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Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca La Pastora, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 4 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Ulloa: Finca La Catalina, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Santana', 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP). Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. Selenaspidus articulatus is a tropicopolitan species (Williams and Watson 1988a). This species was found on the upper surface of leaves of the 'Lorena' and 'Santana' cultivars., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)","Williams, D., and G. Watson. 1988 a. The scale insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 1. The armoured scales (Diaspididae). C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology. London. 291 p."]}

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca Los Alpes, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 2 (UVCO); Same data except 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 2 (UVCO); Caicedonia: Finca El Palmar, 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 31.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 3 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Finca La Cabaña, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 9.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP). Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. The latania scale, H. lataniae is a highly polyphagous cosmopolitan species. It has been recorded on 278 genera in 78 plant families (Borchsenius 1966). In the present study we found this species only on twigs of the 'Lorena' cultivar., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)","Borchsenius, N. 1966. A catalogue of the armoured scale insects (Diaspidoidea) of the world. Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, Russia. 449 p."]}

Saissetia neglecta De Lotto (Fig. 1H) Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca La Porra, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Finca Los Alpes, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Finca Villa del Sol, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Finca La Pastora, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP). Caicedonia: Finca La Cabaña, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Finca Corinto, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Finca El Chaquiro, 04°17 ′ 00.0 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 24.7 ″ W, 1651 m; Finca Las Margaritas, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (UVCO). Palmira: Rozo, Finca Brasil, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, 1 (MECP). Ulloa: Finca La Catalina, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 04.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (UVCO). Distribution. Australasian: Vanuatu. Nearctic: Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Argentina, Belize, Bermuda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Galapagos Islands, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela. Oriental: Hong Kong (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. In the present study, the Caribbean black scale, S. neglecta was commonly found on twigs of 'Booth 8', 'Lorena', 'Santana' and 'Trinidad' cultivars., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)"]}

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca El Edén, 04°39 ′ 38.4 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 33.1 ″ W, 1421 m, 31.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Finca La Pastora, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, 1 (UVCO); Finca Santacruz, 04°39 ′ 47.1 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 20.7 ″ W, 1223 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Caicedonia: Finca El Chaquiro, 04°17 ′ 00.0 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 24.7 ″ W, 1651 m, 02.iii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO). Distribution. Afrotropical: Ivory Coast, Reunion, Seychelles. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii). Australasian: Indonesia. Australasian: Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu. Nearctic: Canada, Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Galapagos Islands, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Trinidad and Tobago; U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela. Oriental: Brunei, India, Cambodia, Malaysia, Maldives, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. The species was collected on leaves of the 'Hass' cultivar., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)"]}

Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski Material studied. Colombia. Antioquia: Rionegro, Corpoica, Centro de Investigación La Selva, 17.ix.2008, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. 'Papelillo' ('Lorena'), 3 (MECP). Distribution. Neotropical: Colombia (Jakubski 1965; Kondo and Gómez 2008). Remarks. This is the first record of the species on avocado., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Jakubski, A. W. 1965. A critical revision of the families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Trustees of the British Museum. (Natural History). 187 p.","Kondo, T., and C. E. Gomez, 2008. La perla de tierra, Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski, una nueva plaga de la vid, Vitis labrusca L. en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Novedades Tecnicas, Revista Regional, Corpoica, Centro de Investigacion Palmira, Colombia 10: 34 - 40."]}

Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Fig. 1F) Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca El Edén, 04°39 ′ 38.4 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 33.1 ″ W, 1421 m, 31.x.2008, coll. T. Kondo, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Finca La Polonia, 04°40 ′ 09.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 14.1 ″ W, 1369 m, 31.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (MECP); Finca La Porra, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias., J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Finca Los Alpes, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Finca Villa del Sol, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (MECP). Caicedonia: Finca El Palmar, 04°17 ′ 55.9 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.2 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Finca La Cabaña, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 4 (MECP); Finca El Jardín, 04°18 ′ 18.4 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1622 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Finca La Giralda, 04°17 ′ 44.2 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 32.8 ″ W, 1717 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Finca Corinto, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 4 (MECP); Finca Las Margaritas, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 3 (UVCO), 4 (MECP); Palmira: Rozo, Finca Brasil, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP). Ulloa: Finca La Catalina, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 04.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, H. Rodríguez, ex avocado cv. ' Santana', 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP). Distribution. Afrotropical: Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Nearctic: USA. Neotropical: Argentina, Bermuda, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad, U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Taiwan, Vietnam. Palaearctic: Azores, Canary Islands, Crete, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Madeira Islands, Malta, Portugal, Spain (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. The species was found on the underside of leaves of 'Booth 8', 'Lorena', 'Santana' and 'Trinidad' cultivars. Protopulvinaria pyriformis was one of the most common soft scales on avocado in the studied area. It was found associated with sootymolds in trees with high populations of the insect. In the field, larvae of a species of Syrphidae were observed feeding on the soft scales., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)"]}

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Fig. 1D) Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca La Porra, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado ' Booth 8', 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Same data except cv. ' Booth 7', 1 (UVCO); same data except coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (UVCO); Finca Los Alpes, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Finca Los Alpes, 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ' Booth 8', 1 (UVCO); Same data, except coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (MECP); Finca Villa del Sol, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2009, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Booth 8', 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Same data, except avocado cv. ' Trinidad', 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Finca La Pastora, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Finca La Esmeralda, 04°39 ′ 58.4 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 27.4 ″ W, 1223 m, 02.xii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Caicedonia: Finca Corinto, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Finca Las Margaritas, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Booth', 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); same data except coll. avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'); Palmira: Rozo, Finca Brasil, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Same data except 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO); Ulloa: Finca La Catalina, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 04.v.2009, coll., T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP). Distribution. Afrotropical: Kenya, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Zanzibar. Australasian: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia (Tahiti), Guam, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii), Indonesia (Java), Kiribati; New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau; Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa. Nearctic: USA. Neotropical: Colombia, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, Puerto Rico. Oriental: China, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam. Palaearctic: China, Egypt, Hungary, Japan, South Korea (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. We found the red wax scale, C. rubens on the upper surface of leaves of 'Booth 7', 'Booth 8', 'Choquette', 'Lorena' and 'Trinidad' cultivars. This species was recorded for the first time in Colombia on leaves of the ornamental plants Philodendron sp. and Aglaonema sp. (Araliaceae) (Kondo 2008)., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)"]}

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca La Porra, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Finca Los Alpes, 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Booth 8', 1 (UVCO); Hacienda La Polonia, 04°40 ′ 09.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 14.1 ″ W, 1369 m, 31.x.2008, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 1 (MECP); Caicedonia: Finca La Cabaña, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Booth', 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Finca Corinto, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Finca Las Margaritas, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' (' Lorena'), (2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP). Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. The hemispherical scale, S. coffeae was found on both leaf surfaces of avocados of 'Booth' and 'Lorena' cultivars., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)"]}

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: El Cerrito: Finca La Alvecia, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' ('Lorena'), 2 UVCO), 2 (MECP); Toro: Finca Toluca, 04°40 ′ 24.9 ″ N, 76°02 ′ 43.0 ″ W, 932 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ' Papelillo' ('Lorena'), 1 (UVCO). Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Remarks. This species was collected on the underside of leaves of the ' Lorena cultivar'. Known as the coconut scale, this species attacks many crops in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been recorded on 76 genera and 46 plant families (Borchsenius 1966). Aspidiotus destructor is commonly found on coconut palm, but is often found on other palms, fruit trees and ornamental plants (Miller Davidson and 2005)., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana, 2016, Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia, pp. 1-24 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (465) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2015. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. (Available at ~ http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm /. Last accessed August 2015.)","Borchsenius, N. 1966. A catalogue of the armoured scale insects (Diaspidoidea) of the world. Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, Russia. 449 p."]}

Kondo, Takumasa, F, Guillermo González, Tauber, Catherine, Sarmiento, Yoan Camilo Guzmán, Mondragon, Andrés Felipe Vinasco, Forero, Dimitri (2015): A checklist of natural enemies of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia and the world. Insecta Mundi 2015 (457): 1-14, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5182947, {"references":["Adams, P. A., and N. D. Penny. 1985. Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 11a. Introduction and Chrysopini. Acta Amazonica 15: 413-478.","Al-Ghamdi, K. M. S. 2000. A field study on synchrony between the populations of citrus Psylla, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) [sic.] (Homoptera: Psyllidae) and its natural enemies in western Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo 51 (2): 227-238.","Angel, J. E., Hernandez, E. G., Herrera, N. A., Gomez, L. Y., Castro, A. P, Sepulveda, A. M., and E. E. Ebratt. 2014. Citrus huanglongbing: validation of Real-Time PCR (qPCR) for the detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus in Colombia. Agronomia Colombiana 32: 377-389.","Aubert, B. 1987. Trioza erytreae del Guercio and Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psylloidea), the two vectors of citrus greening disease: Biological aspects and possible control strategies. Fruits 42: 149-162.","Aubert, B., and S. Quilici. 1984. Biological control of the African and Asian citrus psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea), through eulophid and encyrtid parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Reunion Island. p. 100-108. In: S. M. Garnsey, L. W. Timmer, and J. A. Dodds (Eds). Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, University of California, 9-13 May 1983, Riverside, CA. University of California, Riverside.","Banos-Diaz, H. L., I. Miranda, and M. A. Martinez. 2013. 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Proceedings of the International Workshop TARI, Taichung, Taiwan, April 9-14, 1990. In: K. Kiritani, H. J. Su, and Y. I. Chu (Eds). Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Taipei, Taiwan.","DANE. 2010. Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria (ENA). Bogota. DANE. 155 p.","De Freitas, S., N. D. Penny, and P. A. Adams. 2009. A revision of the New World genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 60: 503-610.","Ebratt-Ravelo, E. E., L. T. Rubio-Gonzalez, V. A. Costa, E. M. Zambrano-Gomez, A. P. Castro- Avila, and M. Y. Santamaria Galindo. 2011a. Primer registro de T. radiata (Wat., 1922) (Hym.: Eulophidae) en Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia (Medellin) 64: 6141-6146.","Ebratt-Ravelo, E. E., L. T. Rubio-Gonzalez, V. A. Costa, Castro Avila A. P., E. M. Zambrano- Gomez, and J. E. Angel-Diaz. 2011b. Diaphorina citri (Kuw., 1907) and T. radiata (Wat., 1922) in citrus crops of Cundinamarca, Colombia. 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Kondo, Takumasa, Gullan, Penelope J., Watson, Gillian W., Pardey, Alex Enrique Bustillo, Montes, Luis Guillermo (2015): New distribution and host records for white coconut scale, Parlagena bennetti Williams (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Insecta Mundi 2015 (422): 1-6, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5182203, {"references":["Almeida, D. M. de 1971. Diaspididae (Homoptera - Coccoidea) of Mozambique, with the description of a new species. Novos Taxa Entomologicos 90: 3-17.","Almeida, D. M. de 1973. Coccoidea de Angola. 1- Revisao das especies conhecidas. Boletim do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica de Angola 10: 1-23.","Balachowsky, A. S. 1956. Les cochenilles du continent Africain Noir. V. 1 - Aspidiotini (1ere partie). Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge (Sciences Zoologiques) 3: 1-142.","Balachowsky, A. S. 1958. Les cochenilles du continent Africain Noir. v. 2 Aspidiotini (2me partie), Odonaspidini and Parlatorini. 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RESUMEN Se reporta a Cryptostigma rhizophilum Kondo (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) sobre las ra´ıces del hibrido de palma de aceite OxG (Elaeis oleifera x E. guineensis) (Arecaceae). Se provee una diagnosis y se describe por primera vez la morfolog´ıa externa de la hembra adulta de C. rhizophilum.SUMMARY Cryptostigma rhizophilum Kondo (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) is reported from the roots of the OxG oil palm hibrid (Elaeis oleifera x E. guineensis) (Arecaceae). A diagnosis and a first-time description of the external morphology of the adult female of C. rhizophilum is provided.

F, Guillermo González, Kondo, Takumasa (2014): Geographical distribution and phenotypic variation of Anovia punica Gordon (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini), a predatory ladybeetle of fluted scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Insecta Mundi 2014 (398): 1-6, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5181479, {"references":["Ciomperlik, M. 2010. Crypticerya genistae scale, an invasive pest in Puerto Rico. p. 33-34. In: CPHST Biological Control Unit 2010 Annual Report, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 53 pp. Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/downloads/2010BiologicalControlUnitAnnualRepo rt.pdf (Accessed on October 20, 2014)","Forrester, J. A., and N. J. Vandenberg. 2008. First Florida records for Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini): A natural enemy of Icerya genistae Hempel (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). Zootaxa 1720: 66-68.","Forrester, J. A., N. J. Vandenberg, and J. V. McHugh. 2009. Redescription of Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini), with first description of the egg, larva, and pupa, and notes on adult intraspecific elytral pattern variation. Zootaxa 2112: 25-40.","Gordon, R. D. 1972. The tribe Noviini in the new world (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 62(1): 23-31.","Kondo, T., P. Gullan, and G. Gonzalez. 2014. An overview of a fortuitous and efficient biological control of the Colombian fluted scale, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae: Iceryini), on San Andres island, Colombia. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. Supplement 6: 87-93.","Kondo, T., P. Gullan, and A. A. Ramos Portilla. 2012. Report of new invasive scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh (Monophlebidae) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae), on the islands of San Andres and Providencia, Colombia, with an updated taxonomic key to iceryine scale insects of South America. Insecta Mundi 0265: 1-17.","Received October 16, 2014; Accepted October 24, 2014."]}

Anovia punica Gordon, 1972: 29. Diagnosis. Male genitalia: Basal lobe narrowed abruptly at one third of its length from the distal end; basal lobe shorter than parameres (Fig. 9���17). Anovia punica is the only species of the genus known to occur in Colombia and Venezuela, whereas in Peru A. punica coexists with A. peruviana, a species noticeably larger (4 mm in length) (A. punica: 2.5���3.6 mm in length). In Central America (Honduras and Panama), where A. punica coexists with A. circumclusa, the only way of separating A. punica from the latter is by a careful examination of the male genitalia. Gordon (1972) provides a good description of A. punica and a key to the genus. Forrester et al. (2009) give a good redescription for the closely related species, A. circumclusa, which is associated with the fluted scale Icerya genistae Hempel (Forrester and Vandenberg 2008)., Published as part of F, Guillermo Gonz��lez & Kondo, Takumasa, 2014, Geographical distribution and phenotypic variation of Anovia punica Gordon (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini), a predatory ladybeetle of fluted scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae), pp. 1-6 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (398) on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5181479, {"references":["Gordon, R. D. 1972. The tribe Noviini in the new world (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 62 (1): 23 - 31.","Forrester, J. A., N. J. Vandenberg, and J. V. McHugh. 2009. Redescription of Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini), with first description of the egg, larva, and pupa, and notes on adult intraspecific elytral pattern variation. Zootaxa 2112: 25 - 40.","Forrester, J. A., and N. J. Vandenberg. 2008. First Florida records for Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini): A natural enemy of Icerya genistae Hempel (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). Zootaxa 1720: 66 - 68."]}

Toumeyella martinezi Kondo and Gonzalez, sp. nov. Description. Adult female (Fig. 1 and 2). Proposed common name: English: Garambullo cactus soft scale. Spanish: Escama blanda del garambullo. Material studied. Holotype: adult female (CNIN). Mexico: state of Hidalgo, Huichapan, Zequetepe, vii.2011, coll. Diana Martinez, ex Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart. ex Pfeiff.) Console (Cactaceae). Paratypes: same data as holotype 4 adult females (CNIN), 3 adult females (USNM). Unmounted material. (Fig. 1) Body convex, round in shape. Derm pale green in color, with a darker green marginal band; mid dorsum lighter in color, orange to orange-brown, with two darker green mid dorsal parallel lines; anal plates dark-brown (Fig. 1A). Adult females becoming dark to reddish-brown (Fig. 1B). Mounted material. (Fig. 2) Body outline elongate oval, body 4.2���7.2 mm long, 3.1���5.7 mm wide. Dorsum. Derm membranous. Dorsal setae sharply spinose, straight or curved, each 10���18 ��m long, evenly scattered. Dorsal microducts each about 3 ��m wide, with a long terminal filament, evenly scattered. Simple pores not detected. Preopercular pores numerous, present in a mid-dorsal line extending from area anterior to anal plates up to mid dorsum, each pore 6.0���11.0 ��m wide. Dorsal tubular ducts, tubercles and pocket-like sclerotizations absent. Anal plates together quadrate, with rounded angles, sometimes with notched angles, plates located at about 1/4 of body length from posterior margin, each plate 205���235 ��m long, 125���150 ��m wide, anterolateral margin 150���195 ��m long, posterolateral margin 150���175 ��m long, with 3 or 4 apical setae, 1 pair of long fringe setae, about 8���10 ventral subapical setae and 4���6 hypopygial setae. Anal ring with about 10 setae. A sclerotic area present around anal plates in older specimens. Margin. Marginal setae bluntly to sharply spinose, straight to slightly bent, each 12.5���25.0 ��m long, arranged in a single irregular row, with 10���15 on each side between anterior and posterior spiracular areas. Spiracular clefts shallow, with 2 or 3 spiracular setae per spiracular area, each 17.5���30.0 ��m long, all setae subequal in size or median spiracular seta slightly longer than lateral setae. Eyes not detected. Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Pregenital disc-pores each 6���7 ��m wide, mostly with 5���7 loculi, present around vulvar area. Spiracular disc-pores mostly with 6 loculi, with a few pores with 3, 4, and 5 loculi, each pore 4.0���6.5 ��m wide, present in a narrow band as wide as spiracular peritremes, extending laterally from each spiracle to body margin. Ventral microducts scattered evenly throughout, each about 2.5 ��m wide. Ventral tubular ducts present around vulvar region, each tubular duct with a slender terminal filament ending in a small gland. Ventral setae slender, straight or slightly bent, each 10���18 ��m long; also 3 pairs of long median setae, each 20���45 ��m long. Spiracles well developed, anterior spiracular peritremes each 85���110 ��m wide, posterior peritremes each 100���140 ��m wide. Legs greatly reduced, but most segments usually discernible, each segment with few setae, total length each leg 115���215 ��m long, claw 12.0���17.5 ��m long; metathoracic legs largest; claws with a small denticle, claw digitules, slender, knobbed; tarsal digitules knobbed or spiniform. Antennae short, each 120���193 ��m long, 5 or 6 segmented, with fleshy setae present on last two antennal segments. With 3 pairs of interantennal setae. Mouthparts well developed, clypeolabral shield 240���285 ��m wide; labium 1 segmented, with 4 pairs of labial setae. Etymology. The species is named after Diana Y. Martinez-Hernandez, entomologist, who collected the insect. Notes. The ant Liometopum apiculatum Mayr has been observed in a mutualistic relationship with T. martinezi sp. nov. on the cactus M. geometrizans (D. Y. Martinez-Hernandez, personal communication); the ant feeds on the honeydew excreted by the soft scale and in exchange the ant appears to give protection to the soft scale from its natural enemies as has been reported for other ant species (Way 1963). Toumeyella martinezi is commonly found in the middle part of the plant where there is more fresh tissue over the inter-ridges of the plant cladodes (D. Y. Martinez-Hernandez, personal communication). Toumeyella martinezi sp. nov. (as Toumeyella sp.) is attacked by the parasitoid Mexidalgus toumeyellus Myartseva (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (Myartseva et al. 2014). The ant L. apiculatum, commonly known as ���escamol��� in Mexico, is considered as a special food, a delicatessen dish in several Mexican restaurants (Velasco-Corona et al. 2007)., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gonz��lez, H��ctor, 2014, A new species of Toumeyella Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae) from Mexico with a checklist of known species of Toumeyella in the world, pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (396) on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179775

Kondo, Takumasa, González, Héctor (2014): A new species of Toumeyella Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae) from Mexico with a checklist of known species of Toumeyella in the world. Insecta Mundi 2014 (396): 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5179775, {"references":["Barrera, J. F. 2008. Coffee pests and their management. p. 961-998, In: J. L. Capinera (Ed). Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2nd ed. Springer. Dordrecht; The Netherlands. 4346 p.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2014. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. Available from: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (Accessed on August 10, 2014)","Bradley, G. A. 1973. Effect of Formica obscuripes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the predator-prey relationship between Hyperaspis congressis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Toumeyella numismaticum (Homoptera: Coccidae). Canadian Entomologist 105: 1113-1118.","Bravo-Hollis, H. 1978. Las Cactaceas de Mexico. Vol. I. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. 743 p.","Brown, L. R., and C. O. Eads. 1967. Insects affecting ornamental conifers in southern California. Bulletin of the California Agricultural Experiment Station 834: 1-72.","Clarke, S. R., G. L. DeBarr, and C. W. Berisford. 1989. The life history of Toumeyella pini (King) (Homoptera: Coccidae) in Loblolly pine seed orchards in Georgia. The Canadian Entomologist 121(10): 853-860.","Clarke, S. R., J. F. Negron, and G. L. Debarr. 1992. Effects of 4 pyrethroids on scale insect (Homoptera) populations and their natural enemies in loblolly and shortleaf pine seed orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology 85(4): 1246-1252.","Cockerell, T. D. A. 1895. New scale-insects from Arizona. Bulletin Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station 14: 56 p.","Cockerell, T. D. A. 1897a. New and little-known Coccidae from Florida. I. Determinations and descriptions, including a new genus. Psyche 8: 89-90.","Cockerell, T. D. A. 1897b. A new Lecanium on magnolia from Florida. Psyche 8: 152.","Cockerell, T. D. A. 1899. Rhynchota, Hemiptera - Homoptera. [Aleurodidae and Coccidae]. Biologia Centrali-Americana 2: 1-37.","Cockerell, T. D. A. 1902. A contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae. Appendix. Some Brazilian Coccidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 7) 9: 450-456.","Cook, A. J. 1878. Lecanium tulipiferae. Canadian Entomologist 10: 192-195.","Dietz, H. F., and H. Morrison. 1916. The Coccidae or scale insects of Indiana. Indiana State Entomologist Eighth Annual Report (1914-1915) 8: 195-321.","Fernald, M. E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360.","Ferris, G. F. 1919. A contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae of Southwestern United States. Stanford University Publications, University Series. Palo Alto 1-68.","Ferris, G. F. 1920. Scale insects of the Santa Cruz Peninsula. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences. Palo Alto 1: 1-57.","Ferris, G. F. 1921. Report upon a collection of Coccidae from Lower California. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences. Palo Alto 1: 61-132.","Ferris, G. F., and J. B. Kelly. 1923. XIV expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Some Coccidae from about the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 12: 315-318.","Gill, R. J. 1988. The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Coccidae). California Dept. of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, CA. 132 p.","Gmelin, J. F. 1790. Systema Naturae, Editio decima tertia, Aucta, reformata, cara, Regnum Animale, Volume 1, Part 4, Insecta, Leipzig. 1317-2224 p.","Goeze, J. A. E. 1778. Entomologische Beytrage zu Ritter Linne, zwolften Ausgabe des Natursystems, Zweyter Theil, Leipzig, Weidmanns Eiben und Reich, xxiv, 350 p.","Granara de Willink, M. C. 2012. Revision sistematica de Mesolecanium Cockerell de la region Neotropical (Hemiptera: Coccidae), con sinonimia y combinaciones nuevas. Insecta Mundi 0262: 1-33.","Hamon, A. B., and M. L. Williams. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industries, Gainesville. 194 p.","Hempel, A. 1920. Descripcoes de coccidas novas e pouco conhecidas. Revista do Museu Paulista. Sao Paulo 12: 329-377.","Hempel, A. 1929. Descripcoes de pulgoes novos e pouco conhecidos (Homoptera, Coccidae) 2a contribuicao. Archivos do Instituto Biologico. Sao Paulo 2: 61-66.","Hempel, A. 1932. Descripcao de vinte a duas especies novas de coccideos (Hemiptera - Homoptera). Revista de Entomologia 2: 310-339."]}

Genus Toumeyella Cockerell Type species. Lecanium (Toumeyella) mirabile Cockerell 1895: 2. Generic diagnosis. The genus Toumeyella can be diagnosed within the family by the following combination of features: i) body of adult female convex to globular, often heavily sclerotized at maturity; ii) dorsal setae generally sharply spinose, rarely bluntly spinose or lanceolate; iii) eyes absent; iv) sclerotic pores, tubercles, pocket-like sclerotizations and tubular ducts absent on dorsum; v) preopercular pores well developed; vi) dorsal microducts variable in structure (either unilocular or bilocular depending on the species), all of similar size, evenly scattered on dorsum; vii) anal plate setae 3���25 in number, usually less than 10 on each plate; viii) anal plates located at about 1/5 to 1/4 of body length from posterior margin; ix) sclerotized crescent around anal plates present or absent; x) stigmatic clefts shallow or absent; xi) stigmatic setae usually in 3 pairs (rarely 2 or 4, or absent in some species); xii) perivulvar and spiracular pores with 4���7 loculi, species with 5 loculi common; xiii) anterior and posterior spiracular pore bands extending in a continuous row from area around spiracles to margin; xiv) ventral tubular ducts of one type, restricted to perivulvar region and posterior abdominal segments, but not extending anteriorly in a mediolateral line, nor present elsewhere; and xv) antennae and legs greatly reduced., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gonz��lez, H��ctor, 2018, Description of a new species of Toumeyella Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) on Crataegus mexicana Moc. and Sess�� ex DC. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-9 in Insecta Mundi 2018 (634) on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645883, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. 1895. New scale-insects from Arizona. Bulletin Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station 14: 1 - 56."]}

Ramos-Portilla, Andrea Amalia, Caballero, Alejandro, Kondo, Takumasa, Serna, Francisco (2014): First record of Ripersiella kelloggi Ehrhon and Cockerell (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae) for the Neotropics, with a redescription of the adult female). Insecta Mundi 2014 (365): 1-7, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5179281, {"references":["Beardsley, J. W. 1965. Notes on the pineapple mealybug complex, with descriptions of two new species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 19: 55-68.","Ben-Dov, Y. 1994. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited; Andover, UK. 686 p.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2014. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. Available from: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (accessed 16 January 2013).","Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. New and little-known Coccidae. I. Ripersiella and Ceroputo. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 14: 165-167.","Cockerell, T. D. A. 1899. Tables for the determination of the genera of Coccidae. Canadian Entomologist 31: 273-279, 330-333.","Ferris, G. F. 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. (ser. 5) [v. 5]. The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Stanford University Press; Palo Alto, California, USA. 278 p.","Ferris, G. F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, v. 6, The Pseudococcidae (Part II). Stanford University Press; Palo Alto, California, USA. 506 p.","Green, E. E. 1902. Three new genera of Coccidae from Ceylon. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 38: 260-263.","Green, E. E. 1933. Notes on some Coccidae from Surinam, Dutch Guiana, with descriptions of new species. Stylops 2: 49-58.","Hambleton, E. J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Revista de Entomologia. Rio de Janeiro 17: 1-77.","Hambleton, E. J. 1977. A review of Pseudorhizoecus Green, with a description of a related new genus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 67: 38-41.","Hodgson, C. J. 2012. Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams. Zootaxa 3291: 1-79.","Kondo, T. 2001. The scale insects of Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2(1): 31-48.","Kondo, T., A. A. Ramos-Portilla, and E. V. Vergara-Navarro. 2008. Updated list of mealybugs and putoids from Colombia (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae). Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 9(1): 29-53.","Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, biology, and distribution. Virginia Museum of Natural History; Martinsburg, Virginia, USA. 650 p.","Koteja, J. 1974. Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Warszawie, Rozprawy Naukowe 89: 1-162.","Kozar, F., and Z. Konczne Benedicty. 2003. Description of four new species from Australian, Austro-oriental, New Zealand and South Pacific regions (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae, Rhizoecinae), with a review, and a key to the species Ripersiella. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano) 35(3): 225-239.","Kozar, F., and Z. Konczne Benedicty. 2007. Rhizoecinae of the world. Plant Protection Institute Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary. 617 p.","Kunckel d'Herculais, J. 1878. Histoire de la cochenille vivant sur les racines des palmiers de la section des seafortha. Expose des caracteres du genre Rhizoecus. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 8: 161-164.","McKenzie, H. L. 1967. Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press; Berkeley, California, USA. 526 p.","Ramos-Portilla, A. A., A. Caballero, and T. Kondo. 2013. Rhizoecus cyperalis (Hambleton) (Hemiptera: Rhizoecidae), a new record for Colombia. Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 14(2): 27-30.","Williams, D. J., and M. C. Granara de Willink. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International; London, England. 635 p."]}

Kondo, Takumasa, Cortés, Ronald Simbaqueba (2014): Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a new invasive aphid on San Andres island and mainland Colombia, with notes on other adventive species. Insecta Mundi 2014 (362): 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5179213, {"references":["Amat-Garcia, G., E. Amat-Garcia, and E. Ariza-Marin. 2011. Insectos invasores en los tiempos de cambio climatico. Innovacion y Ciencia 18: 45-53.","Augier, L., G. Gastaminza, M. Lizondo, M. Arganaraz, and E. Willink. 2006. Presencia de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) en el Noroeste Argentino (NOA). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 65(3-4): 67-68.","Beck, K. G., K. Zimmerman, J. D. Schardt, J. Stone, R. R. Lukens, S. Reichard, J. Randall, A. A. Cangelosi, D. Cooper, and J. P. Thompson. 2008. Invasive Species Defined in a Policy Context: Recommendations from the Federal Invasive Species Advisory Committee. Invasive Plant Science and Management 1: 414-421.","Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on de world's crops. An identification and information guide. Wiley; Chichester, UK. 476 p.","Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 1994. Aphids on the world's trees. An identification Guide. CAB International; Wallingford, UK. 987 p.","Bodlah, I., N. Muhammad, and A. Tasleem. 2013. Morphology and natural enemies of Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Punjab, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology 1(1): 13-16.","Brown, P. M. J., C. E. Thomas, E. Lombaert, D. L. Jeffries, A. Estoup, and L. L. Handley. 2011. The global spread of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): distribution, dispersal and routes of invasion. BioControl 56: 623-641.","Carrera, A., and M. Cernelli. 2003. Inventario y fluctuacion de afidos alados en Caripe, Venezuela. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecologia 69: 58-61.","Cermeli, M., P. Morales Valle, J. Perozo, and F. Godoy. 2007. Distribucion del psilido asiatico de los citricos (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) y presencia de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) en Venezuela. Entomotropica 22(3): 181-184.","Culik, M. P., D. D. S. Martins, J. S. Z. Junior, M. J. Fornazier, J. A. Ventura, A. L. B. Peronti, and J. C. Zanuncio. 2013. The invasive hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and its recent range expansion in Brazil. Florida Entomologist 96(2): 638-640.","Ebratt-Ravelo, E. E., L. T. Rubio Gonzalez, V. A. Costa, E. M. Zambrano Gomez, A. P. Castro Avila, and M. Y. Santamaria Galindo. 2011a. Primer registro de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) en Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin 64(2): 6141-6146.","Ebratt-Ravelo, E. E., L. T. Rubio-Gonzalez, V. A. Costa, A. P. Castro-Avila, E. M. Zambrano- Gomez, and J. E. Angel-Diaz. 2011b. Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1907) and Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) in citrus crops of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Agronomia Colombiana 29(3): 487-493.","Etienne, J., and B. Aubert. 1980. Biological control of psyllid vectors of greening disease on Reunion Island. p. 118-121. In: E. C. Calavan, S.M. Garnsey, and L. W. Timmer (Eds). Proceedings, 8th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, 13-31 May, 1979, Sidney, Australia. University of California Press, Riverside, CA. 297 p.","European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). 2005. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Diaphorina citri. Available from: http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/ Diaphorina_citri/DIAACI_ds.pdf (Accessed on 3 November 2013).","Evans, G. A. 2008. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the world and their host plants and natural enemies. 703 p. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:8080/1WF/World-Whitefly-Catalog.pdf (Accessed on 21 November, 2013).","Evans, G. A., and S. E. Halbert. 2007. A checklist of the aphids of Honduras (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Florida Entomologist 90(3): 518-523.","Evans, G., T. Kondo, M. F. Maya Alvarez, L. M. Hoyos Carvajal, J. A. Quiroz, and M. Silva Gomez. 2012. First report of Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on San Andres Island, Colombia. Revista Corpoica - Ciencia y Tecnologia Agropecuaria. 13(2): 219-222.","Favret, C. 2013. Aphid Species File. Universite de Montreal. Available from: http://aphid.speciesfile. org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1160221 (Accessed on 1 December 2013).","Frank, J. H., and M. C. Thomas. 2004. Invasive insects (adventive pest insects) in Florida. University of Florida, EDIS. Available from: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN50300.pdf (Accessed on 27 February 2013).","Geister J., and J. M. Diaz. 1997. A field guide to the oceanic barrier reefs and atolls of the southwest Caribbean (Archipelago of San Andres and Providencia, Colombia). p. 235-262. In: H. A. Lessios, I. G. Macintyre (Eds.). Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panama. 2119 p.","Gonzalez, F. G., and T. Kondo. 2012. Primer registro de la especie invasora Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) en Ecuador. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 51: 310.","Grafton-Cardwell, E. E., L. L. Stelinski, and P. A. Stansly. 2013. Biology and management of Asian citrus psyllid, vector of the huanglongbing pathogens. Annual Review of Entomology 58: 413-32.","Green, E. E. 1908. Remarks on Indian scale insects (Coccidae), Part III. With a catalogue of all species hitherto recorded from the Indian continent. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Entomology Series 2: 15-46.","Grillo R., H. 2008. 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The fig whitefly Singhiella simplex (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a new exotic whitefly found on Ficus species in south Florida. Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Available from: http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/pest-alerts/ singhiella-simplex.html (Accessed on 20 November 2012).","ICA [Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario]. 2010a. Plan para el manejo y mitigacion del riesgo ocasionado por la cochinilla rosada (Maconellicocus hirsutus) y la chinche acanalada (Crypticerya multicicatrices) en las islas de San Andres y Providencia. Subgerencia de proteccion vegetal direccion tecnica de epidemiologia y vigilancia fitosanitaria; gerencia seccional San Andres y Providencia. Julio 2010. 15 p.","ICA [Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario]. 2010b. Situacion actual de HLB (Huanglonbing) y su vector el psilido asiatico de los citricos (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) en Colombia. Boletin Epidemiologico. 9 p.","Jesus, L. F. M. De., T. D. Trindade, A. 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Singhiella simplex (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a new aleyrodid invasive species for Colombia. Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 13(2): 31-33.","Kondo, T., and F. G. Gonzalez. 2013. The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a not so new invasive insect in Colombia and South America. Insecta Mundi 0283: 1-7.","Kondo, T., P. Gullan, and A. A. Ramos Portilla. 2012a. Report of new invasive scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Monophlebidae) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae), on the islands of San Andres and Providencia, Colombia, with an updated taxonomic key to iceryine scale insects of South America. Insecta Mundi 0265: 1-17.","Kondo, T., J. A. Munoz, R. Lopez, J. Reyes, J. Monsalve, and N. C. Mesa. 2011. Insectos escama y acaros comunes del aguacate en el Eje Cafetero y el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Corpoica. Produmedios, Bogota, Colombia. 20 p.","Kondo, T., E. M. Quintero, M. Campuzano, K. A. G. Wyckhuys, and J. Heraty. 2012b. First report of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 13(1): 48-51.","Kondo, T., A. A. Ramos-Portilla, and E. V. Vergara-Navarro. 2008. Updated list of mealybugs and putoids from Colombia (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae). Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 9(1): 29-53.","Lazzari, S. M. N., and R. C. Zonta-de-Carvalho. 2006. Modeling egg distribution of Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae). Neotropical Entomology 35(6): 762-768.","Leclant, F., and M. Renoust. 1986. Le puceron du Lagerstroemia nouveau ravageur pour notre flore. Phytoma, Defense des Cultures 375: 49-50.","Lorenzi, H., and H. M. Souza. 2001. Plantas Ornamentais no Brasil - arbustivas, herbaceas e trepadeiras. 3a Edicao. Instituto Plantarum; Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo, Brasil. 1120 p.","Mannion, C., L. Osborne, A. Hunsberger, H. Mayer, and G. Hodges. 2008. Ficus whitefly: A new pest in South Florida. University of Florida, IFAS Extension Bulletin, August 2008. Available from: http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/urbanhort/The%20Fig%20Whitefly%20(AUG2008)%20Fact%20 Sheet.pdf (Accessed on 21 November 2013).","Marsaro Junior, A. L., A. L. B. G. Peronti, A. M. Penteado-Dias, E. G. F. Morais, and P. R. V. S. Pereira. 2013. First report of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) and the associated parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi, 1948 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 73(2): 413-418.","Matile-Ferrero, D., and Etienne, J. 2006. 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Seasonal abundance of the crape myrtle aphid, Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, in relation to the pecan aphids, Monellia caryella and Monelliopsis pecanis and their common predators. Entomophaga 32: 511-520.","Montes-Rodriguez, J. M. 2012. Primer registro de parasitoides de la cochinilla rosada del hibisco, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), en Colombia [First record of parasitoids of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Colombia]. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 38(2): 274-275.","Moursi, A. A. 1948. Contributions to the knowledge of the natural enemies of mealybugs. 1. Description of two new species of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Bulletin de la Societe Fouad Ier d'Entomologie 32: 9-16.","Nakahara, S., and C. E. Miller. 1981. A list of the Coccoidea species (Homoptera) of Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 28-39.","Perez-Gelabert, D. E. 2008. 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Kondo, Takumasa, F, Guillermo González (2013): The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a not so new invasive insect in Colombia and South America. Insecta Mundi 2013 (283): 1-7, {"references":["Almeida, L. M. de, and V. B. da Silva. 2002. First record of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae): a lady beetle native to the Palaearctic region. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 19: 941- 944.","Amat-Garcia, G., E. Amat-Garcia, and E. Ariza-Marin. 2011. Insectos invasores en los tiempos de cambio climatico. Innovacion y Ciencia 18: 45-53.","Brown, P. M. J., C. E. Thomas, E. Lombaert, D. L. Jeffries, A. Estoup, and L. L. Handley. 2011. The global spread of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): distribution, dispersal and routes of invasion. BioControl 56: 623-641.","Chapin, J. B., and V. A. Brou. 1991. 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Invasion del depredador Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) y una evaluacion del riesgo ambiental en el Peru [Invasion of predator Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and an evaluation of the environmental risk in Peru]. The Biologist (Lima) 9 (2): 213-233.","Koch, R. L. 2003. The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis: A review of its biology, uses in biological control and non-target impacts. Journal of Insect Science 3: 1-16.","Koch, R. L., and T. L. Galvan. 2008. Bad side of a good beetle: the North American experience with Harmonia axyridis. BioControl 53: 23-35.","Koch, R. L., R. C. Venette, and W. D. Hutchison. 2004. Nontarget effects of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): case study with the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). American Entomologist 50 (3): 155-156.","Koch, R. L., R. C. Venette, and W. D. Hutchinson. 2006. 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Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Anagyrus kamali Moursi y Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam y Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoides de la cochinilla rosada del hibisco (CRH), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) en la Isla de San Andrés, Colombia. Se proveen notas breves para diferenciar las dos especies de parasitoides.

Kondo, Takumasa, Gullan, Penny, Portilla, Andrea Amalia Ramos (2012): Report of new invasive scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Monophlebidae) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae), on the islands of San Andres and Providencia, Colombia, with an updated taxonomic key to iceryine scale insects of South America. Insecta Mundi 2012 (265): 1-17, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5175631, {"references":["Boavida, C., and P. Neuenschwander. 1995. Population dynamics and life tables of the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams, and its introduced natural enemy Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes in Benin. Biocontrol Science and Technology 5 (4): 489-508.","Brickell, C. 2002. The American Horticultural Society encyclopedia of plants and flowers. DK Publish- ing; New York, NY, USA. 720 p.","Calderon Alvarez, C., C. E. Causton, M. S. Hoddle, C. D. Hoddle, R. van Driesche, and E. J. Stanek. 2012. 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New scale insect (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) records from Fiji: three new species, records of several new invasive species and an updated checklist of Coccoidea. Zootaxa 2766: 1-29.","Hughes-Schrader, S., and D. F. Monahan. 1966. Hermaphroditism in Icerya zeteki Cockerell, and the mechanism of gonial reduction in iceryine coccids (Coccoidea: Margarodidae Morrison). Chromosoma 20: 15-31.","ICA [Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario]. 2010. Plan para el manejo y mitigacion del riesgo ocasionado por la cochinilla rosada (Maconellicocus hirsutus) y la chinche acanalada (Crypticerya multicicatrices) en las islas de San Andres y Providencia. Subgerencia de proteccion vegetal direccion tecnica de epidemiologia y vigilancia fitosanitaria; gerencia seccional San Andres y Providencia. Julio 2010. 15 p.","Jones, M. T. 1996. Status of the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) in Trinidad and Tobago. Regional Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee, 4th October, 1995, Grenada. Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources; Trinidad and Tobago. 8 p.","K ondo, T. 2001. The scale insects of Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31-48.","Kondo, T. 2008. Las escamas de la guanabana: Annona muricata L. Novedades Tecnicas, Revista Regional, Corpoica, Centro de Investigacion Palmira. Ano 9/No. 10/Septiembre/2008: 25-29.","Kondo-Rodriguez, D. T. 2009. Los insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) del mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) en Colombia. Novedades Tecnicas, Revista Regional. Corpoica, Centro de Investigacion Palmira. Ano 10/No.13/Diciembre/2009: 41-44.","Kondo, T., and C. Unruh. 2009. A new pest species of Crypticerya Cockerell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) from Colombia, with a key to species of the tribe Iceryini found in South America. Neotropical Entomology 38 (1): 92-100.","Kondo, T., A. A. Ramos-Portilla, and E. V. Vergara-Navarro. 2008. Updated list of mealybugs and putoids from Colombia (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae). Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 9 (1): 29-53.","Lowy, P. D. 2000. Flora vascular terrestre del archipielago de San Andres y Providencia. Biota Colombiana 1 (1): 109-124.","Meyerdirk, D. 1997. Look out for the pink hibiscus mealybug. Program Aid (USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) No. 1606. 11 p.","Michaud, J. P., and G. A. Evans. 2000. Current status of pink hibiscus mealybug in Puerto Rico including a key to parasitoid species. Florida Entomologist 83: 97-101.","Milliken, W., B. Klitgard, and A. Baracat (Eds). 2010. Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. www.kew.org/neotropikey (accessed April 9-11th, 2012).","Missouri Botanical Garden. \"w3TROPICOS\". 2006. The Missouri Botanical Garden's VAST (VAScular Tropicos) nomenclatural database and associated authority files. [Online] http://www.tropicos. org (accessed 16 April, 2012).","Morrison, H. 1927. Descriptions of the genera and species belonging to the coccid family Margarodidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 40: 99-109.","Neuenschwander, P. 2001. Biological control of the cassava mealybug in Africa: a review. Biological Control 21 (3): 214-229.","Noyes, J. S. 2012. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. [Online] http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids (accessed 4 May, 2012).","Persad, C. 1995. Preliminary list of host plants of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) hibiscus or pink mealy bug in Grenada. Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute; Grenada. 6 p.","Quiroga, I. A., M. F. Maya, A. S. Martinez, and L. M. Hoyos. 2011. Paecilomyces sp. como alternativa de control biologico de la cochinilla acanalada (Crypticerya multicicatrices Cockerell) en San Andres (Colombia). Boletin del museo entomologico Francisco Luis Gallego 3 (4): 10-17.","Ramos-Portilla, A. A., and F. J. Serna-Cardona. 2004. Coccoidea de Colombia, con enfasis en las cochinillas harinosas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Medellin 57 (2): 2383-2412.","Reddy, G. V. P., R. Muniappan, Z. T. Cruz, F. Naz, J. P. Mamba, and J. Tenorio. 2009. Present status of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Mariana Islands and its control by two fortuitously introduced natural enemies. Journal of Economic Entomology 102: 1431-1439.","Ruiz, J., and M. C. Fandino-Orozco. 2007. Plantas lenosas del bosque seco tropical de la isla de Providencia, Colombia, Caribe sur occidental. Biota Colombiana 8 (1): 87-98.","Thomas, J. and A. I. Edwards. 1996. The pink hibiscus mealybug in St. Kitts. Caraphin News 13: 3.","Tokura J., M. A. Rondon, G. Villanueva, and L. F. Botero. 1996. KUN. Especies forestales del Valle del Cauca. Lemer Ltda.; Bogota, Colombia. 349 p.","Uesato, T., T. Kondo, C. Unruh, and D. J. Williams. 2011. Establishment and host records of Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) in the Sakishima islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, with notes on its World Distribution. Entomological Science 14: 49-77.","Unruh, C. M., and P. J. Gullan. 2008. Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Zootaxa 1803: 1-106.","Williams, D. J. 1996. A brief account of the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a pest of agriculture and horticulture, with descriptions of two related species from southern Asia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 86: 617-628.","Williams, D. J., P. J. Gullan, K. Englberger, and A. Moore. 2006. Report on the scale insect Icerya imperatae Rao (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) seriously infesting grasses in the Republic of Palau. Micronesica 38 (2): 267-272."]}

F, Guillermo González, Bermúdez, Rodrigo López, Kondo, Takumasa (2012): First report of Delphastus quinculus Gordon and Diomus seminulus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on eggs and first-instar nymphs of Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (268): 1-6, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5175660, {"references":["Garcia, J., E. R. Benitez, and A. Lopez. 2005. Tabla de vida de Delphastus pusillus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) en la mosca blanca Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 31(2): 155-160.","Gonzalez, G. 2008. Lista y distribucion geografica de especies de Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) presentes en Chile. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 57: 77-107.","Gordon R. D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 93(1): 1-912.","Gordon, R. D. 1994. South American Coccinellidae. Part. III. Taxonomic revision of the Western Hemisphere genus Delphastus Casey. Frustula Entomologica 17: 71-133.","Gordon, R. D. 1999. South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Part VI: a systematic revision of the South American Diomini, new tribe (Scymninae). Annales Zoologici 49 (supplement 1): 1-219.","ICA [Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario]. 2010. Plan para el manejo y mitigacion del riesgo ocasionado por la cochinilla rosada (Maconellicocus hirsutus) y la chinche acanalada (Crypticerya multicicatrices) en las islas de San Andres y Providencia. Subgerencia de proteccion vegetal direc- cion tecnica de epidemiologia y vigilancia fitosanitaria; gerencia seccional San Andres y Providencia. Julio 2010. 15 p.","Kondo, T. 2001. The scale insects of Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31-48.","Kondo, T. 2008. Las escamas de la guanabana: Annona muricata L. Novedades Tecnicas, Revista Regional, Corpoica, Centro de Investigacion Palmira. Ano 9/No. 10/Septiembre/2008: 25-29.","Kondo, T., and C. Unruh. 2009. A new pest species of Crypticerya Cockerell (Hemiptera: Monophlebi- dae) from Colombia, with a key to species of the tribe Iceryini found in South America. Neotropical Entomology 38 (1): 92-100.","Kondo, T., P. Gullan, and A. A. Ramos Portilla. 2012. Report of new invasive scale insects (Hemip- tera: Coccoidea), Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Monophlebidae) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae), on the islands of San Andres and Providencia, Colombia, with an updated taxonomic key to iceryine scale insects of South America. Insecta Mundi. Insecta Mundi 0265: 1-17.","Kondo-Rodriguez, D. T. 2009. Los insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) del mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) en Colombia. Novedades Tecnicas, Revista Regional. Corpoica, Centro de Investigacion Palmira. Ano 10/No.13/Diciembre/2009: 41-44.","Miro, J. J., and P. S. Castillo. 2010. 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Here we report for the first time the presence of Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on San Andres Island, Colombia. Brief notes are provided to allow differentiation of the two parasitoid species. Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Anagyrus kamali Moursi y Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam y Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoides de la cochinilla rosada del hibisco (CRH), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) en la Isla de San Andrés, Colombia. Se proveen notas breves para diferenciar las dos especies de parasitoides.

Se evaluaron tres cebos atrayentes para la captura de la mosca del botón floral de la pitaya, Dasiops saltans Townsend (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) en cultivos de pitaya amarilla, Selenicereus megalanthus (Cactaceae). Los tres cebos evaluados fueron, proteína hidrolizada de soya (sin glutamato monosódico), proteína hidrolizada de soya con glutamato monosódico (salsa de soya comercial), y proteína hidrolizada de maíz; los cuales se depositaron en trampas McPhail y se ubicaron en campo bajo un diseño completamente al azar. Como resultado se obtuvo la captura de cuatro especies de Lonchaeidae identificadas como: D. saltans, Lonchaea cristula, Neosilba batesi y Neosilba sp. La proteína hidrolizada de maíz capturó la mayor cantidad de loncheidos, seguida por la proteína de soya comercial y la proteína de soya sin glutamato monosódico, respectivamente. De las especies de Lonchaeidae capturadas, solo D. saltansse ha reportado causando daño a los botones florales. Sin embargo, el número de individuos de D. saltans capturados en trampas son bajos en comparación con otros Lonchaeidae colectados y se presenta una gran dificultad para la diferenciación de las especies en campo, por lo que no se recomienda el uso de trampas McPhail cebadas con estas proteínas como sistema de monitoreo ni como un indicativo para realizar aplicaciones de insecticidas. Three baits for trapping the pitaya flower-bud fly, Dasiops saltans Townsend (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in yellow pitaya, Selenicereus megalanthus (Cactaceae) orchards were evaluated. The tested baits were hydrolyzed soy protein (without monosodium glutamate), hydrolyzed soy protein with monosodium glutamate (commercial soy sauce), and hydrolyzed corn protein (without monosodium glutamate), which were put into McPhail traps and placed in the pitaya orchards using a completely randomized design. As a result, four species of Lonchaeidae were trapped, namely: D. saltans, Lonchaea cristula, Neosilba batesi and Neosilba sp. Hydrolyzed corn protein captured the highest number of loncheids, followed by commercial soy sauce and hydrolyzed soy protein (without monosodium glutamate) respectively. Of the captured species of Lonchaeidae, only D. saltans is known to cause damage on flower buds. Whilst, very few individuals of D. saltanswere caught in McPhail traps baited with the above attractants compared to the other trapped Lonchaeidae, and there is a great difficulty for the differentiation of loncheid species in the field with the naked eye, thus McPhail traps baited with these hydrolyzed proteins are not recommended as a population monitoring system nor for taking decisions on pesticide applications.

Diez especies en cuatro familias de hemípteros: Coreidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, y Rhyparochromidae fueron aplastadas con las manos para estudiar su atracciíon hacia Milichiella Lacteipennis Loew (Diptera: Milichiidae. Milichiella lacteipennis fue atraída solamente a chinches de Coreidae y Pentatomidae, y en general más fuertemente hacia las hembras que a los machos. Cuando eran atraídas, el tiempo de la llegada del primer milichiido a los chinches aplastados tuvo un rango entre 2 a 34 segundos dependiendo del sexo y de la especie de chinche. Solo las hembras de M. Lacteipennis fueron atraídas a los chinches.

Este estudio es el primer registro del depredador de ácaros, Stethorus tridens Gordon (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) depredando la arañita roja, Oligonychus yothersi McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae). Se provee información actualizada sobre la distribución geográfica de S. tridens y los ácaros que depreda; una diagnosis del macho de S. tridens con fotografias en color de las características diagnósticas importantes y sus hábitos de depredación sobre O. yothersi.

En este trabajo se presenta información sobre la duración, características y hábitos de los diferentes estados de desarrollo de la mosca del botón floral de la pitaya, Dasiops saltans (Townsend) (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) como resultado de observaciones realizadas en el campo y laboratorio. Los valores promedio obtenidos desde oviposición hasta emergencia fueron de 20.85 (± 5.94) días, huevo: 3.74 días. Las larvas tienen un tiempo promedio de 9.05 días desde que los huevos eclosionan, hasta que estas salen de los botones florales en el tercer estado larval para empupar en el suelo. El estado pupal tiene una duración de 8.06 días. El adulto vive aproximadamente ocho días. Dasiops saltans oviposita en los botones florales, y las larvas barrenan las anteras deteniendo así su crecimiento. Los botones florales afectados por D. saltans se tornan rojizos y caen con facilidad. La presencia de D. saltans se registró durante toda la etapa de floración en botones florales de 1.0 cm a 35.0 cm de longitud.

Se provee una lista de organismos asociados al cultivo de la pitaya amarilla Selenicereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Moran en Colombia. Las principales plagas de pitaya amarilla en Colombia son la mosca del botón floral Dasiops saltans Townsend (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) y Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae). En este trabajo se reportan 29 organismos afectando la pitaya amarilla: 4 Clases, i.e., Arachnida (1 sp.), Aves (1 sp.), Gastropoda (2 spp.), Insecta (25 spp.), distribuidos en 8 Órdenes y 14 Familias. Pitaya-Hylocereus triangularis

En el presente estudio se colectaron cuatro parasitoides de Dasiops inedulis Steyskal (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), i.e., uno de tipo larva-pupa identificado como Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), y tres parasitoides de pupas identificados como Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani, Spalangia sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) y Aganaspis sp. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). En el campo se observaron daños ocasionados por una larva de Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) sobre pupas centinelas deD. inedulis. Se realizaron experimentos con un cebo tóxico de origen natural a base de Saccharopolyspora spinosa en los municipios de Palmira y Toro, en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, destacándose como una nueva alternativa para el control de D. inedulis en maracuyá amarillo, ya que en las dos localidades mantuvo los niveles de daño por debajo del manejo convencional del agricultor y el testigo absoluto. Se provee una lista de enemigos naturales de D. inedulis tomada mediante muestreos de botones florales de maracuyá, uso de pupas centinelas, e información en la literatura científica. Para el control de la mosca del botón floral del maracuyá, D. inedulis, se propone una estrategia de manejo integrado de plagas que le permitirán al productor mantener las poblaciones de D. inedulis reguladas con diferentes herramientas, i.e., enemigos naturales que se pueden incorporar en diferentes etapas de la fenología de D. inedulis, uso de cebos tóxicos de baja toxicidad, recolección de botones con síntomas de daño, y monitoreo con el uso de trampas McPhail cebadas con proteína hidrolizada, interviniendo en diferentes estados de desarrollo, cortando ciclos y disminuyendo así futuras generaciones del insecto. Maracuyá-Passiflora edulis

Nota Científica

Collecting localities, plant hosts and associated ants of 34 species of mealybugs and putoids (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) in Colombia collected during 1995–2008 are provided. Brief notes on their biology, taxonomy and distribution are given. Eleven species, Dysmicoccus sp., Ferrisia sp., Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Nipaecoccus sp. 1, Nipaecoccus sp. 2, Phenacoccus solani Ferris, Ph. solenopsis Tinsley, Planococcus halli Ezzat & McConnell, Prorhizoecus sp., Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), and Rhizoecus mayanus (Hambleton) are newly recorded from Colombia. An updated list of 78 mealybug species from Colombia is given.

Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell, 1894). Material examinado. Cuba: mirador del Salto de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre, Syzygium jambos, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Lomas de Soroa, parte de la Reserva, 23.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre y J. Bocourt, Psychotria grandis, 6 (F) adultas (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Nectandra coriacea, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC). Notas. Protopulvinaria pyriformis es una especie polífaga, la cual presenta una distribución cosmopolita (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller y Miller 2003; Miller et al. 2005); probablemente es de origen neotropical (Miller y Miller 2003, Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está referida para 10 especies y seis familias de hospedantes. Ha causado daños en los aguacateros (Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Mendoza y Gómez 1983; Mestre 1999; Mestre et al. 2001a, 2006b). Se ha referido como importante para el aguacatero, el guayabo, algunas plantas ornamentales en Florida, EE. UU., así como para el aguacatero en Israel (Hamon y Williams 1984; Gill 1988; Ben-Dov 1993; Miller et al. 2005). Se ha registrado en plantas ornamentales en Brasil y Argentina (Peronti et al. 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, G. L, y D. R Miller. 2003. Invasive soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and their threat to U. S. Agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105 (4): 832 - 846.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N. 1999. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Tesis en opcion al grado de Master en Ciencias de Ecologia, Sistematica Aplicada con Mencion en Ecologia, Sistematica y Colecciones Zoologicas. Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente. Depositada en Biblioteca del IES. IES; La Habana. 56 p. y Anexos.","Mestre, N., I. Baro, y S. Rosete. 2001 a. Actualizacion de los coccidos (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) de Cuba y sus plantas hospedantes. Revista Centro Agricola 3: 31 - 36.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, J. L. Fontenla, M. Fernandez, M. Hernandez, y R. Sanchez. 2006 b. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia 1 (1): 53 - 57.","Gill. R. J. 1988. The scales insects of California. Part 1. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 132 p.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}