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The need for sustainable development is felt in all countries. An operational definition of sustainability is given to provide a framework to determine the extent to which the environment should be protected. The paper examines sources of environmental problems and then discusses various policy options to deal with them. Alternative policy instruments of both command and control policies and incentive-based policies such as taxes, subsidies, and tradeable permits are examined. The benefits, costs, efficiency, effectiveness, distributive implications, implementability, and appropriateness of alternative policy instruments for different types of problems are discussed.

India accounts for about 14 per cent of the world’s population and about 25 per cent of that of developing countries. The number of the poor in India was about 420 million in 1985 and now represents about 38 per cent of the poor in developing countries. India has been trying to reduce poverty by adopting economic planning for growth with redistribution of income in the framework of a mixed economy…

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate awareness of type 2 diabetes and how sociodemographic factors influence diabetes knowledge in a rural population of Tamil Nadu, India. Previous research has identified poor awareness of diabetes in several low and middle-income countries, which can lead to a high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes. India having the second highest prevalence of diabetes globally, it is increasingly important to assess how diabetes can be addressed in rural Indian populations. Methods: Systematic random sampling was used to gather study participants in 17 villages within the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu, India. Data on diabetes knowledge was collected using a validated questionnaire. Knowledge score range was 0-8; a score of zero was designated as 'low knowledge', scores 1-4 as 'moderate knowledge', and scores 5-8 as 'good knowledge'. Associations between sociodemographic factors and composite diabetes knowledge score were assessed using a multinomial logistic GLLAMM model in Stata. Results: A total of 753 individuals participated in the study. The average age of participants was 47 years and 55% were women. Overall awareness of diabetes was low, with 66% of individuals having no knowledge of diabetes. Only 16% and 17% achieved a moderate and a good knowledge score, respectively. Achieving a moderate knowledge score was significantly positively associated with education, wealth, participation in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), and business ownership as a source of income. Achieving a good knowledge score was significantly positively associated with education, wealth, rurality, participation in MGNREGA, business ownership as a source of income, and frequency of healthcare utilization. Rurality was significantly negatively associated (relative risk ratio (95% confidence interval)) with both moderate knowledge score (0.34 (0.19-0.59)), and good knowledge score (0.43 (0.24-0.74)). The strongest predictor of having a good knowledge score was having a high-school graduate or postsecondary education (11.07 (4.44-27.61)). Enrolment in MGNREGA employment was the strongest predictor for having a moderate knowledge score (3.27 (1.93-5.54)), as well as strongly associated with having a good knowledge score (2.39 (1.31-4.36)). Conclusion: The low awareness of diabetes among participants of this study raises serious concerns for public health in India. Public health efforts must prioritize health equity to lessen the impacts of diabetes in rural populations, where individuals face systemic barriers to receiving prevention and treatment for conditions such as diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy for sustainable development requires replacing fossil fuel use by renewables. Such substitution is the kingpin of climate action. As per IPCC AR6 WG I latest report "limiting human-induced global warming requires limiting cumulative CO 2 emissions" and "every tonne of CO 2 emissions adds to global warming". In other words, climate action should focus on cumulative emissions and not on annual emissions. We need to shift the discourse from annual emissions to cumulated emissions. For example, in the Paris Agreement instead of the final level of emissions in 2030 as goals emphasis should have been on the cumulated emissions of the pathways till 2030. Responsibility for finance needs to be in that proportion. Moreover, an annual fee of even US$1 per ton from all countries big and small on their cumulated emissions from 1990 onwards incentivises them to reduce and postpone their emissions. Such a fee can currently raise annually at least US$ 733 billion for climate finance. Moreover, focusing on annual emissions can lead to a false sense of comfort that climate change is under control, whereas warming will continue even after net-zero is attained. • Cumulated emissions is a better scientific indicator to guide climate action and discourse than annual emissions. • It should be the measure for a country's mitigation responsibility and climate finance obligations. • A fee of one US$ per tCO2 from all countries for their cumulative emissions since 1990 can raise US$ 733 billion in 2020. • It would incentivize countries to postpone, reduce and increase negative emissions. • It can raise finance for domestic action, transfer resources to countries and purchase technology license for global goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andhra Pradesh is one of the leading chilli producing states in India and Asia. However, many farmers experience low yields due to various reasons such as pests and excess water during cultivation. In agriculture, the methods are now data-centric. It involves exploring poor performance and finding appropriate solutions. The rapidly growing applications of Internet-of-Things (IoT) based technology are attracting farmers to adopt smart farming, which is changing the system from qualitative approaches to quantitative approaches. This opens a door for our undertaking to include the abilities of different sensors for IoT in rural areas. Hybrid chilli (F1 Golden parrot) has been selected for cultivation in the Pallavolu area of Nellore. Therefore, weather conditions and provocation for this mission in this area will be deliberated. IoT tools and communication technologies related to sensors in agricultural applications are analyzed in detail. Moreover, an appropriate approach to monitoring crop health and field optimization will be studied in this project. High quality and improved production of hybrid chilli (F1 Golden Parrot) is expected in the Pallavolu area of Nellore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to compare outcomes of patients enrolled in the NCSI (National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative) trial who were treated using a revascularization strategy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of multivessel PCI (MV-PCI) versus culprit-vessel PCI (CV-PCI). In patients with multivessel disease who present with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMICS), intervening on the nonculprit vessel is controversial. There are conflicting published reports and lack of evidence, particularly in patients treated with early mechanical circulatory support (MCS). From July 2016 to December 2019, patients who presented with AMICS to 57 participating hospitals were included in this analysis. All patients were treated using a standard shock protocol emphasizing early MCS, revascularization, and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD) were analyzed according to whether CV-PCI or MV-PCI was undertaken during the index procedure. Of 198 patients with MVCAD, 126 underwent MV-PCI (64%) and 72 underwent CV-PCI (36%). Demographics between the cohorts were similar with respect to age, sex, history of diabetes, prior PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting, and prior history of myocardial infarction. Patients who underwent MV-PCI had a trend toward more severe impairment of cardiac output and worse lactate clearance on presentation, and cardiac performance was significantly worse at 12 h. However, 24 h from PCI, the hemometabolic derangements were similar. Survival and rates of acute kidney injury were not significantly different between groups (69.8% MV-PCI vs. 65.3% CV-PCI; p = 0.51; and 29.9% vs. 34.2%; p = 0.64, respectively). In patients with MVCAD presenting with AMICS treated with early MCS, revascularization of nonculprit lesions was associated with similar hospital survival and acute kidney injury when compared with culprit-only PCI. Selective nonculprit PCI can be safety performed in AMICS in patients supported with mechanical circulatory support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food literacy among children and youth is configured by two knowledge domains: an informal community-based knowledge, and a formal curriculum-based knowledge. This paper examines how these two domains contribute to food literacy and strengthen food security among rural youth in Nepal. In consultation with schoolteachers and local farmers, a knowledge test was developed and administered to 226 high school students. Scores were collected on agro-ecological, cultivation and consumption-related knowledge on a locally grown staple crop, as contributor to food literacy. Sociocultural factors like age, gender, level of education, migration of household members, level of student interest, and spatial factor like location of school all have an influence on food literacy. While formal school-based education and community-based informal knowledge oppositely interact, there is space for these two domains to synergistically interact to enhance food literacy. Rural students have potential to enhance food literacy in the schools, provided the schools create supportive space for experiential learning that weaves community-based Indigenous knowledges of local foods. However, an effective promotion of food literacy can only be ensured by adopting a holistic approach that includes a wide range of actors such as students, parents, teachers, schools, community organizations and government institutions. • Food literacy is configured by two knowledge domains: formal and informal, contributing to food literacy among rural youths. • Rural students have potential to enhance food literacy in the schools through experiential learning. • Retention of knowledge is the outcome of a complex interaction of gender with other intersectionalities. • Effective promotion of food literacy needs a holistic approach where all relevant stakeholders have a role to play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For offshore oil and gas production facilities, overboard disposal of treated produced water (PW) remains a principal waste management option, and regulatory frameworks have been established to manage these discharges. Risk-based assessment (RBA) of PW, which aims to quantify potential impacts on the environment, has been adopted in some regulatory systems, but is also applied by oil and gas operators as part of their risk management systems. In 2020, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers published a guidance document, including a four-tiered assessment framework aiming for a broader understanding and consistent application of PW RBA globally. The current study reviewed case studies and categorised them along the proposed assessment tiers. Regulatory developments are shown to be key drivers for the application of PW RBA globally, but required tools are often to resource intense for early risk screening. The proposed framework promotes the use of existing data, read-across techniques, and non-animal testing in two initial screening tiers, characterised by little to no sampling. In addition, it allows to refine higher tier assessments through the application of species sensitivity distributions and the inclusion of exposure time to avoid conservative assessment factors. This enables assessments to better approximate observations from field verification, included as a final tier to determine the level of discernible effects. The proposed tiered assessment approach can be considered a novel way to scale assessment efforts to the situation especially in cases where resources are limited, priorities for further investigations need to be set, rapid evaluation of hazard levels is required, sampling logistics and transport of large volumes is complicated and/or there is an opportunity for reduced animal testing. This makes early assessments more effective and ensures logical and efficient actions are triggered for understanding and managing environmental risks of produced water discharges. • Risk-based methods quantify potential environmental impact from offshore discharges. • The proposed framework guides scaling of efforts in assessing and managing risks. • Regulatory developments are key drivers for the application of risk-based methods. • Screening tools enable rapid evaluation of hazard with reduced animal testing. • Advanced models close gaps between risk assessments and field verification results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing cellular network gives us the large network coverage as well as network capacity but in many cases it fails to achieve predicted data rates for the seamless wireless communication. Moreover there is a tremendous increase in wireless device users so the data rates and network capacity offered by conventional cellular network is not sufficient. So the effort to suppress base-stations power consumption are desperately needed and for that heterogeneous cellular network has been introduced. This paper provides the complete analysis of energy efficient wireless systems for heterogeneous cellular network as it has been pointed out to be one of the key network architectures that help to increase system capacity and reduce power consumption. Heterogeneous network with coordinated multi-point has received significant attention as a way of achieving energy efficiency and to improve the network handling capacity in heterogeneous cellular network. Usually in communication those users which are on the edge of the cells always suffer with the low data rates and low capacity. Moreover they get interference from the adjacent cells. To mitigate these problems and achieve higher energy efficiency Heterogeneous network with coordinated multi-point came out as one of the best solutions. In this paper heterogeneous network is considered with the Voronoi tessellation and between the cells coordinated multi-point technique is applied and compared with the non- coordinated multipoint scenario. Heterogeneous network is the integrated part of the beyond 4G wireless network for better energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the extent to which the internal migration-development nexus is operational in four panchayats or village councils in northwest Tamil Nadu. We investigate who participates in labor migration in this context and explore the experiences of and outcomes from labor migration for migrant workers and their households. In addition, we examine the motivations for migration among migrant households and the barriers to migration among non-migrant households. We argue that internal labor migration can contribute to development in this setting. However, recognition of the barriers to and within migration is needed to frame subsequent policy discussions and rural development planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]