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Introdução: Ferramentas para determinação de causalidade de Reações Adversas a Medicamentos (RAM) são essenciais para o exercício da farmácia clínica; sobretudo considerando a complexidade terapêutica e vulnerabilidade do neonato sob terapia intensiva. O algoritmo de Naranjo é considerado padrão-ouro, contudo, ao contrário do algoritmo de Du, não foi desenvolvido para UTI neonatal (UTIN). Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre dois instrumentos de causalidade na avaliação de RAM suspeitas em NICU e sua reprodutibilidade intravaliadores. Métodos: Este estudo observacional e prospectivo foi desenvolvido em neonatos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de uma maternidade referência para gestação de alto risco em Natal/Brasil entre janeiro de 2019 e dezembro de 2020. Os casos de RAM suspeitas foram disponibilizados por três farmacêuticas independentes e experientes que aplicaram os algoritmos de causalidade Naranjo et al. e Du et al. O desempenho dos instrumentos foi mensurado pelo Kappa de Cohen (k) aplicado entre os avaliadores e entre os instrumentos. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes sob nº 2.591.495/2018. Resultados: As farmacêuticas aplicaram os instrumentos em 79 casos de RAM que foram observadas em 57 neonatos do sexo feminino em sua maioria (30; 56,6%), com média de idade gestacional de 30±4 semanas e peso ao nascer de 1.446,0±1.179,3g. As reações mais comuns foram Taquicardia envolvendo Cafeína (14; 17,7%) e Dobutamina (5; 6,3%) e Hipertermia relacionada ao Alprostadil (5; 6,3%). Os métodos não apresentaram correlação significativa quanto a classificação da causalidade de RAM (k global = -0,031; IC95% -0,049 – 0,065). Contudo, o algoritmo de Naranjo apresentou melhor reprodutibilidade interavaliadores (k global = 0,402; IC95% 0,379 – 0,429. Correlação moderada) comparado a Du (k global = 0,108; IC95% 0,064 – 0,149. Correlação fraca). Conclusão: Não houve concordância entre os métodos testados, mas a determinação de causalidade de RAM em neonatos via Algoritmo de Naranjo apresentou melhor reprodutibilidade entre diferentes avaliadores.

Introdução: Reações Adversas a Medicamentos (RAM) são eventos nocivos e indesejáveis que ocorrem após o uso de medicamentos. Estes eventos são bastante comuns em crianças hospitalizadas, sobretudo neonatos, devido a variabilidade de peso e tamanho, a imaturidade dos órgãos e a carência de medicamentos adequados a população. Objetivos: Caracterizar as RAM quanto a frequência e ao tempo de surgimento em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). Métodos: Estudo observacional, prospectivo e longitudinal executado entre janeiro de 2019 e abril de 2021 na UTIN de uma maternidade pública de Natal/Brasil. Todos os neonatos admitidos na UTIN por mais de 24 horas e em uso de pelo menos um medicamento foram acompanhados durante a estadia na unidade. As RAM suspeitas foram detectadas pelo pesquisador principal e três estudantes de farmácia por meio de busca ativa em prontuários eletrônicos e análise de notificações espontâneas no sistema de farmacovigilância do hospital. Os casos suspeitos foram avaliados pelo pesquisador principal quanto a temporalidade e a plausibilidade farmacológica entre o evento e o medicamento suspeito, e quanto o aparecimento e duração dos sintomas. Resultados: Ao todo, 600 neonatos foram incluídos no estudo. Houve uma ligeira predominância de pacientes do sexo feminino (50,2%; 300), com mediana de idade gestacional de 32,4 semanas (29,0 - 35,3 semanas) e peso ao nascer de 1635g (1100,0 - 2487,5g). A mediana do tempo de estadia na UTIN foi de 15 dias (7 - 35 dias) e 78 neonatos foram óbitos durante o estudo. Um total de 173 RAM suspeitas foram detectadas em 118 neonatos, com prevalência de 19,7% (IC95% 16,7 - 23,0%). A taquicardia envolvendo cafeína (40 casos) e dobutamina (12 casos), a hipertermia envolvendo o alprostadil (12 casos), a poliúria (9 casos) e hipocalemia (5 casos) ambas relacionadas a furosemida foram as reações mais comuns. As RAM que predominaram nos primeiros cinco dias de tratamento foram taquicardia (24 de 57 casos) e hipertermia (8 de 12 casos) e apenas a hipocalemia (11 de 16 casos) manifestou-se prioritariamente após o vigésimo dia. A poliuria, letargia e hipertensão distribuíram-se uniformemente ao longo do tempo de internação. Conclusão: RAM são bastante comuns em neonatos em UTIN, predominando taquicardia e hipertermia nos primeiros dias de estadia e hipocalemia após o vigésimo dia.

AimsOpen lower limb fracture is life-changing, resulting in substantial morbidity and resource demand, while inconsistent outcome-reporting hampers systematic review and meta-analysis. A core outcome set establishes consensus among key stakeholders for the recommendation of a minimum set of outcomes. This study aims to define a core outcome set for adult open lower limb fracture.MethodsCandidate outcomes were identified from a previously published systematic review and a secondary thematic analysis of 25 patient interviews exploring the lived experience of recovery from open lower limb fracture. Outcomes were categorized and sequentially refined using healthcare professional and patient structured discussion groups. Consensus methods included a multi-stakeholder two-round online Delphi survey and a consensus meeting attended by a purposive sample of stakeholders, facilitated discussion, and voting using a nominal group technique.ResultsThematic analysis and systematic review identified 121 unique outcomes, reduced to 68 outcomes following structured discussion groups. Outcomes were presented to 136 participants who completed a two-round online Delphi survey. The Delphi survey resulted in 11 outcomes identified as consensus ‘in’ only. All outcomes were discussed at a consensus meeting attended by 15 patients, 14 healthcare professionals, 11 researchers, and one patient-carer. Consensus was achieved for a four-core outcome set: ‘Walking, gait and mobility’, ‘Being able to return to life roles’, ‘Pain or discomfort’, and ‘Quality of life’.ConclusionThis study used robust consensus methods to establish a core outcome set that should be measured in all future research studies and audits of clinical practice without precluding the measurement of additional outcomes.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(4):294–305.

Information is presented on the conceptualization, experimental study, and numerical process simulation of tailor heat treated aluminum alloy blanks. This concept is intended to improve the forming behavior of aluminum parts in challenging conditions. The implementation requires precise control of laser heat treatment parameters within a suitable industrial framework. The study details material properties, heat treatment parameters, and experimental results for the strength and elongation properties of an AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. Constitutive modeling is applied using the Hocket–Sherby equation, which allowed us to establish a correlation between laser heat treatment maximum temperature and the corresponding material softening degree. Based on the generated flow stress–strain curves, a numerical simulation of a representative case study was performed with Abaqus finite element software highlighting potential improvements of tailor heat treated blanks (THTB). The influence and effectiveness of heat-affected zone (HAZ) dimensions and material softening were analyzed., This research was funded by Projects I&DT SIT—Softening in Tool, grant number CENTRO02-0853-FEDER-045419 and METRICS (UID/EMS/04077/2020).

Many studies show that surgical hernia repair with the use of prosthetic meshes can result in pain, hernia recurrence, contraction and mesh rupture. Numerous experimental studies have been conducted to understand the effect of mesh stiffness, pore size and mesh patterns on mesh biocompatibility. The purpose of this mini review is to present an overview of the contracture, adhesion, tissue regrowth and histological response characteristics of permanent and absorbable mesh. Indeed, the mechanics of mesh-human tissue interaction is poorly understood in the literature. It has been shown that early integration of biological meshes is critical for sustained hernia repair. One of the emerging experimental approaches is to combine cell-based regenerative medicine with mesh materials. Studies in preclinical models show that the use of synthetic and biological meshes with autologous cell implantation improves the biocompatibility of biomaterials, promoting key tissue regeneration processes such as adhesion and vascularisation.

Objetivo: Quantificar a micobiota contaminante do piracuí vendido nas feiras de Santarém (PA), no período chuvoso, e apontar qual meio é mais adequado para quantificação desses fungos. Métodos: As amostras foram coletadas em duas feiras da cidade. A partir de diluições seriadas, foram efetuados inóculos spread plate na superfície dos meios de cultura Ágar Rosa Bengala, Ágar Glicerol 18%, Ágar Batata Dextrose e Ágar Sabouraud Dextrose, todos suplementados com cloranfenicol 0,01%, contidos em placas, estas incubadas em temperatura ambiente. As contagens das colônias fúngicas foram efetuadas em 7 dias, obtendo-se o total de unidades formadoras de colônias por placa, o qual foi utilizado para o cálculo de UFC/g. Foi aplicada a estatística inferencial não-paramétrica para comparação do índice médio de contaminação entre as feiras (pelo teste Mann-Whitney) e entre os meios de cultura (pelo teste Kruskall-Wallis, com teste de Dunn a posteriori), todos com o nível de significância de 5%, por meio do programa estatístico PAST 3.14. Resultados: Todas as amostras de piracuí analisadas apresentaram contaminação por fungos, a maioria delas acima de 106 UFC/g. Nessa pesquisa, o RBA apresentou desempenho inferior na quantificação de fungos comparado aos demais, especialmente os meios BDA e SDA, que também apresentaram maior e mais rápido crescimento fúngico. Conclusão: Todas as amostras de piracuí analisadas apresentaram contaminação por fungos, com predominância de contagens acima dos padrões estabelecidos. Recomenda-se a utilização dos meios BDA ou SDA para a quantificação dos contaminantes fúngicos do piracuí, desaconselhando-se o uso dos meios G18A ou RBA.

Accurate pore pressure models in wells are essential for ensuring the lowest cost and operational safety during exploration/development projects. This modeling requires the integration of several sources of information such as well data, formation pressure tests, geophysical logs, mud weight, geological models, seismic data, geothermal and sedimentation rate modeling. An empirical relationship between overpressure and compressional wave velocity is commonly applied to model the pore pressure. This deterministic approach does not allow uncertainty quantification and ignores other variables related to pore pressure. This paper presents a case study with real data to evaluate and quantify spatial pore pressure uncertainty. The exhaustive secondary variable came from the combination of seismic velocity and geothermal models. The methodology uses Sequential Gaussian Cosimulation with Intrinsic Collocated Cokriging. The results demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the workflow proposed.

Due to the complex nature of pain and the participation of physical, cognitive, psychological and behavioral aspects, pain management has several approaches. The use of medicinal plants in developing countries is quite expressive. Seeking new options for the treatment of emerging or debilitating diseases. Therefore, the present study seeks to elucidate the effects of the monoterpene, citronellal, differentiating its activity by isomers (R)-(+) and (S)-(-) citronellal. The study used several methods to evaluate the effects of citronellal isomers on motor coordination, nociceptive response, and the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, and transient receptor pathways. The methods included rota-rod, hot-plate, and formalin tests, as well as the use of specific inhibitors and agonists. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics with a 95% confidence level. Both isomers did not significantly affect the motor coordination of the studied animals. The isomer (S)-(-) citronellal showed better results in relation to its structural counterpart, managing to have an antinociceptive effect in the formalin and hot plate tests with a lower concentration (100 mg/kg) and presenting fewer side effects, however, the this study was not able to elucidate the mechanism of action of this isomer despite having activity in studies with substances that act on specific targets such as glutamate and capsaicin, its activity was not reversed with the use of antagonists for pathways related to nociception. While the (R)-(+) citronellal isomer, despite showing total activity only at a concentration of 150 mg/kg, was able to determine its mechanism of action related to the opioid pathway by reversing its activity by the antagonist naloxone, being this is a pathway already correlated with nociception control treatments, however, it is also related to some unwanted side effects. In this way, new studies are sought to elucidate the mechanism related to the isomer (S)-(-) citronellal and a possibility of use in other areas related to the treatment of pain or inflammation.

Considering the risks related to energy security and the challenges posed by climate change, this work presents a methodology to investigate energy alternatives to promote an adequate energy transition. Such methodology was applied to a case study, modelling the energy system of the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais to subsidize an energy transition with a view to expanding renewable energies and promoting energy efficiency at the state and municipal levels, as well as combating climate change. Projections, in the 2030-2050 horizon, were made using the tool Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) to establish a model of energy transition policy for Minas Gerais State. The modelling considered key assumptions based on historical data of demographic and economic origin, which subsidized the elaboration of three scenarios, being a Reference Scenario (REF), a Moderate Energy Transition Scenario (ETM) that aims to contribute to the energy sector goals of the Brazilian Nationally-Determined Contributions – NDC, and an Advanced Energy Transition Scenario (ETA) that goes beyond of NDC's goals. The analysis has shown that current policies are not sufficient to promote the state transition to sustainable energy systems and that this process will depend on the energy policies initiated and implemented in the near future.

PURPOSE To present a summary of the recommendations for the treatment and follow-up for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) as acquired through a questionnaire administered to 99 physicians working in the field of prostate cancer in developing countries who attended the Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries. METHODS A total of 106 questions out of more than 300 questions addressed the use of imaging in staging mCRPC, treatment recommendations across availability and response to prior drug treatments, appropriate drug treatments, and follow-up, and those same scenarios when limited resources needed to be considered. Responses were compiled and the percentages were presented by clinicians to support each response. Most questions had five to seven relevant options for response including abstain and/or unqualified to answer, or in the case of yes or no questions, the option to abstain was offered. RESULTS Most of the recommendations from this panel were in line with prior consensus, including the preference of a new antiandrogen for first-line therapy of mCRPC. Important aspects highlighted in the scenario of limited resources included the option of docetaxel as treatment preference as first-line treatment in several scenarios, docetaxel retreatment, consideration for reduced doses of abiraterone, and alternative schedules of an osteoclast-targeted therapy. CONCLUSION There was wide-ranging consensus in the treatment for men with mCRPC in both optimal and limited resource settings.

PURPOSE To present a summary of the treatment and follow-up recommendations for the biochemical recurrence in castration-sensitive prostate cancer (PCa) acquired through a questionnaire administered to 99 PCa experts from developing countries during the Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries. METHODS A total of 27 questions were identified as related to this topic from more than 300 questions. The clinician's responses were tallied and presented in a percentage format. Topics included the use of imaging for staging biochemical recurrence, treatment recommendations for three different clinical scenarios, the field of radiation recommended, and follow-up. Each question had 5-7 relevant response options, including “abstain” and/or “unqualified to answer,” and investigated not only recommendations but also if a limitation in resources would change the recommendation. RESULTS For most questions, a clear majority (> 50%) of clinicians agreed on a recommended treatment for imaging, treatment scenarios, and follow-up, although only a few topics reached a consensus > 75%. Limited resources did affect several areas of treatment, although in many cases, they reinforced more stringent criteria for treatment such as prostate-specific antigen values > 0.2 ng/mL and STAMPEDE inclusion criteria as a basis for recommending treatment. CONCLUSION A majority of clinicians working in developing countries with limited resources use similar cutoff points and selection criteria to manage patients treated for biochemically recurrent castration-sensitive PCa.

In recent years, the use of Public Service Obligations (PSOs) in air transport policy has substantially increased. In remote regions, where air transport services are not profitable, the application of this subsidy program is crucial for the economic and social development of these regions. However, there is a great diversity in the provision of PSO services among different regions in Europe. Therefore, it is essential to assess the performances of the air carriers operating in different PSO routes. The present study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess the efficiency of PSO routes within the European Union and compares them with the performances of the operating airlines, both when operating under this subsidy program and when operating their regular flights. First, DEA was applied to the annual data of several European airlines, and then applied to the data of their PSO routes, so that a comparison can be made between the performance obtained on regular flights and flights under the PSO regime. The results identify which airlines had the best and worst performances, as well as the routes and respective regions of Europe where the airlines tend to score higher and lower in terms of efficiency. Results suggest that the Nordic European countries and the United Kingdom were the regions where air carriers obtained the lowest results, and thus, this empirical evidence should support the public authorities to consider revisiting their PSO contracts, in order to improve their operation. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Aims This study aims to assess the feasibility of conducting a pragmatic, multicentre randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the clinical and cost-effectiveness of an informal caregiver training programme to support the recovery of people following hip fracture surgery. Methods This will be a mixed-methods feasibility RCT, recruiting 60 patients following hip fracture surgery and their informal caregivers. Patients will be randomized to usual NHS care, versus usual NHS care plus a caregiver-patient dyad training programme (HIP HELPER). This programme will comprise of three, one-hour, one-to-one training sessions for the patient and caregiver, delivered by a nurse, physiotherapist, or occupational therapist. Training will be delivered in the hospital setting pre-patient discharge. It will include practical skills for rehabilitation such as: transfers and walking; recovery goal setting and expectations; pacing and stress management techniques; and introduction to the HIP HELPER Caregiver Workbook, which provides information on recovery, exercises, worksheets, and goal-setting plans to facilitate a ‘good’ recovery. After discharge, patients and caregivers will be supported in delivering rehabilitation through three telephone coaching sessions. Data, collected at baseline and four months post-randomization, will include: screening logs, intervention logs, fidelity checklists, quality assurance monitoring visit data, and clinical outcomes assessing quality of life, physical, emotional, adverse events, and resource use outcomes. The acceptability of the study intervention and RCT design will be explored through qualitative methods with 20 participants (patients and informal caregivers) and 12 health professionals. Discussion A multicentre recruitment approach will provide greater external validity across population characteristics in England. The mixed-methods approach will permit in-depth examination of the intervention and trial design parameters. The findings will inform whether and how a definitive trial may be undertaken to test the effectiveness of this caregiver intervention for patients after hip fracture surgery. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(11):909–920.

The effects of defoliation frequency (21, 28, 35 and 42 days) and defoliation intensity (20, 30 and 40 cm above the ground) on green dry matter (GDM) yield, and chemical composition of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tamani were evaluated under natural field conditions at the Roraima´s savannas. Defoliation regimes affect productivity and chemical composition of M. maximus cv. Tamani forage. The decrease in the pasture defoliation frequency and intensity improved the accumulation of forage, however it reduces the tissue concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and K. Irrespective of defoliation frequencies, the highest levels of N (25.31 g kg-1), P (2.11 g kg-1), Mg (2.78 g kg-1) and K (21.13 g kg-1) were recorded for the defoliation intensity at 40 cm above the ground, except for Ca (4.31 g kg-1), where the greatest concentration was obtained with defoliations at 30 cm above the ground. The use of defoliation frequency around 32 days and defoliation intensity of 28 cm above the ground can be considered adequate for the management of pastures of M. maximus cv. Tamani, in order to provides higher forage productivity and quality, regrowth vigor, larger efficiency of forage utilization, greater tissue renewal and canopy structure more favorable to grazing Made available in DSpace on 2021-10-18T19:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PubVet-2021-Produtividade-e-composicao-quimica-da-forragem-de-Megathyrsus-maximus-cv.-Tamani-sob-regimes-de-desfolhacao.pdf: 404226 bytes, checksum: 2c10af0da8c33992d6c90beabb689c7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

BACKGROUND: Information processing speed is often impaired in neurological disorders, as well as with healthy aging. Thus, being able to accurately assess information processing speed is of high importance. One of the most commonly used tests to examine information processing speed is the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), which has been shown to have good psychometric properties. OBJECTIVES: The current study aims to examine differences between two response modalities, written and oral, on the performance of an adapted version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. METHODS: Ninety-nine individuals completed two alternate forms of the adapted version of the SDMT (aSDMT). Participants were instructed to complete the five lines of the task as quickly and accurately as possible. On one form participants were instructed to provide their response in writing and on the other one, orally. Form and response modality (oral vs. written) were counterbalanced to control for practice effects. RESULTS: On average, there was a significant difference between response modalities, such that participants needed more time to respond when the response modality was written. For both response modalities, time to complete each line of stimuli decreased as the task progressed. While changes in response time on the first four lines of stimuli on the oral version were not found, there was a substantial improvement in response time on the fifth line. In contrast, on the written version a gradual learning effect was observed, in which response time was the slowest on the first two lines, an intermediate response time was noted on line 3, and the fastest response time was achieved on lines four and five. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that response modality, oral versus written, can significantly impact performance efficiency (the length of time it takes to complete a task), but not accuracy (total correct responses), on a new adaptation of the SDMT, the aSDMT.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) present outstanding properties making them suitable as therapeutic agents for hyperthermia treatments. Since the main safety concerns of MNPs are represented by their inherent instability in a biological medium, strategies to both achieve long-term stability and monitor hazardous MNP degradation are needed. We combined a dynamic approach relying on flow field flow fractionation (FFF)-multidetection with conventional techniques to explore frame-by-frame changes of MNPs injected in simulated biological medium, hypothesize the interaction mechanism they are subject to when surrounded by a saline, protein-rich environment, and understand their behaviour at the most critical point of intravenous administration. In the first moments of MNPs administration in the patient, MNPs change their surrounding from a favorable to an unfavorable medium, i.e., a complex biological fluid such as blood; the particles evolve from a synthetic identity to a biological identity, a transition that needs to be carefully monitored. The dynamic approach presented herein represents an optimal alternative to conventional batch techniques that can monitor only size, shape, surface charge, and aggregation phenomena as an averaged information, given that they cannot resolve different populations present in the sample and cannot give accurate information about the evolution or temporary instability of MNPs. The designed FFF method equipped with a multidetection system enabled the separation of the particle populations providing selective information on their morphological evolution and on nanoparticle–proteins interaction in the very first steps of infusion. Results showed that in a dynamic biological setting and following interaction with serum albumin, PP-MNPs retain their colloidal properties, supporting their safety profile for intravenous administration.

Silver (Ag) is known to possess antimicrobial properties which is commonly attributed to soluble Ag ions. Here, we showed that Ag nanoparticles (NPs) potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection using two different pseudovirus neutralization assays. We also evaluated a set of Ag nanoparticles of different sizes with varying surface properties, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified Ag nanoparticles, and found that only the bare (unmodified) nanoparticles were able to prevent virus infection. For comparison, TiO

Magneto-ionics, which deals with the change of magnetic properties through voltage-driven ion migration, is expected to be one of the emerging technologies to develop energy-efficient spintronics. While a precise modulation of magnetism is achieved when voltage is applied, much more uncontrolled is the spontaneous evolution of magneto-ionic systems upon removing the electric stimuli (i.e., post-stimulated behavior). Here, we demonstrate a voltage-controllable N ion accumulation effect at the outer surface of CoN films adjacent to a liquid electrolyte, which allows for the control of magneto-ionic properties both during and after voltage pulse actuation (i.e., stimulated and post-stimulated behavior, respectively). This effect, which takes place when the CoN film thickness is below 50 nm and the voltage pulse frequency is at least 100 Hz, is based on the trade-off between generation (voltage ON) and partial depletion (voltage OFF) of ferromagnetism in CoN by magneto-ionics. This novel effect may open opportunities for new neuromorphic computing functions, such as post-stimulated neural learning under deep sleep., Financial support by the European Research Council (MAGIC-SWITCH 2019-Proof of Concept Grant, Agreement No. 875018), the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (European Training Network, BeMAGIC ETN/ITN Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant No. 861145; and Integrated Infrastructure, RADIATE, grant No. 824096), the Spanish Government (MAT2017-86357-C3-1-R, PID2020-116844RB-C21 and PDC2021-121276-C3), the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR-292 and 2018-LLAV-00032), the European Regional Development Fund (MAT2017-86357-C3-1-R and 2018-LLAV-00032) and the KU Leuven (BOF program) is acknowledged. A. Q. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (FUNFUTURE CEX2019-000917-S) and the Juan de la Cierva formación contract (FJC2019-039780-I). J. S. thanks the Spanish Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre (FNMT) for fruitful discussions. The XAS measurements were performed at BL29-BOREAS beamline at ALBA Synchrotron with the collaboration of ALBA staff. We acknowledge service from MiNa Laboratory at IMN, and funding from CM (project S2018/NMT-4291 TEC2SPACE), MINECO (project CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE). E. M. is a Serra Húnter Fellow., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).