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The effect of cold rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al- and C-containing CoCrFeNiMn-type high-entropy alloy was reported. The alloy with a chemical composition (at %) of (20-23) Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni; 8.82 Mn; 3.37 Al; and 0.69 C was produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis with subsequent induction. In the initial as-cast condition the alloy had an face centered cubic single-phase coarse-grained structure. Microstructure evolution was mostly associated with either planar dislocation glide at relatively low deformation during rolling (up to 20%) or deformation twinning and shear banding at higher strain. After 80% reduction, a heavily deformed twinned/subgrained structure was observed. A comparison with the equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn alloy revealed higher dislocation density at all stages of cold rolling and later onset of deformation twinning that was attributed to a stacking fault energy increase in the program alloy; this assumption was confirmed by calculations. In the initial as-cast condition the alloy had low yield strength of 210 MPa with yet very high uniform elongation of 74%. After 80% rolling, yield strength approached 1310 MPa while uniform elongation decreased to 1.3%. Substructure strengthening was found to be dominated at low rolling reductions (<40%), while grain (twin) boundary strengthening prevailed at higher strains., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Signals in one sensory modality can influence perception of another, for example the bias of visual timing by audition: temporal ventriloquism. Strong accounts of temporal ventriloquism hold that the sensory representation of visual signal timing changes to that of the nearby sound. Alternatively, underlying sensory representations do not change. Rather, perceptual grouping processes based on spatial, temporal, and featural information produce best-estimates of global event properties. In support of this interpretation, when feature-based perceptual grouping conflicts with temporal information-based in scenarios that reveal temporal ventriloquism, the effect is abolished. However, previous demonstrations of this disruption used long-range visual apparent-motion stimuli. We investigated whether similar manipulations of feature grouping could also disrupt the classical temporal ventriloquism demonstration, which occurs over a short temporal range. We estimated the precision of participants' reports of which of two visual bars occurred first. The bars were accompanied by different cross-modal signals that onset synchronously or asynchronously with each bar. Participants' performance improved with asynchronous presentation relative to synchronous - temporal ventriloquism - however, unlike the long-range apparent motion paradigm, this was unaffected by different combinations of cross-modal feature, suggesting that featural similarity of cross-modal signals may not modulate cross-modal temporal influences in short time scales.

Bypassing is a recoding event that leads to the translation of two distal open reading frames into a single polypeptide chain. We present the structure of a translating ribosome stalled at the bypassing take-off site of gene 60 of bacteriophage T4. The nascent peptide in the exit tunnel anchors the P-site peptidyl-tRNA Gly to the ribosome and locks an inactive conformation of the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). The mRNA forms a short dynamic hairpin in the decoding site. The ribosomal subunits adopt a rolling conformation in which the rotation of the small subunit around its long axis causes the opening of the A-site region. Together, PTC conformation and mRNA structure safeguard against premature termination and read-through of the stop codon and reconfigure the ribosome to a state poised for take-off and sliding along the noncoding mRNA gap.

A five-step procedure was used to obtain electrophoretically pure preparations of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The procedure included extraction, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme was found to exist in two isoforms, dimeric and tetrameric, formed by the oligomerization of identical subunits. The isoforms are assumed to be involved in different metabolic processes.

A scheme of purification of malate dehydrogenase from Macromonas bipunctata strain D-405 and Vulcanithermus medioatlanticus DSM 14978T was developed. This scheme was used to obtain electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme preparations of the mesophilic bacterium M. bipunctata (specific activity, 26.9 +/- 0.8 U/mg protein; yield, 10.9%) and the thermophilic bacterium V. medioatlanticus (specific activity, 5.0 +/- 0.2 U/mg protein; yield, 19.2%). Using these high-purity enzymatic preparations, the physicochemical and regulatory properties of malate dehydrogenase were studied and the differences in kinetic characteristics and thermal stability of the preparations were determined.

Aim: To develop a conceptual model of using catalytic autoantibodies as diagnostic and monitoring tools in organ-specific autoimmune disorders., Material and Methods: A total of 99 patients (56 males and 43 females aged 21-52 years) with autoimmune myocarditis (AM) and 198 patients (77 males and 121 females aged 8-79 years) with autoimmune uveitis (A U) participated in the study. AM patients were examined for anticardiomyosin and anti-DNA autoantibodies (ACM, ADNAab), AU patients - for autoantibodies to S-antigen, IRBP, redopsin, phosphocine, autoDNA., Results: AM patients had double level of DNA-binding autoantibodies. In 1/3 of them there was hydrolysing DNA and cytotoxic activity. In AU patients maximal titers were in Behcet's disease, sympathic ophthalmia, generalized uveitis and viral uveitis., Conclusion: Autoantibodies with different specificity and function including DNA-abzymes can be additional diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Aim: To study prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its various clinical forms depending on sex, age, profession including risk factors (RF) and their combination and efficiency of long-term multifactorial active prevention programs at enterprises in several regions of the Russian Federation., Material and Methods: 14,000 male and 20,969 female volunteers were observed in organized groups in three Russian cities (Cheboksary, Pskov, St-Petersburg). 8984 males and 14,515 females entered seven groups of outpatient follow-up and active long-term multifactorial prevention during 5-10 years., Results: Risk factor correction produced a significant decrease in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, frequency and intensity of smoking, overweight, improved ECG parameters, increased number of the examinees free of risk factors; state of IHD patients improved. Overall mortality, IHD and stroke mortality, number of temporary disability days were significantly less in the prevention group., Conclusion: Active multifactorial "in office" prevention for 5 to 10 years reduced RF prevalence and intensity, quantity of days at sick-leave fell by 48.5%. The presence of IHD and risk factors in both groups increased overall mortality rates and cardiovascular (IHD and stroke) mortality rates at the beginning of the study. The multifactorial prevention of IHD and risk factors resulted in a significant reduction of overall mortality rates as well as cardiovascular mortality rates in groups of active prevention.

Changes in various indices of lipid components of dried doughnut mixtures during their joint or separate 3-month storage were studied. Methyl oleate oxidation model was used to determine the prooxidant properties of the initial mixture. The antioxidant activity, inhibition of oxidation, and inhibitory properties of lipids were shown to be enhanced during storage. The composition of phospholipids varied considerably due to changes in the degree of unsaturation of lipids in the mixture during storage. Joint storage of components resulted in a greater stability and better preservation of lipid components (as compared to their separate storage).

The frequency of radiation-induced chromosome losses is not connected with heterochromatic content but depends on the total chromosomal DNA content. This dependence is of the selective nature and appears as a result of the effect of dominant lethality of non-repaired euchromatic breaks. Simultaneous losses of the two chromosomes in one nucleus are not independent, because of the interaction of the heterochromatic breaks underlying these losses. The conclusion is made that the chromosome losses are involved in the exchange events accompanied by the centromere deletion.

The dose-effect curves for half and full translocations induced in mature sperm with the break points within the same chromosomal region were obtained. Probability of reunion q and the number of breaks N that could be calculated from these curves varies within the range 0.83-0.69 and 0.011-0.078, respectively. The half and full translocations were induced under maternal effect of mus 104D1. In this case, q = 0.86 (for normal genotype 0.79) and N = 0.114 (for normal genotype 0.048). These figures show that the dose increase and the introduction of the mus 104 cause increase in the breaks number and only weak change in break reunion occurs. The method developed can be used for the search for mutations that interfere with break reunion.

Different cytogenetic effects in bone marrow cells induced by antitumor drugs with different mechanisms of action was studied. The treatment of adriablastine causes the appearance of chromatid deletion, vinblastine-polyploid cells, cyclophosphamide-chromosomal and chromatid aberration in mice. It was shown that bone marrow cells with cytogenetic damage have altered susceptibility to normal spleen cells-effectors cytotoxic action.

Cytogenetic disorders in hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow were studied on mice CBA at early and late periods after exposure to MIDs of doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic. It was shown that at the early period doxorubicin induced aberrations, mainly of the chromatid type, in the hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow. Instability of the genetic apparatus of the hemopoietic cells observed for 3 months of the experiment was likely to be the immediate cause of the disorders in hemopoiesis at the late periods after exposure to doxorubicin.

The evidence on the changes detectable in remote periods (at 1, 3, and 6 months) is presented. It shows that the quantitative and functional defects are retained in the hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues within 3-6 months after exposure to the effects of various cytostatic agents. These defects may be corrected by means of immunomodulators.

The cytogenetic effect of antitumor antibiotics of the anthracycline group was studied with the use of the routine analysis of chromosomes in the metaphase plates of the bone marrow cells and the micronuclear test (the procedure of counting erythrocytes with micronuclei in peripheral blood). It was shown that by the level of the mutagenic effect the antibiotics might be arranged as follows with respect to the decrease in their activity: carminomycin----doxorubicin----daunomycin. The micronuclear test provided estimation of the cytogenetic damage of the bone marrow. In this connection the procedure may be recommended for rapid evaluation of the mutagenic effect of various anthracyclines and probably other cytostatics characterized by mutagenic activity.