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Guided by the Theory of Racial Socialization in Action (TRSA; Smith‐Bynum in press), this study examined observed caregiver‐provided ethnic‐racial socialization in response to a school‐based discriminatory dilemma. Forty‐five Black and 36 Latinx caregivers (88% mothers) with low‐income and their children (Mage = 11.09, SD = 0.29; 46.3% female) participated in Dallas, Texas from 2018 to 2019. Dyads responded to a hypothetical scenario in which a school counselor makes a discriminatory comment to the child. Results of a factor mixture analysis suggested that caregivers engaged in the dialogue using one of four approaches: Low‐engaged, Legacy, Racial Literacy, or High‐engaged. Profiles were found to differ significantly by the race/ethnicity and language of caregivers and were associated with youth's concurrent behavioral engagement (R2 =.04). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Survivors of breast cancer with persistent cancer-related fatigue (CRF) report less exercise participation compared with survivors of breast cancer without CRF. Although CRF predicts other domains of self-efficacy among survivors, the effect of CRF on exercise self-efficacy (ESE)—an important predictor of exercise participation—has not been quantified. This study examined the relationship between CRF, ESE, and exercise participation and explored the lived experience of engaging in exercise among survivors of breast cancer with persistent CRF. Methods Fifty-eight survivors of breast cancer (3.7 [SD = 2.4] years after primary treatment) self-reported CRF, ESE, and exercise participation (hours of moderate-intensity exercise per week). Regression and mediation analyses were conducted. Survivors who reported clinically significant CRF and weekly exercise were purposively sampled for 1-on-1 interviews (N = 11). Thematic analysis was performed across participants and within higher versus lower ESE subsets. Results Greater CRF predicted lower ESE (β  = −0.32) and less exercise participation (β  = −0.08). ESE mediated the relationship between CRF and exercise participation (β  = −0.05, 95% CI = −0.09 to −0.02). Qualitative data showed that survivors of breast cancer with higher ESE perceived exercise as a strategy to manage fatigue, described self-motivation and commitment to exercise, and had multiple sources of support. In contrast, survivors with lower ESE described less initiative to manage fatigue through exercise, greater difficulty staying committed to exercise, and less support. Conclusions Survivors of breast cancer with persistent CRF may experience decreased ESE, which negatively influences exercise participation. Clinicians should screen for or discuss confidence as it relates to exercise and consider tailoring standardized exercise recommendations for this population to optimize ESE. This may facilitate more sustainable exercise participation and improve outcomes. Impact This study highlights the behavioral underpinnings of CRF as a barrier to exercise. Individualized exercise tailored to optimize ESE may facilitate sustainable exercise participation among survivors of breast cancer with CRF. Strategies for clinicians to address ESE are described and future research is suggested. Lay Summary Women with fatigue after breast cancer treatment may have lower confidence about their ability to engage in exercise. Individually tailoring exercise to build confidence as it relates to exercise may result in more consistent exercise and better health-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the relationship between the English index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and the incidence of pre‐eclampsia (PE), evaluate the distribution of IMD in a cohort of ethnically diverse pregnant women in South East England and assess whether IMD improves the prediction of PE compared with that provided by the 'history‐only' competing‐risks model (based on maternal characteristics and medical history). Methods: This was a prospective, observational study of 159 125 women with a singleton pregnancy who attended their first routine hospital visit at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation in two maternity hospitals in the UK. The inclusion criteria were delivery at ≥ 24 weeks' gestation of babies without major abnormality. Participants completed a questionnaire on demographic characteristics and obstetric and medical history, which was then reviewed by a doctor together with the woman. Patients were asked to self‐identify as white, black, South Asian, East Asian or mixed race. IMD was used as a measure of socioeconomic status, which takes into account income, employment, education, skills and training, health and disability, crime, barriers to housing and services, and living environment. Each neighborhood is ranked according to their level of deprivation relative to that of other areas into one of five equal groups, with Quintile 1 containing the 20% most deprived areas and Quintile 5 containing the 20% least deprived areas. IMD was assigned based on a woman's postcode. Risk factors for PE and its incidence were assessed across IMD using chi‐square test or t‐test, as appropriate. The relationship between IMD and gestational age at delivery with PE was evaluated by fitting parametric survival models for IMD alone, IMD combined with race and IMD combined with the Fetal Medicine Foundation history‐only competing‐risks model. Results: The incidence of PE (n = 4088, 2.6%) increased progressively across IMD quintiles, from 2.0% in Quintile 5 (least deprived) to 3.0% in Quintile 1 (most deprived). Compared with white women and those in other racial groups, black women had a higher incidence of PE (4.8%), were less often in IMD Quintiles 4 and 5, and were more often in IMD Quintiles 1 and 2. None of the IMD quintiles improved the prediction of PE compared with that provided by the history‐only competing‐risks model (which includes race). The history‐only competing‐risks model with vs without IMD had a similar detection rate for delivery with PE at < 37 weeks' gestation (44.1% (95% CI, 41.1–47.2%) vs 43.9% (95% CI, 40.1–47.0%)) and at any gestational age (35.2% (95% CI, 33.8–36.7%) vs 35.1% (95% CI, 33.7–36.6%)), at a 10% screen‐positive rate. Conclusions: The incidence of PE is higher in women living in the most deprived areas in South East England and in black women (vs those of other racial groups), who also live in areas of higher deprivation. However, in screening for PE, inclusion of IMD does not improve the prediction of PE provided by race and other maternal characteristics and elements of medical history. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is a major cause of hypertension in maternal and fetal. Atlastin‐1 (ATL1), one regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology, participates in tubular ER formation and protein synthesis. The objective of this study is to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of ATL1 in PE. GEO databases showed that ATL1 was upregulated in PE patients. Our data also found that ATL1 was highly expressed in PE placental tissues. The cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of HTR‐8/SVneo cells increased/decreased after the downregulation/upregulation of ATL1. The mTOR pathway is the downstream pathway of ATL1. The levels of p‐p70S6K and p‐mTOR were increased/decreased after the downregulation/upregulation of ATL1. Moreover, rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR pathway, reversed the promotive effect of siATL1 on proliferation, migration, and invasion in HTR‐8/SVneo cells. In conclusion, ATL1 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of trophoblast cells via the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway in HTR‐8/SVneo cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note introduces the Initial Participation Model, which theorizes continued participation in a activity or group before individuals make commitment is a function of: enjoyment, feeling of inclusion, and/or involvement opportunities. The specific focus of this research is investigating how deficiency in enjoyment, feeling of inclusion, and involvement opportunities may discourage continuing participation in competitive swimming by underrepresented populations such as African American, Black, Hispanic, Latino, Native American, Pacific Islander and low-socioeconomic communities. Details explain how initial participation differs from other sport stages by emphasizing participation; relating to program instead of sport; and resetting each time an individual joins a new activity or group. Two examples are offered illustrating how the model may be used for identifying points of intervention that stimulate continued initial participation. Also included are specific factors constructing the model and future testing plans for validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As esports grow, public authorities have many concerns about the potential negative health effects of this "sedentary" practice. This work proposes a systematic review on the links between esports and physical activity (PA). The research questions guiding this review are as follows: (1) What is the PA level of esports players? (2) Do data exist regarding the influence of participation in esports on players' PA? (3) Based on these findings, what future research questions should be asked and what studies should be conducted? Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed that esports players appeared to be active, exceeding World Health Organization recommendations, in 13 studies and inactive or low-active in four studies. The different populations of players do not appear to have the same degree of PA. High-level, professional, and/or supervised players appear to be more physically active. However, some data are inconsistent, and our review highlights several biases and methodological limitations. Additionally, while we have found no studies providing data on the influence of esports on PA, five studies highlight several factors that could push players to engage in PA. Finally, further research is needed using objective measurement tools and characterizing and accurately distinguishing between players' levels of expertise and the type of game played. The nature and modalities of the PA also need to be clarified. We encourage supplementing these quantitative data with qualitative data obtained through interviews to provide a description and understanding of the influence of esports on PA engagement, re-engagement, retention, and withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are important antigen presenting cells which can release extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying functional cargo including non‐coding RNAs. Macrophages can be broadly classified into M1 'classical' and M2 'alternatively‐activated' macrophages. M1 macrophages have been linked with inflammation‐associated pathologies, whereas a switch towards an M2 phenotype indicates resolution of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Here, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of the small RNA cargo of EVs from human M1 and M2 primary macrophages. Using small RNA sequencing, we identified several types of small non‐coding RNAs in M1 and M2 macrophage EVs including miRNAs, isomiRs, tRNA fragments, piRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and Y‐RNA fragments. Distinct differences were observed between M1 and M2 EVs, with higher relative abundance of miRNAs, and lower abundance of tRNA fragments in M1 compared to M2 EVs. MicroRNA‐target enrichment analysis identified several gene targets involved in gene expression and inflammatory signalling pathways. EVs were also enriched in tRNA fragments, primarily originating from the 5′ end or the internal region of the full length tRNAs, many of which were differentially abundant in M1 and M2 EVs. Similarly, several other small non‐coding RNAs, namely snRNAs, snoRNAs and Y‐RNA fragments, were differentially enriched in M1 and M2 EVs; we discuss their putative roles in macrophage EVs. In conclusion, we show that M1 and M2 macrophages release EVs with distinct RNA cargo, which has the potential to contribute to the unique effect of these cell subsets on their microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to investigate whether task-evoked pupillary responses measured during encoding, individual working memory capacity and noise reduction in hearing aids were associated with the likelihood of subsequently recalling an item in an auditory free recall test combined with pupillometry. Participants with mild to moderately severe symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss (n = 21) were included. The Sentence-final Word Identification and Recall (SWIR) test was administered in a background noise composed of sixteen talkers with noise reduction in hearing aids activated and deactivated. The task-evoked peak pupil dilation (PPD) was measured. The Reading Span (RS) test was used as a measure of individual working memory capacity. Larger PPD at a single trial level was significantly associated with higher likelihood of subsequently recalling a word, presumably reflecting the intensity of attention devoted during encoding. There was no clear evidence of a significant relationship between working memory capacity and subsequent memory recall, which may be attributed to the SWIR test and RS test being administered in different modalities, as well as differences in task characteristics. Noise reduction did not have a significant effect on subsequent memory recall. This may be due to the background noise not having a detrimental effect on attentional processing at the favorable signal-to-noise ratio levels at which the test was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synchronization of neuronal discharges on the millisecond scale has long been recognized as a prevalent and functionally important attribute of neural activity. In this article, I review classical concepts and corresponding evidence of the mechanisms that govern the synchronization of distributed discharges in cortical networks and relate those mechanisms to their possible roles in coding and cognitive functions. To accommodate the need for a selective, directed synchronization of cells, I propose that synchronous firing of distributed neurons is a natural consequence of spike-timing- dependent plasticity (STDP) that associates cells repetitively receiving temporally coherent input: the "synchrony through synaptic plasticity" hypothesis. Neurons that are excited by a repeated sequence of synaptic inputs may learn to selectively respond to the onset of this sequence through synaptic plasticity. Multiple neurons receiving coherent input could thus actively synchronize their firing by learning to selectively respond at corresponding temporal positions. The hypothesis makes several predictions: first, the position of the cells in the network, as well as the source of their input signals, would be irrelevant as long as their input signals arrive simultaneously; second, repeating discharge patterns should get compressed until all or some part of the signals are synchronized; and third, this compression should be accompanied by a sparsening of signals. In this way, selective groups of cells could emerge that would respond to some recurring event with synchronous firing. Such a learned response pattern could further be modulated by synchronous network oscillations that provide a dynamic, flexible context for the synaptic integration of distributed signals. I conclude by suggesting experimental approaches to further test this new hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Using data from 1721 participants in a community‐based randomized control trial of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia compared with patient education, we employed linear mixed modelling analyses to examine whether chronotype moderated the benefits of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on self‐reported levels of insomnia severity, fatigue and psychological distress. Baseline self‐ratings on the reduced version of the Horne–Östberg Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire were used to categorize the sample into three chronotypes: morning type (n = 345; 20%); intermediate type (n = 843; 49%); and evening type (n = 524; 30%). Insomnia Severity Index, Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention (9 weeks). For individuals with self‐reported morning or intermediate chronotypes, digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia was superior to patient education on all ratings (Insomnia Severity Index, Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) at follow‐up (p‐values ≤ 0.05). For individuals with self‐reported evening chronotype, digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia was superior to patient education for Insomnia Severity Index and Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, but not on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p = 0.139). There were significant differences in the treatment effects between the three chronotypes on the Insomnia Severity Index (p = 0.023) estimated difference between evening and morning type of −1.70, 95% confidence interval: −2.96 to −0.45, p = 0.008, and estimated difference between evening and intermediate type −1.53, 95% confidence interval: −3.04 to −0.03, p = 0.046. There were no significant differences in the treatment effects between the three chronotypes on the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (p = 0.488) or the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p = 0.536). We conclude that self‐reported chronotype moderates the effects of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on insomnia severity, but not on psychological distress or fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to lymphoscintigraphically assess the effect of skin mobilization, nonspecific massage, and manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on the root of the lower limb in patients with lower limb lymphedema. Lower limb root lymphoscintigraphical exams of 80 patients with lower limb lymphedema were analyzed. All patients underwent our stand 3 phase protocol and then were subjected to the 4th phase which included 3 subphases. Images were taken directly after the injection (subphase 1), after pinching and stretching the injection site (subphase 2), after nonspecific massage was applied to the injected site (subphase 3) and after manual lymphatic drainage of the injected site (subphase 4). The number of opened lymphatic pathways was analyzed and compared after and between each subphase (SP). SP 1 displayed open lymphatic pathways in 22 of the 80 cases (27.5%). SP 2 displayed newly opened lymphatic pathways in 48 of the 80 cases (60.0%). SP 3 displayed newly opened lymphatic pathways in 57 of the 80 cases (71.3%). Only 9 of these 57 cases did not show improvement following the next SP. SP 4 displayed newly opened lymphatic pathways in 60 of the 80 cases (75.1%). MLD improved the visualization of the lymphatic pathways in 48 cases (60%) compared to phase 3. MLD was the only technique to allow visualization of the lymphatic drainage at the level of the root of the edematous limb in 6 cases (7.5%). Physical therapy leads to a greater number of lymphatic collaterals opening in a region where no other complex decongestive therapy technique can be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Droughts are a natural, recurrent climate extreme that can inflict long-lasting devastation on natural ecosystems and socio-economic sectors. Unlike other natural hazards, drought onset is insidious and often affects a greater spatial extent over a prolonged temporal scale. In the United States the evolution of drought and its impacts are typically region-specific and intensified precipitation variability may obscure how drought may manifest. In this study, we examine the spatiotemporal trends of drought using self-organizing maps (SOM), competitive learning subset of artificial neural networks (ANN), requiring unsupervised training of inputs. We introduced monthly Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values to the SOM to identify existing clusters of wetting and drying patterns from 1895 to 2016. After training, we created cartographic visualizations of the SOM output and conducted a subsequent time-series analysis to link with the geographic patterns of drought. Over the last 40 years, precipitation intensified in the Northeast, Midwest, and upper Great Plains across several nodes. Across the majority of SOM patterns, we identified no significant changes of drying or wetting patterns over the last century for the greater part of the CONUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a prevalent complication during the gestation period, has been linked to impaired proliferation and migration of trophoblasts causing placental maldevelopment. We previously found that lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) played an essential role in GDM progression. Here, we investigated the precise biological functions as well as the upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms of XIST in GDM. We found that XIST and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) were conspicuously upregulated and miR-497-5p and methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) were downregulated in the placentas of GDM patients. XIST silencing facilitated proliferation and migration and inhibited cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HG-cultured HTR8/SVneo cells. METTL14 inhibited XIST expression through m6A methylation modification. XIST overexpression abrogated the positive effect of METTL14 overexpression on HG-cultured HTR8/SVneo cell progression. MiR-497-5p and FOXO1 are downstream regulatory genes of XIST in HTR8/SVneo cells. Reverse experiments illustrated that XIST mediated HTR8/SVneo cell functions by regulating the miR-497-5p/FOXO1 axis. Additionally, XIST silencing augmented glucose tolerance and alleviated fetal detrimental changes in GDM rats. To conclude, METTL14-mediated XIST silencing facilitated proliferation and migration and inhibited cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HG-cultured HTR8/SVneo cells via the miR-497-5p/FOXO1 axis, thereby alleviating GDM progression in rats., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: The competing-risks model for assessment of risk for pre-eclampsia (PE) at 35-37 weeks' gestation identifies the majority of women who are at high risk of subsequent delivery with PE. We aimed to examine the incidence and relative risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in patient groups stratified according to the estimated risk of delivery with PE.Methods: This was a prospective non-interventional, observational study in women with a singleton pregnancy attending for a routine hospital visit at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation. The risk of delivery with PE for each patient in the study population was estimated using the competing-risks model, combining the prior distribution of gestational age at delivery with PE and the likelihood from multiples of the median values of mean arterial pressure, placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1. The patients were assigned to one of the following five risk categories: Group A, ≥ 1 in 2; Group B, 1 in 5 to 1 in 3; Group C, 1 in 20 to 1 in 6; Group D, 1 in 50 to 1 in 21; and Group E, < 1 in 50. The outcome measures were delivery with PE, gestational hypertension (GH), small-for-gestational age (SGA) at birth, delivery by Cesarean section, stillbirth, neonatal death, perinatal death and admission to the neonatal unit (NNU) for at least 48 h. In each risk category, the proportion of women with each adverse outcome was determined and relative risks (RR) were calculated as compared with the lowest-risk Group E.Results: In the study population of 29 035 women, 1.6%, 2.7%, 8.2%, 9.8% and 77.8% were categorized into Groups A, B, C, D and E, respectively. Compared with women in Group E, women in the higher-risk groups were more likely to have an adverse outcome. The RR of delivery with PE in Group A compared with Group E was 65.5 (95% CI, 54.1-79.1) and the respective values were 11.9 (95% CI, 9.1-15.5) for GH, 1.8 (95% CI, 1.5-2.1) for delivery by emergency Cesarean section, 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2-1.8) for delivery by elective Cesarean section, 8.9 (95% CI, 7.4-10.8) for SGA with birth weight < 3rd percentile, 4.8 (95% CI, 4.3-5.4) for SGA with birth weight < 10th percentile, 5.3 (95% CI, 1.4-20.5) for stillbirth and 3.4 (95% CI, 2.8-4.2) for NNU admission for ≥ 48 h. The RR for these pregnancy complications in higher-risk groups (vs Group E) was particularly high for cases with delivery within 2 weeks after assessment. In terms of SGA, both for birth weight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles, the trend in all cases was stronger than that observed when the analysis was confined to normotensive pregnancies. The rates of neonatal death were too small to allow meaningful comparisons between risk groups.Conclusion: Pregnant women identified by the competing-risks model to be at high risk of PE are also at increased risk of GH, Cesarean section, stillbirth, SGA and NNU admission for ≥ 48 h. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, we have shown that pupil dilation during a recognition memory task can serve as an index of memory retrieval difficulties in autism. At the time of publication, we were unaware of specific data‐analysis methods that can be used to shed further light on the origins of such memory related pupil dilation. Specifically, by distinguishing "tonic" from "phasic" changes in pupil dilation and considering their temporal progression, it is possible to draw inferences about the functional integrity of a locus coeruleus—norepinephrine system (LC‐NE) that is known to play a key role in regulating memory encoding and retrieval processes. We therefore apply these analyses to our previously published eye‐tracking data of adults with ASD (N = 24) and neurotypical development (TD, N = 30) during the recognition memory task. In this re‐analysis, we related pupil dilation during encoding and retrieval to recognition accuracy in a per‐trial analysis of linear mixed models. In ASD, we replicated attenuated recognition accuracy, which was accompanied by attenuated pupil dilation during encoding and retrieval. Group differences in pupil dilation during retrieval occurred late during the trial (after 1.75 s) and indicated an altered top‐down processing like attenuated attribution of semantic salience in response to previously encoded stimuli. In addition, only in the ASD group were higher pupil dilation during encoding and lower pupil dilation during retrieval associated with decreased recognition accuracy. This supports altered modulation of memory encoding and retrieval in ASD, with LC‐NE phasic activity as promising underlying mechanism. Lay Summary: We investigated the changes of pupil size during memory testing in autism spectrum disorder. Adults with ASD remembered fewer items correctly than neurotypical individuals (TD). This reduced memory was related to increased pupillary responses at study and decreased pupil dilation at test only for adults with ASD indicating a different modulation of memory by the locus coeruleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We disentangle whether students who believe they know about campus reporting avenues and procedures for addressing sexual misconduct are able to correctly respond to factually – based knowledge statements related to procedures and reporting. Data from a climate survey administered at one university were analyzed to explore how well students' perceptions of their knowledge about university sexual misconduct reporting and procedures match with their responses to factually – based knowledge statements (i.e., mandatory reporting, investigations, confidential resources, and accommodations for survivors). Many students who say they know about university reporting and procedures correctly respond to the factually – based statements. However, anywhere between one in five to one in three students responded incorrectly, and thus, have a disconnect between their perceived knowledge and factual knowledge. Implications for the inclusion of questions in climate surveys and future research are discussed. It is important to ensure students have a comprehensive understanding of campus reporting and procedures for addressing sexual misconduct as universities continue to respond to experiences of the campus community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation organizations seek to achieve multiple benefits for biodiversity and ecosystem services through protected area expansion, necessitating an understanding of potential co‐benefits and trade‐offs. We use benefit functions derived from modeled and best‐available data to characterize five benefits (habitat area, total species richness, threatened species richness, carbon storage, and recreational use) and examine how trade‐off assessments are influenced by policy context, when controlling for the effect of cost and future conversion threat. We applied a pairwise correlation (broad actions) and a "best sites" approach (narrow actions) for land protection across the contiguous United States. We also considered the spatial footprint of regional and thematic policies. Nationally, we find strong potential for co‐benefits between biodiversity, habitat, and carbon storage. Scope for co‐benefits is weaker when including recreational use, an ecosystem service driven primarily by human population. Crucially, we show that the conclusions one would draw regarding scope for co‐benefits can change markedly depending on the context and spatial footprint of policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed a turning point analysis to document events that influence the development of athletic identities in female athletes transitioning into high school. All participants (N = 28), between the ages of 14–15 years old, belonged to a competitive club soccer team located in the southwestern United States. Through an analysis of pre- and post-season interviews and bi-weekly video journal entries, data revealed several fragmenting turning point events related to participants' athletic identity development. These fragmenting turning points paired with the communication theory of identity (CTI) framework highlighted three identity gaps: (a) athletic-relational, (b) athletic-communal, and (c) athletic-enacted. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed regarding turning points in relation to athletic identity development and gender disparities in sport participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frictions between work and family life have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, causing negative consequences on the mental health and quality of life of workers. Without validated instruments, it is not possible to determine the impact of Work-Family and Family-Work conflict. To date, no studies have been conducted to provide evidence of the validity and reliability of The Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen (SWING; 22 items) in the population of Argentine workers. The SWING was administered to 611 Argentine workers of both sexes (73.6% female) aged between 18 and 70 years (M = 35.33; SD = 9.16) selected from a non-probabilistic accidental sampling. The confirmatory factor analysis showed satisfactory fit indices of the original four-factor model (χ2 = 647.073, gl = 203, CFI = 0.93, GFI = 0.92, NFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.05, AIC = 557.9, BIC = 821.5). The level of reliability was acceptable (α between 0.68 and 0.86, ω = 0.79-0.89). The relationships of the subscale scores with the engagement and burnout variables were as expected according to previous studies. Having an instrument adequately adapted to the population of Argentine workers facilitates the development of studies aimed at evaluating the role of W-F or F-W interactions and their implications for health and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops mathematical tools and approaches to investigate spatiotemporal patterns of firearm acquisition in the U.S. complemented by hypothesis testing and statistical analysis. First, state-level and nation-level instant background check (BC) data are employed as proxy of firearm acquisition corresponding to 1999–2021. The relative-phase time-series of BC in each U.S. state is recovered and utilized to calculate the time-series of the U.S. states' synchronization degree. We reveal that U.S. states present a high-level degree of synchronization except in 2010–2011 and after 2018. Comparing these results with respect to a sitting U.S. president provides additional information: specifically, any two presidential terms are characterized by statistically different synchronization degrees except G. W. Bush's first term and B. H. Obama's second term. Next, to detail variations of BC, short-time Fourier transform, dimensionality reduction techniques, and diffusion maps are implemented within a time-frequency representation. Firearm acquisition in the high frequency band is described by a low-dimensional embedding, in the form of a plane with two embedding coordinates. Data points on the embedding plane identify separate clusters that signify state transitions in the original BC data with respect to different time windows. Through this analysis, we reveal that the frequency content of the BC data has a time-dependent characteristic. By comparing the diffusion map at hand with respect to a presidential term, we find that at least one of the embedding coordinates presents statistically significant variations between any two presidential terms except B. H. Obama's first term and D. J. Trump's pre-COVID term. The results point at a possible interplay between firearm acquisition in the U.S. and a presidential term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is little evidence related to the effects of the Omicron severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant on pregnancy outcomes, particularly in unvaccinated women. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes of unvaccinated women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the pre-Delta, Delta and Omicron waves.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at two tertiary care facilities: Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. Included were women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during pregnancy, between 1 April 2020 and 14 February 2022. The cohort was divided into three periods according to the date of their positive RT-PCR test: (i) pre-Delta (1 April 2020 to 8 June 2021 in Turkey, and 1 April 2020 to 31 July 2021 in the UK), (ii) Delta (9 June 2021 to 27 December 2021 in Turkey, and 1 August 2021 to 27 December 2021 in the UK) and (iii) Omicron (after 27 December 2021 in both Turkey and the UK). Baseline data collected included maternal age, parity, body mass index, gestational age at diagnosis and comorbidities. The primary outcome was the need for oxygen supplementation, classified as oxygen support via nasal cannula or breather mask, non-invasive mechanical ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or high-flow oxygen, mechanical ventilation with intubation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Inferences were made after balancing of confounders, using an evolutionary search algorithm. Selected confounders were maternal age, body mass index and gestational age at diagnosis of infection.Results: During the study period, 1286 unvaccinated pregnant women with RT-PCR-proven SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified, comprising 870 cases during the pre-Delta period, 339 during the Delta wave and 77 during the Omicron wave. In the confounder-balanced cohort, infection during the Delta wave vs during the pre-Delta period was associated with increased need for nasal oxygen support (risk ratio (RR), 2.53 (95% CI, 1.75-3.65); P < 0.001), CPAP or high-flow oxygen (RR, 2.50 (95% CI, 1.37-4.56); P = 0.002), mechanical ventilation (RR, 4.20 (95% CI, 1.60-11.0); P = 0.003) and ECMO (RR, 11.0 (95% CI, 1.43-84.7); P = 0.021). The maternal mortality rate was 3.6-fold higher during the Delta wave compared to the pre-Delta period (5.3% vs 1.5%, P = 0.010). Infection during the Omicron wave was associated with a similar need for nasal oxygen support (RR, 0.62 (95% CI, 0.25-1.55); P = 0.251), CPAP or high-flow oxygen (RR, 1.07 (95% CI, 0.36-3.12); P = 0.906) and mechanical ventilation (RR, 0.44 (95% CI, 0.06-3.45); P = 0.438) with that in the pre-Delta period. The maternal mortality rate was similar during the Omicron wave and the pre-Delta period (1.3% vs 1.3%, P = 0.999). The need for nasal oxygen support during the Omicron wave was significantly lower compared to the Delta wave (RR, 0.26 (95% CI, 0.11-0.64); P = 0.003). Perinatal outcomes were available for a subset of the confounder-balanced cohort. Preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation was significantly increased during the Delta wave compared with the pre-Delta period (15.4% vs 4.9%, P < 0.001).Conclusions: Among unvaccinated pregnant women, SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Delta wave, in comparison to the pre-Delta period, was associated with increased requirement for oxygen support (including ECMO) and higher maternal mortality. Disease severity and pregnancy complications were similar between the Omicron wave and pre-Delta period. SARS-CoV-2 infection of unvaccinated pregnant women carries considerable risks of morbidity and mortality regardless of variant, and vaccination remains key. Miscommunication of the risks of Omicron infection may impact adversely vaccination uptake among pregnant women, who are at increased risk of complications related to SARS-CoV-2. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we identified (1) subgroups of youth during middle childhood who displayed distinct profiles of social emotional learning (SEL) skills including cooperation, prosocial behaviors, work habits, emotion regulation, and self-control; and (2) how these profiles predict longitudinal academic and social functioning during early adolescence. Using the NICHD SECCYD dataset (N = 932, 49% girls), four profiles emerged: relatively low SEL (14%), moderate-high SEL (51%), prosocial/self-control (22%), and cooperation/work habits (13%). Longitudinally, the prosocial/self-control group and cooperation/work habits group demonstrated area-specific weakness. The prosocial/self-control youth were at risk of poor academic competence; the high cooperation/work habit youth were at risk of poor social functioning whereas the relatively low SEL skills youth demonstrated highest risk in poor academic and social functioning in early adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated whether pupil size can variate with the intensity of cognitive processing in patients with behavioral-variant-Frontotemporal-Dementia (bvFTD). We invited five bvFTD participants and 21 controls to perform forward spans and backward spans, and, in a control condition, to count aloud. We recorded pupil activity using eye-tracking-glasses during the spans and control condition. Analysis demonstrated larger pupil sizes during backward spans than during forward spans, and larger pupil sizes during forward spans than during counting in both bvFTD and control participants. These findings demonstrate how increased cognitive load triggers increased pupil size and how this connection is maintained in bvFTD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many factors affecting decisions to persistent participation in sports and various approaches have been used to frame these antecedents. The aim of this paper was to systematically review and quantify the primary factors of persistent participation and to assess their respective strengths of association with persistent participation in youth sport. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search was implemented on 31st December 2021 in five databases and meta-analytic procedures were applied to data from studies meeting inclusion criteria. The results revealed that sports enjoyment (meta r = 0.45, 95%CI [0.42, 0.49]) was highly correlated with persistent intention, while persistent intention (SMD = 1.13, 95%CI [0.70, 1.56]) was highly correlated with persistent behavior. In addition, parental support, coach support, peer support, basic psychological needs and sports competence were the primary factors associated with persistent intention and persistent behavior, respectively. This study identified the key factors related to persistent participation and provide a complete understanding of children and adolescents’ decisions to continue their participation in organized sports. Referring to the key factors, it can provide information for sports clubs and policy makers to develop strategies to increase youth participation in organized sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine a extended model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model by adding the variables of the flow theory and to investigate Chinese university students' exercise behavior and its influence factors.Methods: The hypothesized model was validated through testing three competing models using a sample collected from 248 Chinese university students involving 165 males and 83 females.Results: The three competitive models fitted well and predicted exercise behavior significantly. Among them, the enjoyment + TPB model is the optimal model.Conclusions: Enjoyment and concentration can all predicting exercise behavior directly or indirectly. Enjoyment is stronger than concentration in predicting TPB constructs and exercise behavior, and it is a more important predictor than concentration in the field of exercise behavior research. Values. Research provides insights to better understand the exercise behavior of Chinese university students as well as useful information for designing exercise interventions and developing university students' education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working sole mothers (i.e., nonpartnered women who work) may experience elevated family demands that impose barriers to pursuing health behaviors during their daily leisure time. We aimed to map the process through which evening family demands influence leisure‐time health behaviors in this priority population of employees, in an effort to identify targets for intervention development and health disparity reduction. Conducting a 7‐day daily survey study in a sample of 102 working sole mothers, we supported perceptions of control over leisure time as a key mechanism linking evening family demands to leisure‐time exercise. Furthermore, we identified the individual difference of present focus (i.e., a tendency to focus on current experiences) as a key factor that alters how evening family demands affect control over leisure time, which ultimately mitigates the detrimental influence of these demands on evening exercise engagement. In contrast, we did not find evidence to support relationships of evening family demands with the health behaviors of leisure time consumption of alcohol or high sugar, high fat foods via control over leisure time. We discuss how our findings advance theory regarding how family demands influence health and inform practical efforts to reduce health disparities that working sole mothers face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities have increasingly intensified the severity, frequency, and negative impacts of droughts in several regions across the world. This trend has led to broader scientific conceptualizations of drought risk that account for human actions and their interplays with natural systems. This review focuses on physical and engineering sciences to examine the way and extent to which these disciplines account for social processes in relation to the production and distribution of drought risk. We conclude that this research has significantly progressed in terms of recognizing the role of humans in reshaping drought risk and its socioenvironmental impacts. We note an increasing engagement with and contribution to understanding vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation patterns. Moreover, by advancing (socio)hydrological models, developing numerical indexes, and enhancing data processing, physical and engineering scientists have determined the extent of human influences in the propagation of drought hazard. However, these studies do not fully capture the complexities of anthropogenic transformations. Very often, they portray society as homogeneous, and decision‐making processes as apolitical, thereby concealing the power relations underlying the production of drought and the uneven distribution of its impacts. The resistance in engaging explicitly with politics and social power—despite their major role in producing anthropogenic drought—can be attributed to the strong influence of positivist epistemologies in engineering and physical sciences. We suggest that an active engagement with critical social sciences can further theorizations of drought risk by shedding light on the structural and historical systems of power that engender every socioenvironmental transformation. This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of kidney transplantation in a 28-year-old patient who received a heart transplant at 7 weeks of age due to hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The patient's renal insufficiency was the result of chronic immunosuppression and hypertension. The almost 28-year-old graft demonstrated very good function. This patient represents as one of the longest pediatric cardiac graft recipients living without any significant functional limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relationships between financial literacy, financial judgment, and cognitive ability at older ages. We find people who actively manage their own retirement savings portfolios display greater levels of financial literacy and judgment than those who do not. We identify the different cognitive processes underlying financial judgment and decision‐making tasks versus those underlying learned concepts such as basic financial literacy. Although these decline at different rates the latter may potentially compensate for, and mask declines, in the former. We find an overall low propensity to seek financial advice which has no significant relationship with cognitive functioning. Our findings underscore the importance of monitoring cognitive ability in older ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of bilingualism on child development have been extensively examined in last decades. Research reveals that simultaneous use of two or more languages affects child's language development, cognitive and social skills. The current study focuses on the so-far understudied theory of emotion understanding in bilingual children. A cohort of 593 bilingual and monolingual 5–6-year-olds took the Russian version of the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) that assesses three components of emotion understanding: emotion understanding of external causes of emotions, reflective causes of emotions; and mental causes of emotions. Our results revealed no group differences between overall emotion understanding and understanding of external and reflective causes of emotions. However, monolingual children had a slightly better understanding of mental causes of emotions compared to bilingual children, when controlling for age, gender, and non-verbal intelligence. These results suggest that children growing up in bilingual environments might require more time and/or language/culture exposure to master the ability to understand mental causes of emotions, taking into account cultural differences, as well as the semantic and lexical differences in emotion labelling and emotion expression in each language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral alcohols are important synthetic intermediates and building blocks for the synthesis of drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products. Asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones has been the most investigated method for accessing chiral alcohols. In this regard, organocatalyzed asymmetric reduction, as a complementary method to transition-metal- and enzyme-catalyzed reactions, has attracted tremendous interest in the past decades due to the reactions with such catalysts being metal-free and easy to operate, and principally, the ease of recovery and the ability to reuse the catalysts. Following up on a comprehensive overview on organocatalyzed asymmetric reductions of prochiral ketones in early 2018, this short review is intended to summarize the recent progress in this area from the beginning of 2018 until the end of August 2021. 1 Introduction 2 Boron-Based Chiral Organocatalysts 2.1 Boron-Containing Chiral Schiff Base Catalysts 2.2 Chiral Alpine-Borane Catalysts 2.3 Boron-Containing Chiral Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts 2.4 Chiral Borate Ester–Amine Complex Catalysts 3 Phosphorus-Based Chiral Organocatalysts 3.1 Chiral Phosphoric Acid Organocatalysts 3.2 Chiral Phosphinamide and Phosphoramide Organocatalysts 4 Chiral Ionic Liquid Organocatalysts 5 Chiral-Oxazoline-Based Organocatalysts 6 Conclusion and Outlook [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the mechanism through which liver cirrhosis (LC) causes erectile dysfunction (ED). Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the potential signalling pathways in LC‐induced ED, and N‐nitrosodiethylamine was used to establish a rat model of LC. H&E staining, Western blotting and RT‐qPCR were used to detect pathological tissue damage and changes in mRNA and protein expression levels. In addition, the expression levels of sex hormones such as estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were measured. The hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) pathway was an important pathway in our bioinformatics prediction. Pathological damages were detected in the liver and penile tissues of the model rats. Compared with the normal group's serum hormone levels, E2 and PRL were increased in LC rats, while T was decreased (p < 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression results from penis tissues showed that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were both downregulated, and HIF‐1α was upregulated in the model group compared to the normal group (p < 0.01). These data suggest that LC hinders erectile function and causes histopathological changes in the penis by affecting the expression of HIF‐1α, eNOS, iNOS, E2, PRL and T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for intercellular signalling in multi-cellular organisms. However, the role of mature transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and tRNA fragments in EVs has yet to be characterised. This systematic review aimed to identify up-to-date literature on tRNAs present within human EVs and explores their potential clinical significance in health and disease. A comprehensive and systematic literature search was performed, and the study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched up until 1 January 2022. From 685 papers, 60 studies were identified for analysis. The majority of papers reviewed focussed on the role of EV tRNAs in cancers (31.7%), with numerous other conditions represented. Blood and cell lines were the most common EV sources, representing 85.9% of protocols used. EV isolation methods included most known methods, precipitation being the most common (49.3%). The proportion of EV tRNAs was highly variable, ranging between 0.04% to >95% depending on tissue source. EV tRNAs are present in a multitude of sources and show promise as disease markers in breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, and other diseases. EV tRNA research is an emerging field, with increasing numbers of papers highlighting novel methodologies for tRNA and tRNA fragment discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latina farmworkers play an essential role as agricultural laborers while at the same time managing responsibilities at home. However, little attention has been paid to these women's lives, including how they manage the multiple roles they occupy. This is problematic in part because occupying multiple roles, particularly roles that may conflict with each other, can negatively influence well-being, including physical, mental, emotional, and economic well-being. In this research, we examine the work-family interface for Latina farmworkers, asking: What factors shape the experiences of Latina farmworkers as they navigate the work-family interface? Building from a broader multi-method and interdisciplinary study, this paper utilizes interview and focus group data to examine Latinas laboring in the agricultural fields of Idaho. Findings suggest that many supports in the work and family domains (e.g., supportive co-workers, friends, and family) can aid Latina farmworkers in fulfilling the various forms of labor they are responsible for. However, several family and work demands (e.g., single parenthood, difficult work hours and conditions) make it challenging for Latina farmworkers to fulfill the various forms of labor they are responsible for. Structural violence and intersectionality shape these women's experiences with both supports and demands in the work and family domains. Relatedly, we find that organizational, community, and geographic contexts shape the experiences of Latina farmworkers in fulfilling labor in the public and private spheres. In particular, race and gender, immigration and documentation status, community organizations, and rurality all shape the navigation of the work-family interface for these farmworkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore methodological considerations for recruiting stigmatised populations online. Advertising for research participants via social networking sites (SNS) has increasingly become a tool of choice for both quantitative and qualitative researchers. However, such recruitment practices pose a range of challenges for researchers, especially in handling negative commentary such as trolling and its potential negative impact on prospective research participants. Using a case study involving a project on the health and well-being of older lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people in Australia, we outline the types of commentary we received on our advertising campaign, as well as our strategies for managing such commentary. We seek to offer ways in which researchers working with stigmatised populations, as well as controversial issues that may attract hostile attention, can effectively manage participant recruitment as researchers increasingly utilise online technologies for recruitment advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present article is to outline a heuristic model that facilitates movement toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. We define the youth sport system as the set of interdependent persons and contexts that influence and are influenced by an athlete in youth sport. Our model builds directly from a systems perspective, and its tenets of holism, feedback loops, and roles. Specifically, we argue that the persons and contexts that surround an athlete in youth sport should be examined collectively, self-correct over time, and take on certain functions that are negotiated over time. The model extends past contributions toward integration by outlining how proximal and distal processes within youth sport can be studied in a more unified way. Looking forward, research designed to capture the nuanced ways persons and contexts influence and are influenced by one another in youth sport will be best positioned to impact theory and practice in meaningful ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study examined whether groups of children with different physical fitness and fitness enjoyment profiles could be identified and, if so, whether the different groups varied from one another in terms of organized sports participation. Method: Five hundred and fifty-eight 8–11-year-olds (56.99% boys) participated in this cross-sectional study. Physical fitness and fitness enjoyment were assessed with seven items from a standardized test battery and a pictorial scale containing pictures referring to the enjoyment in those seven physical fitness tests, respectively. To examine whether groups with different fitness and enjoyment profiles could be identified, we conducted cluster analyses based on children's standardized physical fitness and fitness enjoyment scores. A two-way ANCOVA (sex*cluster) was conducted to investigate differences in weekly organized sports participation among each of the identified groups while controlling for age. Results: Cluster analyses revealed two groups with aligned levels of physical fitness and fitness enjoyment (i.e., relatively low-low and relatively high-high) and two groups with unaligned levels (i.e., relatively low-moderate and relatively high-moderate), respectively. Both groups with relatively high fitness scores were found to spend significantly more time in organized sports (M = 2.01 h and 2.29 h, respectively) than the two groups with relatively low fitness scores (M = 1.08 h and 0.98 h, respectively), irrespective of their enjoyment levels. Conclusion: Increasing physical fitness levels (especially among those children with suboptimal enjoyment levels) may lead to increased organized sports participation, while increased organized sports participation in its turn may lead to higher fitness levels. As such, participation in sports programs should be promoted in children of all age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals' health information seeking is an important topic across multiple disciplines and areas. The aim of this systematic review is to create a holistic view of sexual and gender minority individuals' health information seeking reported in multidisciplinary studies, with regard to the types of health information LGBTQ+ individuals sought and information sources they used, as well as the factors influencing their health information seeking behavior. Design/methodology/approach: The review is based on the literature search in 10 major academic databases. A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was applied to identify studies that provide evidence on LGBTQ+ individuals' health information seeking behavior. The studies were first screened by title and abstract to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria. The full texts of each relevant study were obtained to confirm whether the exclusion criteria were met. The reference lists of the included studies were manually scanned. The relevant information was then extracted from selected articles and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Findings: A seed set of 3,122 articles published between 1997 and 2020 was evaluated, and 46 total articles were considered for further analysis. The review results show that two major categories of health information sought by LGBTQ+ individuals were sexual and nonsexual, which were further classified into 17 specific types. In terms of health information sources, researchers have reported that online resources, interpersonal sources and traditional media were frequently used. Moreover, 25 factors affecting LGBTQ+ individuals' health information seeking were identified from the literature. Originality/value: Through evidence-based understanding, this review preliminarily bridged the knowledge gap in understanding the status quo of studies on LGBTQ+ individuals' health information seeking and proposed the potential research directions that information science researchers could contribute to this important area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a new mobile money interface that permits Sri Lankans to deposit mobile airtime balances directly into a formal bank account. Randomizing access and prices, we find a small increase in savings deposits with the partner institution and formal banks more generally, but no change in overall savings. When the deposit transaction costs are completely removed, only 26% use the mobile deposit service and only 7% use it frequently. Our results imply that deposit transaction costs are not a significant barrier to increasing savings, limiting the potential gains of mobile-linked savings products for financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin is an important hormone in the regulation of circadian rhythms and has great antioxidant power. Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of its supplementation in the metabolic profile. Food sources have also been studied for complementary therapies. However, information on the bioavailability of food sources of melatonin is still scarce. Thus, the objective of this review is to gather in the literature studies that evaluate the relationship between food consumption and improvements in circulating melatonin in humans. In total, 178 studies were found, of which 11 were included in this review. The results show increases in the excretion of the melatonin metabolite (6‑sulfatoxymelatonin) or circulating melatonin for foods such as cherries, grapes, bananas, pineapples, dark green vegetables, Japanese vegetables and beer. Significant increases in melatonin were observed even after ingesting cultivars with low concentrations of this hormone. It was possible to assume that other nutrients that precede their synthesis (serotonin and tryptophan) could also have led to this increase. Although consumption of the foods found is beneficial in increasing circulating melatonin, further confirmatory studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is relative consensus in the literature regarding associations between certain emotion socialization (ES) strategies and youth behavioral health, there is very limited research from a person-centered perspective. To address this gap, the current study examined patterns of ES strategies in families and explored predictors and youth outcomes associated with those patterns. An economically-diverse sample of 229 predominately White mothers and fathers of youth aged 3–12 years was recruited online for a longitudinal study. Latent profile analysis was used to determine the optimal number of family clusters with similar ES profiles. Model fit supported a four-class model, which consisted of an Emotion Coaching profile, characterized by the lowest levels of putatively labeled unsupportive ES practices and the highest levels of putatively labeled supportive ES practices, a Moderate profile characterized by moderate levels of both unsupportive and supportive ES practices, a Limited Engagement profile characterized by low levels of both unsupportive and supportive ES practices, and an Emotion Dismissing profile characterized by the highest levels of unsupportive ES practices and the lowest levels of supportive ES practices. Cross-sectional and longitudinal differences were observed across the ES profiles with regard to demographic and parent emotional competence predictors and youth outcomes. The current study extends the literature on ES by providing evidence on how distinct ES profiles differentially predict youth behavioral health outcomes. Findings also underscore the importance of examining parent emotional competence as a catalyst for adaptive change in the family system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work–family conflict (WFC) is commonly experienced by individuals who have roles in both the work and family domains including graduate students with children and/or dependents. Graduate student-parents have the additional strain of school, which can contribute to school–family conflict (SFC) as well. The purpose of this study was to examine whether burnout mediates the deleterious effects of parent-based discrimination on work- and family-related outcomes. We used a mediation modeling design to test whether the distal effects of such bias occur due to increased levels of burnout. Results indicated that burnout mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and SFC and WFC. The control variables of gender, number of children, year in academic program, and residency status did not significantly predict burnout, SFC, or WFC. Practical and clinical implications are discussed in addition to suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (iCBT-I) provides scalable access to psychological interventions; however, the effectiveness of these courses during COVID-19 has not been examined. This study investigated the uptake and potential effectiveness of iCBT-I during the first 10 months of the pandemic in Australia (March- December 2020) and compared outcomes in the year prior. Two thousand six hundred and ninety-four adults commenced a four-lesson iCBT-I course (1,883 during the pandemic; 811 in the year before). Measures of insomnia and psychological distress were administered pre-, mid- and post-treatment. In the COVID-19 period, we observed a 140% increase in monthly course registrations compared to the year prior (with a peak increase of 257% from April-June 2020). Insomnia symptom severity was marginally lower for the during-COVID group compared to the pre-COVID group, although levels of psychological distress were similar. Before and during COVID-19, iCBT-I was associated with large effect size reductions in insomnia symptom severity (gs =.86–1.09) and small effect size improvements in psychological distress and wellbeing (gs = 0.34–0.41). iCBT-I uptake substantially increased during the pandemic; treatment outcomes were similar. The findings demonstrate the scalability and potential effectiveness of iCBT-I. Key Points What is already known about this topic: Insomnia is a significant public health issue. Internet delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT) is effective in reducing insomnia symptom severity. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a large impact on mental health with higher estimated rates of insomnia during the pandemic. What this topic adds: Uptake of an online insomnia course increased by >180% during COVID-19. The course was associated with large effect size reductions in insomnia symptoms. Results highlight the utility and scalability of digital mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of a country is responsible and accountable for the provision of quality healthcare services to its citizens. Teenage pregnancy and its complications occur worldwide. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) are considered the third leading cause of maternal mortality in South Africa. The current study investigated the implementation of the 2016 Department of Health Guidelines for Maternity Care in South Africa for HDP in teenagers. A retrospective quantitative research design was used. A sample of 173 maternity records of pregnant teenagers diagnosed with hypertension were systematically sampled from the period of January 2019 to December 2019 in six district hospitals and one community health centre in one district in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. The respondents were aged between 13 and 19 years. A pretested structured checklist was used to record the data. The Social Sciences Statistics Software IBM SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyse the data, and simple descriptive statistics to present the findings. The findings revealed that maternity care for pregnant teenagers with hypertension was not implemented according to the prescribed GMCSA. None of the pregnant teenagers received aspirin as prophylaxis against the development of hypertension; 82% were not assessed for oedema during the initial visit; and 90.17% were not assessed during antenatal care (ANC) periods. Mental state assessment was done on only 1.7% of the pregnant teenagers. The study found discrepancies in the implementation of the GMCSA for HDP, compromising maternity care among teenagers. Strategies for improving the quality of maternity care for pregnant teenagers are deemed necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined sleep concerns among direct-care workers in long-term care and their perceived need for a sleep intervention. Thirty-five participants reported their sleep concerns and willingness to participate in a sleep intervention with preferred delivery forms/content. Multiple sleep characteristics were assessed via ecological momentary assessment and actigraphy for 2 weeks. Eighty percent reported at least one sleep concern with insomnia-related concerns being most prevalent. Those with insomnia-related concerns tended to have long sleep onset latency, frequent awakenings, suboptimal (long) sleep duration, and long naps. Most participants (66%) expressed interest in participating in a sleep intervention either online or in group sessions; interest was higher in those with insomnia-related concerns. Mindfulness strategies were most preferred, followed by cognitive-behavioral therapy and sleep hygiene education. The high prevalence of insomnia-related concerns in direct-care workers needs to be addressed for the well-being of these workers and for the quality of geriatric care delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]