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Candida species are among the most prevalent causes of systemic fungal infections, which account for ∼1.5 million annual fatalities. Here, we build on a compound screen that identified the molecule N-pyrimidinyl-β-thiophenylacrylamide (NP-BTA), which strongly inhibits Candida albicans growth. NP-BTA was hypothesized to target C. albicans glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase, Gln4. Here, we confirmed through in vitro amino-acylation assays NP-BTA is a potent inhibitor of Gln4, and we defined how NP-BTA arrests Gln4's transferase activity using co-crystallography. This analysis also uncovered Met496 as a critical residue for the compound's species-selective target engagement and potency. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies demonstrated the NP-BTA scaffold is subject to oxidative and non-oxidative metabolism, making it unsuitable for systemic administration. In a mouse dermatomycosis model, however, topical application of the compound provided significant therapeutic benefit. This work expands the repertoire of antifungal protein synthesis target mechanisms and provides a path to develop Gln4 inhibitors., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests L.E.C. and L.W. are co-founders and shareholders in Bright Angel Therapeutics, a platform company for development of novel antifungal therapeutics. L.E.C. is a science advisor for Kapoose Creek, a company that harnesses the therapeutic potential of fungi., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The current approach to stimulating elderly physical activity mostly uses medical rehabilitation methods or popular forms of outdoor recreation. In the context of an ageing population, there is a growing demand for innovative rehabilitation methods that use information technology. In this article, we present the Urban Health Path as an innovative form of activation for older people using urban therapy, where the architectural elements, such as details, façade features, and urban furniture, inspire movement and attentiveness in the experience of space. The concept is supported by a mobile application that takes into account the specific preferences of older users. Our concept of the physical and cognitive activation of older people was the result of a user-centred design approach and it was tested as a prototype solution. At the same time, the aim of this article is to identify opportunities and limitations for the implementation of this type of solution in other urban spaces. The article presents the process of developing a solution using the Design Thinking method. The process was focused on the needs and preferences of older people. The results of the research project indicate the main important guidelines for implementing the Urban Health Path as a new form of urban facility in the city space.

The world's population is rapidly ageing, which places a heavy burden on traditional healthcare systems with increased economic and social costs. Technology can assist in the implementation of strategies that enable active and independent ageing by promoting and motivating health-related behaviours, monitoring, and collecting data on daily life for assessment and for aiding in independent living. ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools can help prevent cognitive and physical decline and social isolation, and enable elderly people to live independently. In this paper, we introduced a comprehensive tool for guiding seniors along the designed urban health paths employing urban architecture as an impulse to perform physical and cognitive exercises. The behaviour of seniors is monitored during their activities using wearable sensors and mobile application. We distinguished three types of data recipients (seniors, path/exercise designers, and the public), for whom we proposed methods of analysing the obtained data and examples of their use. In this work, a wide range of diverse information was examined from which short- and long-term patterns can be drawn. We have also shown that by fusing sensory data and data from mobile applications, we can give context to sensory data, thanks to which we can formulate more insightful assessments of seniors' behaviour.

The paper describes a scalable, wearable multi-sensor system for motion capture based on inertial measurement units (IMUs). Such a unit is composed of accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. The final quality of an obtained motion arises from all the individual parts of the described system. The proposed system is a sequence of the following stages: sensor data acquisition, sensor orientation estimation, system calibration, pose estimation and data visualisation. The construction of the system's architecture with the dataflow programming paradigm makes it easy to add, remove and replace the data processing steps. The modular architecture of the system allows an effortless introduction of a new sensor orientation estimation algorithms. The original contribution of the paper is the design study of the individual components used in the motion capture system. The two key steps of the system design are explored in this paper: the evaluation of sensors and algorithms for the orientation estimation. The three chosen algorithms have been implemented and investigated as part of the experiment. Due to the fact that the selection of the sensor has a significant impact on the final result, the sensor evaluation process is also explained and tested. The experimental results confirmed that the choice of sensor and orientation estimation algorithm affect the quality of the final results.

Background: This study compares the efficacy and safety of low-level, dual-wavelength laser energy and massage with massage alone for the reduction of subcutaneous fat in the thighs of normal women. The device was an early prototype of the FDA-cleared SmoothShapes system (Elemé Medical, Merrimack, NH, USA)., Methods: The thighs of each individual (n=102) were randomized to either laser light (dual wavelength of 650+/-20 nm and 915+/-10 nm) and massage or to massage alone (control). Individuals who completed the study (n=74) received a mean of 14.3 treatments over 4-6 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans quantified fat pad dimensions before and after the final treatment., Results: Fat thickness decreased for the leg treated with laser-massage by 1.19 cm(2) (mean) and increased by 3.82 cm(2) (mean) for the control leg over time. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Among those who completed the study, 82.26% responded to treatment. Individuals reported looser-fitting clothing and satisfaction with the procedure and results. Adverse effects were limited to occasional increases in urinary frequency., Conclusion: Low-level, dual-beam laser energy with massage appears to be safe and more efficacious than massage alone for reducing subcutaneous fat in the thighs of normal women.

The purpose of this report is to analyse the long-term outcome in hydrocephalic children treated by shunt insertion, in particular their psycho-intellectual development and quality of life. We studied 46 patients aged 3 - 21, who had been operated on in the Department of Paediatric Surgery of the Medical University of Bialystok between 1982 - 2000 and had had ventriculo-peritoneal shunts inserted during their first year of life. Data from anamnesis and medical documentation were analysed. Age-appropriate psychomotor development and IQ tests were carried out: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised (WISC-R) (for children between the ages of 6 and 16), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised (WAIS-R PL) (for adults), Brunet-Lezine psychometric scale (early childhood), and Terman-Merril intelligence scale (children younger than 3). The final IQs were above 90 in 30 % of children, between 70 and 90 in 24 %, between 50 and 70 in 26 %, and lower than 50 in 20 %. 69 % of patients presented with neurological deficits and visual or auditory deficits were found in 22 %. Integration into normal schools was possible for 58.7 % of the children, one of whom is now a second year medical student. A relationship between shunt malfunction and the children's development was observed. An essential aspect of caring for hydrocephalic children is their rehabilitation and integration into society. Early physical rehabilitation, stimulation of psychological development, and continued monitoring by a paediatric surgeon to ensure proper functioning of the shunts will improve the independence of such children in their families and among their peers.

Telemedicine has evolved into a valuable but underused resource for the delivery of health care to patients at a distance, particularly where patient transport is impractical, expensive, complicated, and/or urgent. Today, over 250,000 telemedicine consults are generated annually, involving various specialties in both military and civilian health delivery systems. The ability to evaluate and triage plastic surgery patients through the use of telemedicine has not been widely explored. We have designed, developed, and tested a "store-and-forward" solution at UMass Memorial Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital whereby the plastic surgery residents who responded to a consult request transmitted digital photographs by means of the Internet to the attending physician on call. The customary telephone call between resident and attending physician benefited from the additional photographic data, and patient management resulted in a clear, concise, and unambiguous treatment plan. The initial management suggested by the resident was modified on some occasions, particularly with complex problems. The use of digital images was especially helpful for evaluation of radiographs and complex wounds of the hand and face. The solution proved to be very valuable for both attending physicians and residents in plastic surgery. The photographs provide rich detail and resolution comparable to high-quality prints. The mechanics of obtaining images and the process of sending them electronically was readily mastered. Images reached their destination in only a few minutes over standard telephone lines. No problems were encountered while sending or viewing images on Macintosh or Windows platforms. Determining course of action with a complete clinical history now includes a level of visual detail previously not available. As this application expands into wider use, data integrity and safety will have to be more formally secured and monitored. Our model of telemedicine has broad-reaching ramifications for the improvement of health-care delivery locally, nationally, and internationally.

Objective: The analysis occurrence of developmental defects of newborns in the City Hospital in Bydgoszcz during the period 1995-1999., Materials and Methods: Over the period of 5 years, 14,943 newborns delivered in City Hospital in Bydgoszcz. The group of 358 (2.40%) with developmental anomalies was analysed retrospectively. The subject of the study was to estimate the types of malformations and their frequency., Results: In our material cardiovascular anomalies (29.05%), reproductive system anomalies (20.11%) and muscosceletal anomalies (18.72%) were most frequent. Breech-presented or transverse lie fetuses had double the risk of any anomalies. In addition, pre-term delivery were not positively associated with any newborn defects. The frequency of occurrence cesarean sections was positively correlated with presence of congenital malformations.

Complement receptor type 1 is expressed by erythrocytes and most leukocytes. A soluble form is shed from the leukocytes and found in plasma (sCR1). sCR1 is a powerful inhibitor of complement. We report an increased sCR1 in the plasma of leukemia patients, up to levels producing measurable complement inhibition. Half of the 180 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) had sCR1 levels above the normal range. The highest levels were observed in T-ALL (17 patients). The complement function of a T-ALL serum was improved by blocking sCR1 with a specific mAb (3D9). Measurements in 16 peripheral stein cell donors before and after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration showed an increase in sCR1 (before, 43.8+/-15.4; at day 5, 118.3+/-44.7 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). This increase paralleled the increase in total leukocyte counts and was concomitant with de novo leukocyte mRNA CR1 expression in all three individuals tested. Whether pharmacological intervention may be used to up-regulate sCR1 so as to inhibit complement in vivo should be further investigated.

We describe a simple, effective approach to the creation of autologous tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human nipple by injecting a reverse thermosensitive polymer seeded with autologous chondrocytes in an immunocompetent porcine animal model. A biodegradable, biocompatible copolymer of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide (Pluronic F-127), which exists as a liquid below 4 degrees C and polymerizes to a thick gel when it is exposed to physiologic temperatures (body temperatures), was used as a vehicle for chondrocyte delivery and as a scaffold to guide growth. Autologous chondrocytes isolated from porcine auricular elastic cartilage and suspended in 30% (weight/volume) Pluronic F-127 were injected on the ventral surface of the pigs from which the cells had been isolated. A circumferential subdermal suture was used to support the contour of the implant and assist in its projection in the form of a human nipple. After 3 weeks, the skin over and surrounding the implant was tattooed to create the appearance of a human nipple-areolar complex. As controls, an equal number of injections were made using either cells alone (not suspended in hydrogel), or hydrogel alone. After 10 weeks, all specimens were excised and examined both grossly and histologically. Before harvesting, visual inspection of the tattooed chondrocyte-Pluronic F-127 hydrogel implant sites revealed that they closely resembled a human female nipple-areolar complex. Nodules were similar in size, shape, and texture to a human nipple at each injection site. Glistening opalescent tissue was surgically isolated from each implant site. Hematoxylin and eosin, safranine o, trichrome blue, and Verhoeff's stains of the experimental implants showed nodules with the characteristic histologic signs of elastic cartilage. Control injections of copolymer hydrogel alone exhibited no evidence of cartilage formation. Control injections of chondrocytes alone showed evidence of dissociated microscopic nodules of elastic cartilage.

This study investigated the effect of the non-peptidic B2 bradykinin (BK) receptor antagonist WIN 64338 on BK binding and BK-induced inositol phosphate formation on guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle cells in culture. The presence of specific and saturable binding sites for BK was demonstrated using [3H]BK. Scatchard analysis indicates a single population of binding sites for [3H]BK with a maximal density (Bmax) of 245.4 +/- 71 fmol/mg of protein and an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 87.7 +/- 0.12 pM. The order of potency of] B2 BK receptor ligands was Hoe 140 = NPC 17731 > BK > WIN 64338 > D- Arg0[Hyp3, D-Phe7]-BK > > des-Arg9-BK, while B1 BK receptor antagonist, des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK, was without effect on [3H]BK binding. These results demonstrate the presence of B2 Bk receptors on cultured tracheal smooth muscle cells. The cells were stimulated by BK, and inositol phosphate formation was determined by anion exchange chromatography. The stimulating effect of BK on inositol phosphate formation was concentration dependent (1 nM to 10 microM). The B1 BK agonist des-Arg9-BK did not induce inositol phosphate formation. The order of potency of B2 antagonists to inhibit BK-induced inositol phosphate formation was Hoe 140 = NPC 17731 > WIN 64338 > D-Arg0[Hyp3, D-Phe7]-BK. This study demonstrates that WIN 64338 is able to displace [3H]BK binding and to inhibit B2-BK-induced inositol phosphate formation on cultured guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle cells.

Objective: To investigate synovial fluid (SF) for the presence of CR1 and to study its relationship to SF leukocytes and to serum levels of soluble CR1 (sCR1) in patients with rheumatic diseases., Methods: Synovial fluids were collected from 35 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 26 patients with other inflammatory joint diseases. Total CR1 in the SF and serum were measured with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that recognized both soluble and transmembrane forms of CR1. The characteristics of CR1 in SF were analyzed by ultracentrifugation and by a second ELISA specific for transmembrane CR1., Results: CR1 was found in all SF samples tested (range 5-281 ng/ml). SF CR1 was higher in patients with RA (mean +/- SD 81 +/- 66 ng/ml) than in those with other inflammatory joint diseases (31.8 +/- 23.8 ng/ml) (P < 0.001). Serum sCR1 was not significantly increased in the patients compared with the normal subjects. There was no correlation between serum sCR1 and SF CR1. In 44% of the patients, the SF CR1 level was higher than the serum sCR1 level. A fraction (30-80%) of SF CR1 was pelleted by ultracentrifugation and, unlike serum sCR1, it reacted in an ELISA specific for transmembrane CR1. Thus, SF contained 2 forms of CR1: a membrane-associated and a soluble form, which was confirmed by sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation. SF CR1 levels correlated directly with the number of SF total leukocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). These 2 forms of CR1 were also found in the supernatant of in vitro-activated PMN from normal subjects. SF CR1 exhibited the capacity to act as a cofactor for the factor I degradation of C3b., Conclusion: CR1 is found in the SF of patients with joint inflammation. The data suggest that SF CR1 originates from the infiltrating leukocytes, which shed both a soluble and a membrane-associated form. Whether SF CR1 participates in the local regulation of complement activation remains to be examined.

We investigated the effect of the in vivo treatment of guinea pigs with methylprednisolone, 10 mg/kg daily, on lung muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors. Receptor densities were assessed by saturation experiments of tritiated N-methylscopolamine and dihydroalprenolol binding to lung membranes. After 3 h of treatment, methylprednisolone induced a decrease of 19.2% (P < 0.05) of muscarinic receptors but was without effect on beta-adrenergic receptor density. After 24 h, an increase of 39.7% (P < 0.01) and 16.9% (P < 0.05) was observed for muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors, respectively. For muscarinic receptors, this increase reached 53.4% (P < 0.01) within 48 h and stayed at this level until 96 h. The increase of beta-adrenergic receptors was maximal (24.9%) after 72 h and returned to the control value after 96 h. The dissociation constant (Kd) values of both ligands were not affected by the glucocorticoid treatment. Functional studies showed that the 96 h treatment did not affect the contractile response of guinea pig lung parenchymal strips to carbachol since the 50% concentration value (EC50) and the maximal contraction value (Emax) were not significatively different from control values. These data show that glucocorticoids control the expression of both muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors in guinea pig lung but with different time courses and to a larger extent for muscarinic receptors. The glucocorticoid treatment did not modify the contractile response of lung strips to carbachol, confirming the absence of effect on the affinity of muscarinic receptors and suggesting that the receptor reserve exceed the increase of their density by the steroid.

The rat neuromedin B (NMB) receptor was expressed in Rat-1 fibroblasts to elucidate the signaling pathways and mitogenic effects mediated by this seven-transmembrane domain receptor. Receptor expression was verified by ligand binding and Ca2+ mobilization, which were blocked by the NMB receptor antagonist D-Nal-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Val-Cys-Nal-NH2. NMB acted as a potent growth factor promoting DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in serum-free medium in Rat-1 cells transfected with the NMB receptor. Prior to DNA synthesis, NMB stimulated phosphorylation of 80K/MARCKS, a major substrate of protein kinase C, which could be prevented by the selective protein kinase C inhibitor GF 109203X. Furthermore, NMB induced a rapid p42MAPK activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins including p125FAK and paxillin. The half-maximal concentrations (EC50) of NMB required to induce DNA synthesis (0.7-0.9 nM) and cell proliferation (0.7-1 nM) paralleled the Kd for 125I-[D-Tyr0]NMB binding and the EC50 values for the induction of the early signaling events. Thus, NMB can activate multiple signal transduction pathways and act as a sole mitogen through its receptor expressed in Rat-1 fibroblasts.

We have investigated the effects of a nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the bombesin-evoked contraction of guinea pig parenchymal lung strips. The bombesin-induced contractions of lung strips were significantly increased after L-NAME (300 micro)) pre-treatment. The maximal response was increased (P < 0.01) by 37% after L-NAME treatment when compared with the control group. The pD2 value was not influenced by L-NAME pre-treatment. The enhancement of the bombesin-induced contraction caused by L-NAME was reversed by addition of an excess of the NO precursor L-arginine (600 microM) but not by the addition of its inactive enantiomer D-arginine (600 microM). Like L-NAME, methylene blue (1 microM), an agent that inhibits the soluble guanylyl cyclase activated by NO, significantly increased (P < 0.01) the maximal contraction induced by bombesin (183 +/- 16 mg) when compared with the control group (141 +/- 15 mg). When tested against other agonist-induced contractions, L-NAME did not change the responsiveness of parenchymal lung strips to bradykinin or carbachol but significantly increased lung contraction induced by histamine. NO synthesis inhibition resulted in a pronounced increase in the bombesin-induced contraction of guinea-pig lung strips. Our results suggest that bombesin contributes to NO synthesis and release which then acts to reduce the contraction of the lungstrip in response to bombesin.

Characterization of bombesin binding sites in healthy human lung was performed through direct binding techniques. There was limited binding in the absence of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, suggesting important activities of both enzymes in human lung and/or increased sensitivity of the bombesin sites toward them. In human lung membranes, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP-preferring bombesin receptor antagonists displaced [125I-Tyr4]bombesin binding with high affinities (36-177 nM), whereas neuromedin B possessed a lower affinity of 2878 nM. [D-F5Phe6,D-Ala11]bombesin-(6-13)-methyl ester, the most active GRP-preferring bombesin antagonist as yet reported, had the highest affinity among all antagonists tested whereas neuromedin B had the lowest affinity. These data demonstrate that the bombesin binding sites in the human lung are of the GRP-preferring type.

The possible interaction of bombesin receptors with guanine nucleotide binding protein in guinea pig lung was studied. The non-hydrolysable GTP analogue guanosine-5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP gamma S) was shown to decrease [125I-Tyr4]bombesin binding in a concentration-dependent manner. The specificity of this effect was assessed by examining the effects of other guanine nucleotides on this binding at a concentration of 1 mM. GMP and GDP weakly inhibited [125I-Tyr4]bombesin binding (2 and 19%, respectively), whereas GTP, guanosine-5'-[beta-thio]triphosphate (GDP beta S), and 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp) exhibited similar potencies, inducing 52%, 46%, and 43% inhibition of [125I-Tyr4]bombesin binding respectively. Saturation experiments performed in the absence and presence of 100 microM GTP gamma S indicated the presence of a single population of receptors in both cases. However, the addition of GTP gamma S induced a marked decrease in the number of receptors (from 1.76 fmol/mg protein to 0.78 fmol/mg protein) without significantly altering the dissociation constant (Kd). These results provide evidence that bombesin receptors are coupled to a G-protein signal transduction pathway in guinea pig lung. We have further characterised this G-protein on the basis of its toxin sensitivity. Pretreatment of the lung membranes with either pertussis (10 micrograms/ml) or cholera toxin (50 micrograms/ml) was performed. Cholera toxin treatment did not affect the ability of GTP gamma S to inhibit [125I-Tyr4]bombesin binding to guinea pig lung membranes. However, pertussis toxin treatment induced a decrease in binding and resulted in the inability of GTP gamma S to inhibit [125I-Tyr4]bombesin binding in a concentration-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

We have investigated the contractile effect of bradykinin (BK) in guinea pig lung in vitro. BK induces a dose-related contraction of lung parenchymal strips which is increased significantly in the presence of 10(-5) M captopril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) or 10(-5) M DL-thiorphan (a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor). The kininase I inhibitor, DL-2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidino-ethylthiopropionic acid (MGTPA), has no effect on the BK-induced contraction. BK is more potent in contracting parenchymal lung strips than other contractile agents (histamine, carbachol and substance P), however the BK-induced maximal contraction is lower than those obtained with histamine and carbachol. The B1 agonist, des-Arg9-BK, does not contract lung parenchymal strips. The new BK B2 receptor antagonists (Hoe 140, NPC 17731 and NPC 17761), which possess binding affinities in the nanomolar range, inhibit the BK-induced contractile response in a dose-dependent manner. The BK-induced contraction was unaffected by propranolol, atropine, tetrodotoxin, capsaicin pre-treatment, triprolidine, methysergide, Ro 19-3704 and N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), excluding the involvement of nervous pathways, preformed mast cell mediators, platelet-activating factor and nitric oxide. However, indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, AA-861, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, and furegrelate, a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor, decreased the contractile response to BK, suggesting that both cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase products are involved in this contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bradykinin B2 receptor-like binding activity was solubilized from guinea pig lung using the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (Chaps). The binding of [3H]bradykinin to the soluble fraction was time-dependent and saturable. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding data indicated that the soluble extract contained a single class of binding sites with a Kd of 696 pM and a Bmax of 57 fmol/mg protein. Unlabelled bradykinin and B2 antagonists inhibited the binding of [3H]bradykinin to Chaps-solubilized extracts with relative potencies similar to those observed with the low-affinity membrane-bound binding sites. Following partial purification of the soluble preparation, using anion exchange (DEAE-Sephacel) and gel filtration (Aca 34) column chromatography steps, two peaks eluted off the column were able to bind [3H]bradykinin and have molecular masses of 168 and 98.5 kDa. The former seems to represent binding of bradykinin to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) and the latter binding to bradykinin receptor. Using purified commercial ACE, we show that the binding of [3H]bradykinin to ACE can easily be distinguished from that of the bradykinin receptor, since both B1 and B2 ligands were able to inhibit bradykinin binding with affinities clearly different from that expected for a bradykinin receptor.

1. Direct ligand binding techniques have been used to compare bradykinin receptors in squamous- or adeno-carcinoma and healthy lung membranes removed from patients during operations. 2. The binding of [3H]-bradykinin to healthy lung membrane is time-dependent and saturable with a KD value of 1.08 +/- 08 nM and a Bmax value of 46.1 +/- 3.1 fmol mg-1 protein (n = 10). In squamous-carcinoma tissue (n = 8) the same amount of receptors are present, Bmax = 52.2 +/- 3.3 fmol mg-1 protein (P = 0.22) but the KD value is significantly higher 2.57 +/- 0.40 nM (P = 0.004). Similar measurements were obtained for adeno-carcinoma tissue (n = 3), KD = 2.80 +/- 0.29 mM (P = 0.001) and Bmax = 49.8 +/- 2.1 fmol mg-1 protein (P = 0.56). 3. In both healthy and squamous-carcinoma preparations, bradykinin analogues displace [3H]-bradykinin binding with the following relative order of potency: Hoe 140 > bradykinin > kallidin > D-Arg0[Hyp3,D-Phe7]bradykinin >>> des-Arg9-bradykinin. Of the analogues used, bradykinin and D-Arg0[Hyp3,D-Phe7]bradykinin appear to be able to differentiate the bradykinin receptors present in both preparations. 4. It is concluded that bradykinin receptors present in healthy and carcinomatous human lung are of the B2 type.