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In order to deal with severe traffic and environmental issues, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been encouraged in China. Land-based value capture strategies have been applied, with varying degrees of success, as a way of co-financing TOD investments. Often, these strategies are based on innovative, but informal planning and land management practices which help to bypass institutional barriersto the effective use of land-based value capture mechanism. This paper aims to identify the interaction between the institutional context and land-based value capture mechanisms for TOD in China and discusses potential ways to deal with those informal practices based on both empirical evidence from successful cases in some Chinese cities and international practices. The findings from literature review, expert interviews, a focus group meeting and three case studies highlight several insights: 1) the effectiveness of land-based value capture for TOD in China is constrained by unsupportive planning, rigid financial regulation, and inefficient governance; 2) informal planning strategies, including the "rail plus property strategy", the "two-step bidding strategy" and the "land reserve strategy" have been experimentally applied to bypass these barriers; and 3) evidence from international TOD policies on the one hand and the institutionalization of experimental planning strategies on the other hand suggests some options how China could move forward in this matter. • Three types of institutional barriers to value capture prevent effective TOD strategies in China. • Informal strategies have been taken by several Chinese cities as a way to bypass current regulation. • Supportive policies, planning experiments, and land value taxation are suggested as three institutional innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to evaluate Azerbaijani history textbooks in terms of content and pedagogical point of view. High school history textbooks are divided into two groups: World history and Azerbaijan history textbooks. Among these books, Azerbaijan's history textbooks were taken into consideration. The document analysis method was used in the study. Poetry, case study, representation pictures, photographs, maps, visuals, and techniques were used in the Azerbaijan history textbooks. In terms of content, Caucasian-centered issues are handled. The Azerbaijani history textbooks have also devoted considerable space to wars, land and tax systems. Controversial issues in textbooks are also noteworthy. The relations with the Armenian people are among the subjects that have the most place in the textbooks. History should flow a negative approach towards Iran, while Russia and Azerbaijan's closest friend is Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Permanent Committee on Cadastre in Ibero-America (CPCI) is an international forum that groups together institutions with cadastral land functions in the Ibero-American region and promotes the exchange of experiences in terms of registration, valuation and taxation of lands. After twelve years of experience since its foundation, this article proposes a critical reflection on its performance, the results achieved and its vision of the future considering the global context of increasing demand for natural resources, the financialization of agricultural production, rapid urbanization and the international and national efforts to eradicate poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyze the taxation of agricultural land in the Slovak Republic with a focus on arable land, hop gardens, vineyards, orchards, permanent grassland and to propose measures that could contribute to the adjustment of tax rates in the future. Tax decentralization has been taking place in Slovakia since 2004, thus strengthening the tax competences of local municipalities in the field of property tax. The following factors are decisive in determining the tax on agricultural land by the local government: the value of the taxable land, the tax rate and the tax administrator's ability to raise the tax rate to a maximum of 5 times the base rate declared by law. Tax administrations use the legal options and increase tax rate in multiples, which positively affects their financial budget. The persisting high tax burden on agricultural land in some municipalities increases the cost and reduces the profitability of farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Major success factors and challenges to the use of land value capture to fund public transportation projects are identified. • Land Value Capture tools used to fund the metro rail system in Delhi, India—Delhi Metro—are reviewed. • A framework is presented to evaluate whether, how, and how well land value capture (LVC) tools are funding Delhi Metro. • Several intertwined factors, many related to land use planning and policy, limit magnitude of land value capture revenues. The proposed study contributes to the land use policy literature by first reviewing the existing literature to identify a set of major success factors and challenges to the use of land value capture (LVC) to fund public transportation projects. Next, it reviews LVC tools used to fund the metro rail system in Delhi, India—Delhi Metro. Finally, it uses the success factors and challenges identified in the study to present a framework for evaluating whether, how, and how well LVC tools are being used to fund Delhi Metro. This paper finds that several intertwined factors, many related to land use planning and policy, limit the magnitude of LVC revenues. These factors include a lack of consistency between the plans of transit agencies and local governments, that has led to poor planning for transit-oriented development (TOD) inside and around station land; the inability of transit agencies to control land use and zoning for and around the station; and over-reliance on capturing value from new properties instead of from all properties that benefit from the metro system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given their importance in the formation and implementation of planning policies in the UK, this paper focuses on the use of development-viability tests to determine how land value uplifts could be distributed between landowners and the community. Following a discussion of planning obligations as a quasibetterment tax that can both capture and create land values, alternative approaches to operationalising benchmark land value (BLV) are evaluated. The effects of different approaches to BLV on potential land value capture are simulated to identify and compare implied betterment tax rates and to estimate viable affordable-housing proportions. It is concluded that different approaches to BLV have a range of strengths and weaknesses. The susceptibility of viability models to error and bias renders planning processes based on them vulnerable to opportunistic behaviour and prone to miscalculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Starting in 2016, the process of financial decentralization began in Ukraine, in which local governments of lower levels (rural, urban, city councils and united territorial communities) were entitled to independently establish on their territory the rates of many local taxes and fees credited to community budgets. In particular, tax legislation of Ukraine allows local governments to vary land tax rates in the range from 0.1 to 3% of the normative monetary valuation of land, as well as to differentiate tax rates depending on the type of intended use of land plots. The study created a database and analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of land tax rates in more than 9.6 thousand communities. It is shown how the level of tax burden on land owners and land users, established by local self-government bodies, correlates with the economic development of the regions, as well as the normative monetary valuation of land, which is used in Ukraine as a tax base. The problems of taxation of real estate, which arise at the separate collection of land tax and tax for real property other than land, are considered, as well as suggestions on the necessity of introduction of tax zoning of territories in Ukraine, which will allow to further differentiate the rates of taxes on the property and provide more flexible and adaptive taxation of real estate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tonight, in Sydney, we are celebrating the life ofPatrick McMahon Glynn, one of Australia's foundingfathers, an early federal government MP and minister, afounding father who was born in Ireland, spent much ofhis working life in Melbourne and hailed from SouthAustralia. Assessing the men of the federation assemblies,Protestant Alfred Deakin wrote that Glynn was "If not thebest read man of the Convention, [Glynn] certainlycarried more English prose and poetry in his memory thanany three or four of his associates". Deakin, commenting on Glynn, put it more astutely thanGarran: "Glynn, with greater assiduity of research,splendid and carefully polished diction and stiffdelivery, never caught or kept the ear of an Assembly,like all popular bodies jealous and antagonistic toscholarship and style, unless forced upon them by morepractical merits." After moving his practice to Adelaide, Glynn then wonNorth Adelaide in a by-election in 1895, lost the seat in1896 and regained it in a by-election in 1897, the yearhe was also elected as one of the ten delegates fromSouth Australia to sit at the Australasian FederationConventions. [Extracted from the article]

How can Government and the Treasury reconcile two often contradictory aspects of the commercial property tax model in England? On the one hand, commercial property tax is required to be responsive to economic conditions, promoting investment in property and business. On the other hand, local commercial property tax, in part, is required to fund local public services. This situation reveals a contradiction in government tax policy that has a direct impact upon local, regional and national economic activity. This Viewpoint article considers the nature of commercial property tax in England, the business rate system, the competing pressures upon the business rate system before considering the main alternative on offer in England, land value tax. Despite the undoubted economic elegance of this instrument, any move towards land value tax should be approached with caution. Any solution to the current business rates impasse should not be led by a pragmatic focus on tax collection. Nor should prevalent issues, the high street, the need for digital tax or public finance demands be considered in isolation - they should be tackled together because they are part of the same complex situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the neutrality of Captura de Plusvalía, a land value capture policy implemented in Bogotá (Colombia) in 2004. The case offers a rare opportunity for assessment because the policy application had a scattered spatial and temporal structure but on an urban agglomeration ruled by a single master plan and revenue collecting authority. The analysis reveals that (a) the relationship between value capture and prices is negative (static neutrality); (b) this result holds under various spatial specifications and controls; (c) the policy is not endogenous to the built output or the spatial distribution of the land prices; and (d) there is no evidence of preemption, a theoretical feature where landowners consider that the policy onset represents a regulatory taking, compelling them to accelerate developing timing (dynamic neutrality). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The polarity of views on land taxation in the individual EU Member States gives rise to an interesting comparison and finding a base that would capture the strengths of different approaches. This paper aims to assess the impact of legislative changes and land values on land tax imposed. The paper also provides a description of tax developments for each type of land in the Czech Republic, based on time series of tax imposed. The research is based on the evaluation of the secondary statistical data of the Czech Statistical Office and the Financial Administration of the Czech Republic, as well as the information obtained during the primary research. Immovable property tax revenues are low compared to other EU countries. Unlike most other states, the Czech Republic mainly uses the unit method of determining the tax base on the basis of the land area. Only for some types of land certain system of taxation is being used. As concluded from the analyses, it was verified that there is no difference in the development of the tax imposed between the types of land with value and unit tax base. The value method of tax assessment in the Czech Republic is determined by the quality of the land fund valuation and does not reflect the real market value of land. Revenue from land taxation generates income for municipal budgets more or less in all EU countries. The tax rates are set by law and the amount is the same for all municipalities in the Czech Republic. The municipality can affect the amount of revenues mainly through coefficients and the local coefficient can be considered as yet the most effective tool. As follows from the analyses, it was verified that the local coefficient did not significantly affect the land tax imposed and this is especially due to the fact that this coefficient was introduced only in less than 10% of municipalities. Current tax instruments in the context of land taxation are not very effective in the Czech Republic, and municipalities use them only to a limited extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the growing literature on the impact of colonial legacies on long-run development. We focus on Kenya, where it is previously argued that land tenure and taxation policies created an impoverished class of wage workers leading to lower living standards, high inequality, and stunted economic development. We take issue with this interpretation. Using archival sources, we map the rise of profitable settler agriculture. Next, we correlate settler profitability with taxation and the development of African agriculture. Contrary to previous studies, we find that labour came from areas that became increasingly more commercialized. Thus, a decline in African livelihoods was not a necessary pre-condition for the establishment of successful European settler agriculture. Instead a restructuring of the settler agricultural sector coinciding with tightened labour control policies can explain the increased profitability. An increased cultivation of high-value crops raised the value of labour. Reductions of African mobility lowered both the wage and transaction costs of finding and retraining workers enabling the settlers to raise their profit share. Our finding calls for a revision of the colonial legacy of European settler agriculture for long-term economic and social development in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many coastal American metropolitan areas flush with high-paying jobs characteristic of twenty-first century innovation economies, Greater Boston is grappling with skyrocketing housing costs and a shortage of affordable housing stock. Although the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and City of Boston have implemented a panoply of initiatives to address the housing crisis, the situation continues to worsen. Meanwhile, after nearly a half-century of disinterest in land value taxation (LVT) as a policy tool to foster equitable urban development, local municipalities and regional authorities across the United States have once again started studying LVT as a means to counter rapidly rising rents and worsening urban sprawl. This note argues that, in theory, LVT could mitigate the prodigious upwards climb of housing costs in Greater Boston, especially around new transit corridors, while also providing alternative sources of financing for new affordable housing development. However, implementing LVT in Greater Boston would likely face significant political pushback as well as various challenges under the Massachusetts Constitution. As a result, the feasibility of LVT implementation in Greater Boston remains uncertain, although LVT has overcome similar hurdles in Pennsylvania. In the interim, current efforts to speed up the production of new housing should be prioritized. To that end, this Note highlights examples from peer metropolitan areas from which Greater Boston could learn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on book "The Politics of Urban and Regional Development and the American Exception" by Kevin Cox on obsessed classical Marxists and capitalist production. It mentions stakes and practices of urban and regional development to activities aimed at generating and capturing land value. It also mentions rent capture is the obsession not only of capitalists and local governments but also homeowners.

Abstract The destruction of natural habitats for agricultural production results in local biodiversity loss. Biodiversity loss in turn affects agricultural production indirectly through a range of biodiversity-dependent ecosystem services. Land conversion thus results in a negative externality, mediated by changes in biodiversity. When the consequences of this externality are delayed in time, lack of internalization results in overshoot-and-collapse dynamics, which are undesirable from a sustainability perspective. Here, we emphasize the importance of forward-looking policies for the long-term sustainability of human–nature interactions. We show that the internalization of this externality through a land tax can result in several win-win effects in the long run. First, more biodiversity is preserved at equilibrium, which increases the carrying capacity and total well-being of the human population. Second, a taxation path that maximizes the discounted sum of human utilities prevents or greatly alleviates overshoot-and-collapse crises, thus increasing the sustainability of the system. In particular, this result holds in the case of imperfect information regarding the precise temporal dynamics of biodiversity loss, suggesting that the design of efficient land-use management policies is possible despite incomplete ecological data. This study highlights the need to internalize biodiversity-dependent externalities through economic incentives, especially under uncertainty regarding long-term ecological dynamics. Highlights • We internalize the externality of biodiversity loss through land taxes. • Land taxes preserve biodiversity and human well-being in the long run. • Optimally-chosen land taxes eliminate overshoots in social-ecological systems. • Efficiency holds despite incomplete scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value capture means capturing in some way the value of an investment in public infrastructure. Value capture methods include five forms of property‐related taxes: a tax on land value uplift, a broad‐based land tax, selective land tax, property taxes and transaction taxes. They may also include three forms of user charges: developer charges, consumer charges and sale of development rights. The paper assesses these options against three standard policy objectives of efficiency, equity and practicality. The paper finds that all three main forms of user charges meet these criteria. Special area land and property taxes may be appropriate in limited cases. Pure betterment taxes on land value uplift are rarely practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Since the early 1990s developer contributions have been the main instrument for land value capture by local government in the UK. There has been little empirical research that has investigated the extent of land value capture and how it may have varied over time in the light of shifting policy regimes and changing real estate market conditions. This paper attempts to address this issue by investigating trends in land value capture through developer contributions in inner London during the period 2005–2017. Using a land valuation model that attempts to simulate the approach to land pricing used by real estate developers, a time series of land values and developer contributions has been generated. It is estimated that, over the study period, developer contributions amounted to 45%–65% of land value assuming a no developer contribution regime. In a period during which national housing and planning policy has changed significantly, non-market housing contributions have comprised a significant proportion of land value capture. As residential property prices have increased, the absolute amount of land value capture has also increased, yet the relative proportion of land value captured has decreased. This finding is mainly due to the failure of local planning policies on developer contributions to keep pace with house price growth. The findings also reveal that, despite a policy environment that has been unsympathetic to delivery of non-market housing through developer contributions, the removal of the social housing grant for non-market housing developed as a component of private schemes in 2010 seems to have increased land value capture relative to the pre-2010 policy regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]