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Evaluation of simultaneous and successive information processing skills, language and reading processes, and reading achievement of 105 reading disabled children (ages 7 to 15 years) indicated that subjects tended to employ simultaneous processing in reading tasks normally requiring successive processing. (Author/DB)

The article discusses a framework of reading disability based on comprehensive theories of cognition and reading. Reading problems are considered in terms of the Information Integration theory of cognition. Goals for developing remedial instruction based on the theory are also discussed. (Author/DB)

The investigation of cognitive factors responsible for the arithmetic learning problems of fifth graders found that children with arithmetic learning problems were characterized by very slow operation execution. No support was found for theories that inefficient number encoding or inappropriate strategies are characteristic of this population. (Author/DB)

The paper discusses the degree of generality or specificity adopted in approaches to strategy instruction. The historical context of the generality-specificity dimension is described and related to the strategy instruction literature in special education, and three frameworks for conceptualization of generality-specificity are presented. (Author/JDD)

Discussion of text segmenting and comprehension highlights a study of elementary students in Australia that tested two hypotheses, one concerning reading abilities and one concerning information processing skills involved in syntactic analysis. Tests that measured vocabulary, comprehension, and processing skills are described, results are analyzed, and further studies are suggested. (24 references) (LRW)

Morphological awareness (MA) is an important predictor of reading outcomes in different languages. The consonantal root is a salient feature of Arabic lexical structure and critical to MA. The goals of this study were to (a) develop a measure of root awareness (RA) as one dimension of MA in Arabic, and (b) validate the RA measure by predicting reading outcomes in an Arabic population. A set of RA items was administered to 194 Arabic-speaking third-grade children. A one-factor model was specified using confirmatory factor analysis to examine the model fit of the RA measure. A structural equation model was then developed to examine the relation between the RA measure and important reading outcome measures including word reading, reading fluency, and reading comprehension. The results of these analyses indicated good model fit, and the RA measure accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in the outcomes. The establishment of the RA measure is an important preliminary step to efficiently assessing MA in Arabic and could serve as an integral tool for studying reading development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humphreys' comments on double-median splits (TM 504 009) are essentially correct, but are not relevant to the original Kirby and Das article (EJ 182 444). His comments do not weaken our findings. (Author/RD)

Naming speed (NS) refers to how quickly and accurately participants name a set of familiar stimuli (e.g., letters). NS is an established predictor of reading ability, but controversy remains over why it is related to reading. We used three techniques (stimulus manipulations to emphasize phonological and/or visual aspects, decomposition of NS times into pause and articulation components, and analysis of eye movements during task performance) with three groups of participants (children with dyslexia, ages 9-10; chronological-age [CA] controls, ages 9-10; reading-level [RL] controls, ages 6-7) to examine NS and the NS-reading relationship. Results indicated (a) for all groups, increasing visual similarity of the letters decreased letter naming efficiency and increased naming errors, saccades, regressions (rapid eye movements back to letters already fixated), pause times, and fixation durations; (b) children with dyslexia performed like RL controls and were less efficient, had longer articulation times, pause times, fixation durations, and made more errors and regressions than CA controls; and (c) pause time and fixation duration were the most powerful predictors of reading. We conclude that NS is related to reading via fixation durations and pause times: Longer fixation durations and pause times reflect the greater amount of time needed to acquire visual/orthographic information from stimuli and prepare the correct response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Correction to: Surgical Endoscopy https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-022-09387-4 This article was updated to delete extraneous text from the title. [Extracted from the article]