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The article discusses issues related to the settlement of disputes within the framework of the World Trade Organization, as well as assesses the advantages and disadvantages of this system. The specific problems of the dispute settlement system functioning today are considered, and options for optimizing the dispute resolution mechanism and various ways to improve the effectiveness of legal remedies in cases of non-compliance with decisions are proposed. Special attention is paid to the latest topical disputes involving the Russian Federation, the European Union, Ukraine, China and USA resolved within the framework of the World Tr ade Organization, as well as to the crisis faced by the organization due to the absence of a permanent appeals body.

In the context of global changes in the media market under the influence of Internet technologies, it becomes necessary to identify the main trends of its development, so the characteristic of the market trends, the integration process of entrepreneurial structures in the media industry, aimed at increasing their competitiveness at the present stage of development of the market economy. In the context of an ever-changing, competitive digital ecosystem and against the background of General cuts in advertising budgets in the print press, radio, and television, advertising investments in the digital environment are increasing starting in 2019. Revenues of legacy news media organizations (also called old or traditional media organizations) are constantly declining due to the high degree of audience participation in new media due to the use of user-generated content, media automation, and new digital media organizations. Using mathematical-statistical and logical research methods, the article identifies specific features of the media business sphere, which include audience fragmentation, culture of creative destruction, and hypercompetition in the media market. In addition, key issues and current changes in the media industry in the context of global digitalization are highlighted, reflecting the introduction of innovative technologies that affect the media industry, and the decline in traditional methods of delivery and media consumption. Global digitalization has affected the growth of media platforms, resulting in an increase in the supply of content itself, as well as significant changes in its consumption by the advertising market.

The facile synthesis of biografted 2D derivatives complemented by a nuanced understanding of their properties are keystones for advancements in biosensing technologies. Herein, we thoroughly examine the feasibility of aminated graphene as a platform for the covalent conjugation of monoclonal antibodies towards human IgG immunoglobulins. Applying core-level spectroscopy methods, namely X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies, we delve into the chemistry and its effect on the electronic structure of the aminated graphene prior to and after the immobilization of monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the alterations in the morphology of the graphene layers upon the applied derivatization protocols are assessed by electron microscopy techniques. Chemiresistive biosensors composed of the aerosol-deposited layers of the aminated graphene with the conjugated antibodies are fabricated and tested, demonstrating a selective response towards IgM immunoglobulins with a limit of detection as low as 10 pg/mL. Taken together, these findings advance and outline graphene derivatives’ application in biosensing as well as hint at the features of the alterations of graphene morphology and physics upon its functionalization and further covalent grafting by biomolecules.

The properties of graphene oxide–detonation nanodiamond composites obtained as a result of heterocoagulation of graphene oxide and hydrogenated detonation nanodiamonds in aqueous mixtures were studied. The resulting composites with different proportions of graphene oxide and detonation nanodiamond were subjected to drying and subsequent heat treatment in a vacuum, converting graphene oxide into graphene. The structure of the composites was studied using electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The specific surface area and porosity of the obtained samples were studied by analyzing nitrogen adsorption isotherms. A model for the composite formation and a possible technology for producing a material based on it with different specific surface area values and pore structure are proposed. It is shown, that the largest possible specific surface area of two-component structures of the «DND/GO» type does not exceed 500 m2·g−1. It was also concluded that it is necessary to achieve a uniform distribution of detonation nanodiamond particles over the surface of graphene sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key components of photonic integrated circuits are nanoscale optica emitters and nanowaveguides. III‐V semiconductor nanostructures are considered as the most promising material platform for these components due to highly efficient luminescence and high refractive index, but the problem of emission coupling with waveguide is to be solved. In this work, the use of GaP nanowires (NWs) with different types of doping (GaP:Si or GaP:Be) is proposed as optical waveguides with directly integrated electrically‐driven light sources, solving the problem of emission‐to‐waveguide coupling. Single NWs are integrated with electrodes and pump electroluminescence by a tunnel junction allowing to study emission properties with nanoscale spatial resolution. Basing on the experiments on scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), electron microscopy, time‐resolved photoluminescence micro‐spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and STM‐induced electroluminescence, it is proven that GaP NWs exhibit different integrated light‐source on doping type of NWs. GaP:Be NWs contain inclusion of the crystalline wurtzite phase with a direct bandgap, and, thus, these NW regions can be considered as electrically‐driven nanoscale sources of light monolithically integrated into GaP NW‐based waveguides. Meanwhile, GaP:Si NWs work as optical waveguides capable of efficient light generation over the entire length of NW. The developed designs are promising for construction of integrated photonic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some layered phyllosilicates are characterized by spontaneous scrolling due to size mismatch between sublayers. The doping of layers by transition metal ions allows nanoscrolls to acquire magnetic properties. The magnetic behavior of synthetic (Mg1 –xCox)3Si2O5(OH)4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) phyllosilicates with the chrysotile structure before and after partial hydrogen-induced reduction is studied. The dominant ferromagnetic behavior has been revealed in all studied phyllosilicates. Ensembles of cobalt metal nanoparticles in a silicate matrix have demonstrated a collective magnetic response at room temperature with a narrow hysteresis loop and fast saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberspace crime is a critical threat to the information security of the state and civil society institutions. Inside global network the abuse of computer user’s trust allows organized criminal groups to achieve their economic and political goals by committing offenses in the international information space. The methods of participatory observation, comparative legal and discourse analysis show that digital transformation has weakened the influence of the state on the development of the cultural sphere of society, and computer technologies have become the object of interests of criminal structures. Digital transformation has created virtual reality based on the laws and regulations of the networked community. Civil society by rejecting most of the peremptory norms imposed by national governments for political purposes produce victims of a wide range of cybercrimes: fraud and computer misuse offences and obscene publications. Since digital transformation is a universal phenomenon that will inevitably change the life of the entire world community, it is necessary to reach a consensus on the development and implementation of modern international agreement which, on the one hand, will guarantee freedom of speech and the right of every person to access information, and on the other hand will protect citizens, states and social institutions from criminal encroachments in an actively developing digital environment.

The review of existing approaches to the study of the problem of language planning is carried out. The features of the implementation of its main aspects are studied. The definitions of the term “language planning” in domestic and foreign sociolinguistics are compared. The activity of actors is studied at the macrolevel and microlevel of language planning. Attention is paid to the goals of language planning, which include not only work on changes in the areas of language use, but also counteraction to the speech shift, which can ultimately lead to the death of the language. Language planning is viewed as a combination of three main areas: status planning, corpus planning and planned language acquisition. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of these components in relation to some of the title languages of the Russian Federation: Tuvan, Kalmyk and Karelian. It is argued that prestigious planning is the foundation for successful language fore-casting. The importance of considering both social and political components in language forecasting is emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to the need to create a base for the subsequent linguistic forecast, which is impossible without an analytical assessment of the existing linguistic situation.

Ekaterina A Skomorokhova,1,2 Tatiana P Sankova,3 Iurii A Orlov,1 Andrew N Savelev,3 Daria N Magazenkova,3 Mikhail G Pliss,4,5 Alexey N Skvortsov,3 Ilya M Sosnin,1 Demid A Kirilenko,1,6 Ivan V Grishchuk,3 Elena I Sakhenberg,7 Elena V Polishchuk,1,8 Pavel N Brunkov,1,6 Alexey E Romanov,1,6 Ludmila V Puchkova,1– 3 Ekaterina Yu Ilyechova1,2 1International Research Center of Functional Materials and Devices of Optoelectronics, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia; 2Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia; 3Higher Engineering Physics School of the Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia; 4Department of Experimental Physiology and Pharmacology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia; 5Laboratory of Blood Circulation Biophysics, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; 6Center of Nanoheterostructures Physics, Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; 7Laboratory of Cell Protection Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; 8Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, ItalyCorrespondence: Ekaterina Yu Ilyechova Department of Molecular GeneticsResearch Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov Street, 12, St. Petersburg 197376, RussiaTel +79217605274Fax +78122322307Email ilichevaey@itmo.ruPurpose: The ability of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes to influence copper metabolism in mice is assessed.Materials and Methods: AgNPs with diameters of 10, 20, and 75 nm were fabricated through a chemical reduction of silver nitrate and characterized by UV/Vis spectrometry, transmission and scanning electronic microscopy, and laser diffractometry. To test their bioactivity, Escherichia coli cells, cultured A549 cells, and C57Bl/6 mice were used. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was determined by inhibition of colony-forming ability, and cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT test (viability, %). Ceruloplasmin (Cp, the major mammalian extracellular copper-containing protein) concentration and enzymatic activity were measured using gel-assay analyses and WB, respectively. In vitro binding of AgNPs with serum proteins was monitored with UV/Vis spectroscopy. Metal concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry.Results: The smallest AgNPs displayed the largest dose- and time-dependent antibacterial activity. All nanoparticles inhibited the metabolic activity of A549 cells in accordance with dose and time, but no correlation between cytotoxicity and nanoparticle size was found. Nanosilver was not uniformly distributed through the body of mice intraperitoneally treated with low AgNP concentrations. It was predominantly accumulated in liver. There, nanosilver was included in ceruloplasmin, and Ag-ceruloplasmin with low oxidase activity level was formed. Larger nanoparticles more effectively interfered with the copper metabolism of mice. Large AgNPs quickly induced a drop of blood serum oxidase activity to practically zero, but after cancellation of AgNP treatment, the activity was rapidly restored. A major fraction of the nanosilver was excreted in the bile with Cp. Nanosilver was bound by alpha-2-macroglobulin in vitro and in vivo, but silver did not substitute for the copper atoms of Cp in vitro.Conclusion: The data showed that even at low concentrations, AgNPs influence murine copper metabolism in size-dependent manner. This property negatively correlated with the antibacterial activity of AgNPs.Keywords: silver nanoparticles, copper status, ceruloplasmin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, bile, urine