a spatial delineation of river landscapes by interpreting these data using several different approaches. The results of these different approaches can vary considerably, since it is particularly challenging to define the river landscape along small watercourses for which the availability of suitable data is limited. The main aim of this study is to analyse the various methodological approaches that may be used to define the river landscapes of small streams, and to evaluate the efficiency of those approaches that can be applied in nature and landscape conservation. Two medium-sized catchments in the Czech Republic were selected as the study areas in order to ensure different natural conditions and degrees of anthropogenic pressure. As a result, an approach based on combining soil characteristics and topographic information is considered the most appropriate solution to delineate the river ecosystem.

In many regions, the scenic beauty of landscapes, and a high degree of ‘naturalness’, are paramount for tourism. The focus of the paper is on empirical estimates of the benefits of nature conservat...

How natural and cultural resources are defined and valued has implications for their conservation and assessment. Although legal regulations for cultural resources such as the National Historic Pre...

The purpose of this article is to discuss the challenges and opportunities for integrating archaeological information in landscape-scale conservation design while aligning archaeological practice with design and planning focused on cultural resources. Targeting this opportunity begins with statewide archaeological databases. Here, we compare the structure and content of Pennsylvania's and Florida's statewide archaeological databases, identifying opportunities for leveraging these data in landscape conservation design and planning. The research discussed here was part of a broader project, which was working through the lens of Landscape Conservation Cooperatives in order to develop processes for integrating broadly conceived cultural resources with natural resources as part of multistate or regional landscape conservation design efforts. Landscape Conservation Cooperatives offer new ways to think about archaeological information in practice and potentially new ways for archaeology to contribute to design and planning. Statewide archaeological databases, in particular, offer transformative potential for integrating cultural resource priorities in landscape conservation design. Targeted coordination across state boundaries along with the development of accessible derivative databases are two priorities to advance their utility.

We combined tools of phylogeography, population genetics and biogeographical interpretation to analyse a group of phylogenetically independent lineages (animals and plants) that coexist within the same geographical region, yet under markedly different environments, in order to identify generalized barriers for gene flow. We tested the hypothesis that major geographic features have produced a concordant genetic structure in phylogenetically independent lineages. A rigorous bibliographic search was performed, selecting available molecular information from six taxa occupying distinct southern biomes of South America: Yungas, Prepuna, Puna and northern Monte. We estimated within-population genetic diversity, the genetic structure and haplotype phylogenies to assemble distribution maps of genetic barriers for each species. We found a strong association between genetic variation and latitudinal distribution of populations. We detected a major barrier for six taxa at 27°S latitude and a second one for a group of three species at 25–26°S. Two alternative non-exclusive hypotheses – geology and/or climate – explain concordant genetic barriers in divergent lineages. We suggest that the term ‘biogeographically significant units’ portrays a group of populations of phylogenetically unrelated taxa that inhabit the same geographic region that have been similarly impacted by major physical events, which can be used to identify priority areas in landscape conservation. Fil: Quiroga, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentina Fil: Castello, Lucía Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentina Fil: Quipildor, Vilma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina Fil: Premoli Il'grande, Andrea Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentina

Regional efforts to preserve mountain landscapes that account for half of the world’s biodiversity hotspots raise pertinent questions for existing statist discourses and practices of territoriality...

The Danube Delta, declared a Biosphere Reserve, has been a permanent challenge in terms of harmonizing the economic activities with landscape conservation and development interests. Through public and environmental policies, but also through the development plans of the area, it was attempted to optimize the relationship between the functioning of the biosphere (whose natural integrity should be preserved), on the one hand, and the human activity exploiting the resources, on the one hand. The Structural Funds have made a major contribution to achieving this goal, being aimed mainly at meeting the European standards on the environmental protection and economic development of the area, while respecting its biodiversity and the inhabitants’ general interest in improving the life quality in the Danube Delta. This paper aims at determining the economic, social or environmental effects of the SMEs from the Danube Delta, as a result of the absorption of European funds, and their impact on competitiveness. By formulating three hypotheses, we determined the impact of the identified effects on competitiveness. The research method consisted in a quantitative investigation based on an assessment questionnaire, as the main tool, addressed to the SMEs from the Danube Delta that benefited from structural funds. The hypotheses were validated by calculating the correlations between the identified variables and competitiveness. The results showed which effects contributed more to the competitiveness of these companies. The comparison of the relationship between the economic, social and environmental effects, on the one hand, and the internal factors that determine competitiveness, on the other hand, represented one of its multidimensional measurements. In conclusion, the results revealed a strong connection between the economic, social and environmental effects and the competitiveness of the SMEs from the Danube Delta, emphasizing that the access of structural funds should be enhanced in the next period.

Integrating science of natural and cultural resources for landscape-scale conservation design and planning is an important effort for solving complex socioecological problems. Despite recognition t...

In the past few years, deciduous landscape conservation has become a trend in China, however, the theoretical support is still limited, and the impact of demographic characteristics on people’s attitude toward deciduous landscape still needs to be explained. This study aimed at exploring the differences among demographic groups through Likert scale questionnaires of 981 respondents. The results show that of all characteristics, only age has a significant influence on deciduous landscape preference. However, there is a paradox for elderly people: they have the highest preference for deciduous landscape and the lowest intention to keep deciduous landscape in their lives at the same time. Moreover, the elderly tend to care about the underlying surface of deciduous landscape while the reliable predictor for other age groups is the color of fallen leaves. These findings can be useful for practical applications, which might guide future development of deciduous landscape planning and maintenance.

Author(s): Navalkha, Chandni; Levitt, James N.; Johnson, Shawn; Farrell, Sharon | Abstract: Learning and exchange among peers (“peer learning”) is an important process shaping and enabling landscape conservation and stewardship. As a practice that connects practitioners working at the landscape scale within and across regions—and that dedicates time and resources to supporting meaningful exchange—peer learning builds and strengthens the relationships at the core of the collaboration and partnership that are central to meeting shared goals and needs. This article explores peer learning and its role in learning, demonstrating, and building collaborative leadership. It also offers two examples of peer learning initiatives and their on-the-ground outcomes: the Large Landscape Peer Learning Initiative, a program coordinated by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy to bring together an international group of landscape conservation practitioners for shared problem-solving; and the Landscape Conservation Catalyst Fund Program, an initiative of the Network for Landscape Conservation to create a learning-exchange community among grantees to support the development of place-based partnerships.

While empowering the revitalization of Chinese historic districts, the rapid development of the tourism industry may also endanger local cultures and streetscapes. To achieve the goal of sustainable development and find an approach for the Chinese historic districts to develop tourism while taking into account landscape conservation, district management, and living convenience, this paper uses expert interviews (including in-depth and Modified Delphi interviews) and structural observation to explore redefining Chinese historic districts and cultural tourism attractiveness in order to provide a hierarchical framework. The research results reveal: 1. The respective redefinitions of a Chinese historic district and cultural tourism attractiveness, 2. A hierarchical framework for the cultural tourism attractiveness of Chinese historic districts, using two aspects—the physical environment and the cultural and natural environments—and five criteria including the morphology of the landscape and tourism infrastructure, along with 21 elements, including the natural and cultural landscapes. This research is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the planning and management of tourism and landscapes in Chinese historic districts.

A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture. This thesis is a synthesis of 20 years of research into the restoration and recovery of Estonian coastal meadows. The restoration of semi-natural grasslands in Estonia is a new nature conservation activity with only 20 years of history. While the restoration activities and methods used for coastal meadows in Estonia have been elaborated upon and tested many times, the methodology for evaluating success and the biodiversity assessment criteria are not sufficient. One reason may be that coastal meadow habitats and plant communities vary in different parts of Estonia and are very complex, making it difficult to identify good indicators for vegetation assessment. Our observations and conclusions are as follows: Recovery of coastal meadow vegetation from reed and bush encroachment resulting from land abandonment may take decades. In the best cases, vegetation may recover and become similar to well-maintained meadows in 15 years. This is not enough for meadows that are wetter and have been abandoned for longer periods. Edaphic changes have led to paludification and massive reedbeds, and restoration may result in, for example, sedge communities instead of desired coastal meadow plant communities. It is essential to develop a long-term monitoring plan that begins with restoration activities and follows the recovery process, as the effects of short- and long-term restoration as well as different restoration activities may vary or be misleading. Mowing is the best measure for supporting the populations of tall perennial herbs, while grazing is the most recognised measure for restoration and maintenance of seminatural grassland. When implementing grazing as a conservation tool, the suitable grazing pressure should be adjusted to sustain protected plant species. To restore and maintain coastal meadows in Estonia, policies should target the whole range of ecosystem services and biodiversity issues, rather than focusing on single species. Poollooduslike koosluste taastamine on Eesti looduskaitses suhteliselt uudne tegevus, mille kogemust on riigis vaid 20 aasta jagu. Kui taastamismeetmeid on kogu protsessi vältel juurutatud ja täiendatud, siis taastamise edukuse ja taastumise hindamise meetodid on ebapiisavad ega kata rannaniitude kogu elurikkust. Üks põhjusi võib olla see, et Eesti rannaniitude taimekooslused on Eesti erinevates piirkondades väga varieeruvad ning see muudab ühtsete ja heade indikaatorite leidmise raskeks. Ligi 20-aastase rannaniitude praktilise taastamise ja uurimistöö toel jõuti järgmiste tulemusteni. Rannaniitude taimkatte taastumine koosluse hülgamise tagajärjel laienevalt kasvavast pilliroost ja võsast võib võtta aega aastakümneid. Parimal juhul võib taimkate uuritud aladel taastuda ja muutuda sarnaseks pikka aega kasutuses olevate niitudega 15 aasta jooksul. See aeg ei ole kindlasti piisav niiskemate ja pikka aega kasutamata rannaniitudele. Muutunud keskkonnatingimused on sageli viinud rannaniitude soostumiseni ja massiivsete roostike pealetungini. Sellisest olukorrast taastumine võib soovitud rannaniidutaimestiku arendamise asemel viia hoopis tarna- või muude koosluste tekkeni. Taastamistegevuste ja taastumise hindamiseks on vajalik pikaajaline seireplaan, mis lükatakse käima koos taastamistegevustega, sest lühi- ja pikaajalistel ning erinevat liiki taastamistegevustel võib olla erinev mõju ja lühiajalise ning selektiivse seire tulemused võivad kogu elurikkuse hindamisel olla eksitavad. Niitmine on kõrgekasvulistele püsikutele sobivaim, kuigi rannaniitude ökoloogilise taastamise ning hooldamise jaoks on soovitatav karjatamine. Kui karjatamist soovitakse kasutada looduskaitsemeetmena, on vajalik reguleerida karjatamiskoormusi või rakendada sobivaid karjatamismustreid, et toetada kõigi kaitsealuste taimeliikide püsimist. Rannaniitude taastamise eesmärkide seadmisel on vajalik arvestada ka taimkatte taastamise ja taastumise protsesse ning ainult sihtliikidele keskendumise asemel peab arvestama ja toetama kogu elurikkust ning ökosüsteemiteenuseid. Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Sciences.

Revised edition, May 2021. This publication is part of the Sentinel Landscape network initiative established in eight sites around the world representative of widely different biophysical and socioeconomic contexts. Here we present and summarize the results of the research and baseline studies carried out in the Central Africa Humid Tropics Transect sentinel landscape, four sites in Cameroon indicative of the African humid forest ecological zone.

Spillover impacts pose challenges for the management of protected areas (PAs). The issue of external threats encroaching on PAs has long been recognized, but a corollary—that PA conservation can increase costs borne by neighboring governments or landowners—is less well appreciated. In some contexts, basic principles of fairness and cooperation suggest that PA users should help pay these costs. Several countries have developed mechanisms for distributing the costs of spillover impacts to PA users, but not the United States. Here, we investigate whether and how US park visitors could help address one type of spillover, the need for wildlife conservation efforts beyond park boundaries, using a case study of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). We examine a “conservation fee” recently proposed in the Wyoming legislature, along with tax‐based alternatives. After exploring some costs of wildlife conservation in GYE, we estimate that a fee of up to $10 per vehicle could generate up to $13 million annually, and tax‐based approaches considerably more. We consider legal, political, and governance challenges, and ways to mitigate them. The GYE could serve as a demonstration site for visitor funding of cooperative, large‐landscape conservation, for potential future expansion in the US and beyond.

International agreements aim to conserve 17% of Earth's land area by 2020 but include no area-based conservation targets within the working landscapes that support human needs through farming, ranching, and forestry. Through a review of country-level legislation, we found that just 38% of countries have minimum area requirements for conserving native habitats within working landscapes. We argue for increasing native habitats to at least 20% of working landscape area where it is below this minimum. Such target has benefits for food security, nature's contributions to people, and the connectivity and effectiveness of protected area networks in biomes in which protected areas are underrepresented. We also argue for maintaining native habitat at higher levels where it currently exceeds the 20% minimum, and performed a literature review that shows that even more than 50% native habitat restoration is needed in particular landscapes. The post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is an opportune moment to include a minimum habitat restoration target for working landscapes that contributes to, but does not compete with, initiatives for expanding protected areas, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Oddi, Facundo José. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Miguez, Fernando E.. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Bartomeus, Ignasi. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla; España Fil: Orr, Michael C.. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Instituto Sudamericano de Estudios de Resiliencia y Sostenibilidad; Uruguay. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina Fil: Kremen, Claire. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Schulte, Lisa A.. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Hughes, Alice C.. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Bagnato, Camilo Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Abramson, Guillermo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Bridgewater, Peter. Utrecht University; Países Bajos. University of Canberra; Australia Fil: Gómez Carella, Dulce Sol. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Dicks, Lynn. University of Cambridge; Reino Unido. University of East Anglia; Reino Unido Fil: Ellis, Erle C.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos Fil: Goldenberg, Matías Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Huaylla, Claudia Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Kuperman, Marcelo Nestor. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Locke, Harvey. Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative; Canadá Fil: Mehrabi, Zia. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Santibañez Ossa, Fernanda Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Zhu, Chao Dong. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China

Landscape conservation efforts in many European countries focus on cultural landscapes, which are part of the cultural identity of people, have a great heritage significance, improve the living standards of local populations and provide valuable cultural biodiversity. However, despite a wide arrange of protective measures, the management of preserved areas is seldom effective for the protection of cultural landscapes. Through a multi-approach analysis, we characterise the main heritage attributes of 17 Protected Landscapes in Spain and assess their management effectiveness by quantifying the evolution of the spatial pattern inside and outside protected landscapes. Our method has proven useful to quantitatively describe the spatial-temporal patterns of change of the protected and unprotected landscapes studied. We highlight the following results: (i) the concepts of uniqueness and naturalness are not appropriate to preserve cultural landscapes, (ii) the land protection approach currently adopted is not useful for the protection of cultural landscapes, particularly of the most rural ones, (iii) the landscapes studied with greater rural features can be considered as &ldquo, paper parks&rdquo, We recommend that different protection measures focused on the needs and desires of the rural population are taken into account in order to protect cultural landscapes that are shaped by traditional rural activities.

Terraced landscapes are among Switzerland’s most expressive cultural landscapes and have a high ecological, cultural, identificatory, and recreational value. But in many regions they are threatened because farmers are abandoning marginal agricultural land and are no longer maintaining the terraces. In this article, we propose a framework of basic formal and procedural conditions that have to be considered when developing and operating landscape conservation projects, and illustrate and validate them with examples from three case studies. The results show that a broadly anchored and locally and externally accepted governing body is decisive for a project to be successful over the long term. Such a body is in a position to deal with the complexity of management, financing, project coordination, and cooperation while promoting coherence among actors and integrating relevant local and interested external actors into communal structures. This, in turn, helps to enhance other success factors, such as ecological integration and habitat conservation, generation of funds to cover operating costs, and inclusion of communal work., Los paisajes de terrazas se encuentran entre los paisajes culturales más expresivos de Suiza con un alto valor ecológico, cultural, identificativo y recreativo. Pero en muchas regiones, estos paisajes están amenazados, porque los agricultores están abandonando las tierras agrícolas marginales y ya no mantienen las terrazas. En este artículo, proponemos un marco de condiciones básicas formales y de procedimiento que debe considerarse al desarrollar y operar en proyectos de conservación del paisaje, e ilustrarlos y validarlos con tres casos de estudio. Los resultados muestran que un organismo rector ampliamente aceptado (local y externamente) es decisivo para que el proyecto tenga éxito a largo plazo. Dicho organismo está en condiciones de abordar la complejidad de la gestión, la financiación, la coordinación del proyecto y cooperación, al tiempo que promueve la coherencia entre actores e integra a los actores externos locales e interesados en las estructuras comunales. Esto, a su vez, ayuda a mejorar otros factores de éxito, como la integración ecológica y la conservación del hábitat, la generación de fondos para cubrir los costes operativos y la inclusión del trabajo comunitario.

The typologies of landscapes of individual states that have ratified the European Landscape Convention do not include mountain pasture landscapes. Pasture landscapes in the Carpathians are preserved in a relatively good condition, although their spatial extent has considerably shrunk over the last few decades. The article demonstrates that mountain meadows and glades in the Carpathians meet all the conditions that allow them to be classified as a type of landscape, and thus they should be included in national typologies of landscapes. Firstly, they constitute a set of natural (non-forest vegetation) and anthropogenic (traditional shepherding buildings) objects. Secondly, they are a dynamic system in which natural, social and economic processes take place. They are also a source of stimuli, affecting different human senses and values and are a system that provides various real and potential services. The inclusion of mountain pasture landscapes in national typologies may provide a stronger basis for their protection.

It has been almost 70 years since, when “atlantis” of the Cracow’s School of Landscape Architecture professor Zygmunt Novák put forward the first idea of creating a Jurassic Landscape Park as an area where the landscape is protected in order to ensure a rest for people in the beautiful nature and culture of the surrounding great cities. Since then, his pupils and successors have created a school based on a characteristic methodology, approach to the landscape. The idea was continued in conjunction with the changing technologies and possibilities. As a result, a set of good practices was created that characterized Krakow's school of landscape architecture and emphasized its pragmatic nature.

© 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Conversion of natural lands to residential and agricultural uses can limit carbon (C) storage. Conservation measures, such as purchasing land to prevent development, can preserve stored aboveground C. However, since it is difficult to know what would happen to the land in the absence of conservation interventions, the additional carbon benefit of these programs remains unknown. Therefore, we analyzed 73 coastal parcels (292,184 total acres) acquired by the California State Coastal Conservancy (SCC) and developed counterfactual scenarios to highlight the impact of conservation actions. We found that an additional 55 * 103 Mg aboveground C (1.357% of the total stored carbon) was protected. The methodology we develop here, which incorporates expert opinion and neighboring land conversion trends, effectively evaluates the impact of conservation purchases to prevent land conversion, and could be used to measure changes of various ecosystem services.

The National Park Service represents the nation's largest initiative in landscape conservation and preservation. As both a material and cultural construct, national parks are living memorials to a ...

Beginning in the 1990s, anthropologists, archeologists, and allied social scientists recognized the value of scientifically studying landscape as the, “ … spatial manifestation of the relations bet...