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The biological reduction of uranium from soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) has shown potential to prevent uranium migration in groundwater. To gain insight into the extent of uranium reduction that can occur during biostimulation and to what degree U(IV) reoxidation will occur under field relevant conditions after biostimulation is terminated, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to monitor: (1) uranium speciation in situ in a flowing column while active reduction was occurring; and (2) in situ postbiostimulation uranium stability and speciation when exposed to incoming oxic water. Results show that after 70 days of bioreduction in a high (30 mM) bicarbonate solution, the majority (>90%) of the uranium in the column was immobilized as U(IV). After acetate addition was terminated and oxic water entered the column, in situ real-time XANES analysis showed that U(1V) reoxidation to U(VI) (and subsequent remobilization) occurred rapidly (on the order of minutes) within the reach of the oxygen front and the spatial and temporal XANES spectra captured during reoxidation allowed for real-time uranium reoxidation rates to be calculated. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:2(78) CE Database subject headings: Uranium; Biodegradation; Oxidation; Iron; Rates.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.10.015 Byline: Marc Flandreau (a), John Komlos (b) Keywords: Target zone; Market efficiency hypothesis; Credibility; Covered interest parity; Austria-Hungary Abstract: An experiment with an exchange-rate band in Austria-Hungary in the early 20th century provides a rare opportunity to discuss critical aspects of the theory of target zones. Providing a new derivation of the target zone model as a set of nested hypotheses, the inference is drawn that policy credibility and market efficiency were paramount in the success of the Austro-Hungarian experience. Author Affiliation: (a) Chaire Finances Internationales, Institut d'Etudes Politiques, 27 Rue Saint-Guillaume, 75007 Paris, France (b) Department of Economics, University of Munich, Germany Article History: Received 3 May 2005; Revised 27 September 2005; Accepted 12 October 2005 Article Note: (footnote) [star] Early versions of this paper were presented in the Bank of France Seminar series, the Bank of Italy workshop, the European Central Bank Senior seminars series, the CESifo Macro, Money, and International Finance workshop, the University of Munich departmental seminar and the OFCE seminar in Paris. The authors are grateful for comments from both readers and participants, and especially from Paul de Grauwe, Concepcion Garcia-Iglesias, Edi Hochreiter, Mathias Hoffman, Ronald MacDonald and Pierre Sicsic. The comments of the editor and of one referee were extremely useful and are gratefully acknowledged. The advice of Markus Knell and Helmut Stix on interest rate semi-elasticities was most helpful. Anton and Andrei Granik provided decisive help with non-linear optimization. We also thank Clemens Jobst for assistance and advice. Many thanks to Eric Foltyn and Mrs. Christine Picha in Vienna for help with the archival data. Walter Antonowicz and Bernhard Mussak kindly facilitated access to the Austrian National Bank Archive. Financial support from Centre Francois Simiand, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, is gratefully acknowledged.

The Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century allowed England and the rest of Europe to escape the fate of starvation through overpopulation predicted by Thomas Robert Malthus. As people migrated to cities, dependence on land decreased just as it had reached a crucial point.

Mainstream economic theory is replete with assumptions that feed into structural or systemic racism. It supports an economic system that severely disadvantages people at the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum, which in the U.S. includes a disproportionate number of Hispanics, indigenous people, and descendants of slaves ((would Afro-Americans be more appropriate?)). The paper discusses 15 such assumptions that are generally trivialized, including the crucial role information costs play in decision making. In turn, costly information implies that its acquisition by poor people requires a greater share of their income, making it more difficult for them to make well-informed decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food contributions from European colonies drove malnutrition downward but pushed population totals upward. Although the potato was the primary foodstuff, other nutritional additions included sugar, rice, cod, flour and rum. These contributions allowed the Industrial Revolution to be sustained, as the increased number of calories permitted harder labor and the rising population expanded the potential workforce.

Describes the contributions of anthropometric history to the understanding of standards of living in the past. Defines anthropometric history as a methodology that uses body height as a proxy measure for economic variables determining how well the human organism thrives in its socioeconomic environment. Suggests that anthropometric methodology contributes to both social and economic history. (DK)

An examination of the changes in the physical structure of white and black prisoners in antebellum Georgia found that those born in the early half of the 19th century were shorter than those born earlier. This decline in biological health amidst economic prosperity can be explained by increased income inequality and the relatively higher price of food. Slaves during these period fared better than their free counterparts either because they produced part of their food or because their owners were encouraged by the high value of slaves to look after the well being of their assets.