Search

This paper presents a procedure for assessing the vibration analysis of type SCARA robots. The motion and running conditions of such robots are very complicated that leads to produce vibration and shock which are generated by arm profile in running conditions .In this study the vibration analysis gives the feasibility of the preview control was examined to improve the performance of the SCARA robots system. As it is important for containment the robot arm trajectories generated by the model to show satisfactory safe performance under vibration occurrence phenomena so that they completely avoid errors, the results obtained from such vibration analysis assessment procedure are considered to be valuable and reliable process not only with respect to vibration risk assessment but also for predicting kinematic analysis by investigating the robot arm motion using the kinematic and vibration methods. Forced vibrations is studied analytically help the designer to predict the behavior and design the robot hardware or control system. Theoretical results show reduction in both vibration amplitude and time history response.

This study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of water, ethanol and acetone Myristica fragrans seed extract tested against four bacteria species; two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The susceptibility of these different bacterial species toward the extracts of this plants seed was compared with each other and between crust and bulb and with selected antibiotic (cipropholexin) used as positive control. Results showed that ethanol and acetone extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against gram positive bacterial species only, the diameter of inhibition zone reached 25mm against Staph. aureus by crust extract. Crust extract showed antibacterial activity more than the pulp extract. It is concluded that this plant can be indispensible source for secondary metabolites.

Hollow viscus injuries of the digestive tract are an uncommon occurrence in blunt abdominal trauma. We report a 39-year-old male who was hit by a vehicle as a pedestrian and admitted to the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, in 2015. He underwent an exploratory laparotomy which revealed injuries to the distal stomach, liver and descending colon. Postoperatively, the patient was febrile, tachycardic and hypotensive. Abdominal examination revealed distention and tenderness. The next day, a repeat laparotomy identified a gastric injury which had not been diagnosed during the initial laparotomy. Although the defect was repaired, the patient subsequently died as a result of multiorgan failure. Missed gastric injuries are rare and are associated with a grave prognosis, particularly for trauma patients. Delays in diagnosis, in addition to associated injuries, contribute to a high mortality rate.

Amber 33 and Amber Baghdad rice seeds were presoaked in 1.5mM of Sodium azide (SA) for 4 hrs which is the optimum dose for mutagenesis with SA that caused 40% reduction in seedlings height. This dose gave the highest genetic variation and less sterility in both genotypes. Calli from both SA treated and non-treated genotypes were induced from mature embryos on appropriate medium while cell suspension cultures were initiated by placing about 100 mg callus pieces into 250 ml flasks containing 100 ml of Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium (MS) supplemented with 0.5mg/l kin (Kinetin) and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), then placed on a rotary shaker at 100 rpm for 30 days. Growth curves of cell suspension cultures were examined during a range of culture periods 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days. In all cell lines, the growth rates of cells were initially slow but as the culture proceeded, they increased and accumulated great amounts of biomass over a period of 20 days. The best inoculums for cell plating were determined by plating aliquots of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 ml of cell cultures into 20ml solidified MS medium poured into Petri dishes. Packed cell volume (PCV) and the number of colonies were recorded after four weeks of cell plating. Inoculums convenient for cell plating were inoculated into MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PEG6000 (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and2.0%) for screening and selecting cell lines tolerant to drought. Shoot formation was induced on MS medium supplemented with NAA (Naphthaleneacetic acid) and IAA (Indole 3-acetic acid) at 0.5 mg/l and 4.0 mg/l BA (Benzyle adenine). Proline and carbohydrate concentrations were determined in regenerated shoots of plated cell suspension cultures. Results showed no significant differences between the two genotypes in respect to PCV, mean no. of colonies after screening on different PEG concentrations, mean no. of shoot/cell aggregate. While these parameters significantly increased at 1.5 mM SA treated genotypes compared with untreated. Results also revealed a significant reduction in mean no. of colonies, mean no. of shoot/cell aggregate with the increasing of PEG concentration especially in SA non-treated genotypes.

The in vivo tracing of the biodistribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a pre-requisite in identifying their target cells and understanding their function. Although luorescent labelling of EVs is already used, radiolabelling can provide more details in understanding biodistribution of EVs. In the present paper we report radiolabelling of bone marrow-derived EVs and in vivo tracing of their biodistribution. EVs isolated from the bone marrow supernatant of űő7ŰL/6 mice were labelled with the technetium-99m (99mTc) isotope. Labelling was eficient and labelled EVs were stable during the 2Ő hours follow-up. Detection of labelled EVs after intravenous injection in mice was performed using ex vivo measurements and in vivo imaging. Ex vivo examinations revealed that at Ő hours post-injection, the highest accumulation rate was in the liver, kidney, spleen and femur epiphysis. In vivo imaging using nanoSPEűT/űT conirmed the ex vivo examinations and demonstrated slow elimination of the radioactivity, 2Ő hours post- injection the bone marrow-containing epiphysis and lymph nodes showed the highest retention values; liver, spleen and kidney were also clearly detectable. In summary, labelling of bone marrow-derived EVs with 99mTc coupled with SPEűT/űT detection was a reliable method for quantitative distribution studies of EVs in vivo.

The yield of phenolic acids; rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid (CAF) and phenolic diterpenes; carnosic acid (CA), carnosol (CAR), rosmanol (ROL) from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) was investigated. Aqueous extraction was conducted for leaf and callus tissues, the chemical analysis for extracts was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data showed that RA and CAF production was 4.5, 2.7 µg/ml respectively. CA and CAR production reached 3.3, 2.8 µg/ml when the fungal elicitor; Fusarium oxysporum was added at the concentration 2.0 mg/l (2×10 4 CFU/ml), except ROL which was found at high levels (4.3, 4.2 and 4.6 µg/ml) only from leaf extracts, untreated callus and when callus treated with 0.4 mg/l of CaCl2 respectively.

This study was carried out to induce variations in tissue cultures of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by using physical (gamma radiation) and chemical (sodium azide) mutagens. Different plant growth regulators were tested for their potentials in callus induction, and shoot and root formation. Callus initiation on hypocotyl explants was achieved on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 mg/l 6benzyl-aminopurine (BAP). Shoot regeneration was performed using hypocotyl explants cultured on MS medium containing 0.8 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.0 mg/l BAP. Rooting was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/l IAA. Callus cultures and seedlings were irradiated with gamma radiation at six doses 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 or 55 mGy from 137 Cs source, or treated with sodium azide(SA) at four concentrations 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 mM for 1, 3 or 6 hours. Callus fresh weights were increased after irradiation with 25 mGy gamma rays and treatment with (0.5 or 3.0) mM SA for 1 hour. Shoot regeneration was observed in all irradiated hypocotyl explants. Shoot regeneration at (15 and 35) mGy was similar to the control. Root formation was observed on hypocotyls irradiated with low doses (5 or 15) mGy only, while SA inhibited shoot and root regeneration. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was performed todetect genetic mutation in extracted DNA samples. DNA was extracted from mother plant, callus tissue, irradiated calli with 15 or 45 mGy of gamma ray and calli treated with 0.5 and 3 mM SA. Twelve arbitrary 10-mer primers were used of which eight primers gave amplification products. The total number of amplification products was 27 bands, of which 22 bands were monomorphic bands which indicates the presence of genetic mutations. One of these primers, C-02, revealed polymorphism in callus tissues treated with 45 mGy of gamma radiation, 0.5 and 3.0 mM SA. Others primers, C-08 and C-09, revealed polymorphisms in irradiated callus tissues with 15 mGy gamma radiation. RAPD was found to be effective technique to detect genetic mutations in callus tissue.

An expermen was carried out in order to of increase poly phenols in Coleus blumei using elicitation at the intact and cellular levels. The abiotic elicitor used to achieve this aim was polyethylene glycol at the concentrations 4, 8 or 12%. Total phenols in the whole plant and callus tissues were estimated using Folin-ciocalteu and spectrophotometric methods. Induction and maintenance of Coleus callus was carried out on the Gamborg medium (B5) for 21 days supplemented with the growth regulators 0.8 mg.l−1 2, 4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2-4-D), 2 mg.l−1 Benzyl adenine (BA) and 0.5 mg.l−1 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) using stem explants for callus induction. Results exhibited a significant decrease in fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots in intact plants of Coleus in vivo after treatment with PEG. The fresh weight reached10.56g at 12%PEG compared with the control which recorded 35.87g.while the fresh weights of the root decreased to 0.767g at 0.12% PEG compared with the control which recorded 3.73 g. Callus cultures accumulated higher polyphenols compared with mother plants after treatment with PEG. Total phenols were also evaluated in both callus cultures and liquid medium then compared with the whole plant and control treatments. The highest mean of total phenols was recorded in callus cultures supplemented with PEGrecording73.3 μg.l−1 at the concentration 12%PEG in both liquid medium and callus tissues. The intact plants recorded the highest mean in poly phenols in plants grown in vivo (55.423) μg.l1at 8% of PEG.

Several experiments were carried out to study heavy metal tolerance in tissue cultures or whole plants of S. grandiflora., Callus was induced and maintained on modified Murashige and Skoog, 1962 medium (MS) supplemented with (0.5)mg/l benzyl adenine and (2)mg/l 2,4-phenoxy acetic acid . Heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Cr or Zn) were added to the culture medium at different concentrations as contamination agents. In order to asses the effect of these heavy metals on seed germination; seeds were sown in soil contaminated with different concentrations of heavy metals for 3 weeks. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used for analysis of samples taken from whole plants and callus cultures. Results showed that callus fresh weight decreased with increasing heavy metal concentration in cultural medium. Germination percentages and plant heights increased over time. However, a reduction occurred in these parameters with increasing heavy metal levels. Percentages of metals accumulated in calli were (0.001, 0.011, 0.012 and 0.013%) at (0.0, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1)mg/l Cd respectively; (0.001, 0.008, 0.016 and 0.006%) at (0.0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5)mg/l Co respectively; (0.001, 0.020, 0.034 and 0.015%) at (0.0, 0.075, 0.2 and 0.5)mg/l Cu respectively; (0.001, 0.013, 0.012 and 0.010%) at (0.0, 0.25, 0.4 and 0.5)mg/l Cr respectively and (0.027, 0.051, 0.059 and 0.056%) at (0.0 , 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5)mg/l Zn respectively. Percentages of metals accumulated in whole plants were (0.08, 0.55, 1.11, 0.83 and 0.44%) at (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0)mg/Kg soil Cd respectively; (0.11, 0.22, 0.55, 0.47 and 0.44%) at (0.0, 15.0, 30.0 45.0 and 60.0)mg/Kg soil Co respectively; (0.01, 0.10, 0.57, 0.58 and 0.72%) at (0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100.0)mg/Kg soil Cu respectively. (0.08, 0.80, 1.28, 1.31 and 0.88%) at (0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100.0)mg/Kg soil Cr respectively and (0.06, 1.11, 1.20, 1.83 and 2.22%) at (0.0, 100.0, 200.0, 300.0 and 400.0)mg/Kg soil Zn respectively.

Liquorice plant is considered one of the important medicinal and economical plants. It is rich with many compounds, minerals, vitamins, and even plant hormones. This research is aimed to study the possibility of using callus tissue extracts as an alternative to plant growth regulators added to the culture media. A factorial experiment was implemented to find out the appropriate combination between 2, 4-D and BA for callus induction on Liquoricenode explants. It was found that a combination of 2 mg/l 2, 4-D with 2.5 mg/l BA is the best one for callus induction and maintenance using MS medium. Water and alcoholic extracts were prepared from callus tissue at concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10) ml/l then added to culture medium as an alternative to plant growth regulators. The effect of these concentrations on growth and development of tissues and organs for some plants was studied using soya bean, potato and wheat plants for this purpose. Results showed that water extract induced shoot proliferation from potato single nodes. Both types of extracts increased soya bean callus fresh weight significantly. It was found also that water extract was more effective than alcoholic one in increasing vegetative and root parts in germinating wheat seeds.

From economic site;jojoba Simmondsia chinesis (Link) Schn. is very important shrub as its seeds contain high percent of oily wax . This wax composes natural and chemical charachteristics which makes shrub to be involved in many trade, manufacture and medical uses. In this study several interactions between auxins and cytokinins and gibbrellin were implemented to find out the best concentration for callus induction, vegetative growth and differentiation for experiments. BA at(2 or 5) mg/l, NAA at (0.018, 2, 2, 5) mg/l and GA3 at (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l were used. Results showed that highest percent for callus induction were (50 and 70) % respectively in the treatment (2) mg/l BA and (2) mg/l for both BA and NAA. The results revealed that using Kin. plus NAA with (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l GA3, was the best concentration lead to high percent of differentiation for vegetative shoot were (40 and 44) % respectively However, the length of vegetative shoots were (2 and 2.5) cm respectively. , this indicates the importance of the balance between these phytohormones required for shoot growth.

Iraq is the birthplace of the date palm, and historically it was the domestication center of this crop. Moreover, for some years, Iraq was the largest producer of dates in the world. Many factors negatively have affected both the production and natural genetic diversity of the crop. However, efforts are being made by the Iraqi authorities and researchers alike to compensate for the serious damage the date palm sector has experienced over the past 30 years. New approaches have been introduced including biotechnology, grove management, pest control, and industrial practices. Production limitations have been diagnosed and constraints are on their way to be resolved. Date palm plantations are under stress from many biotic and abiotic factors including key insect pests like dubas bug, lesser date moth, trunk and stalk borers, and Old World date mite. Date palm diseases cause serious damages to date palm trees especially where stress factors are present such as palm weakness, soil salinity, high water table, borers, and tree aging. The use of plant tissue culture to support propagation by offshoots is necessary and started in the early 1980s. Both direct organogenesis and callus induction with subsequent asexual embryo formation protocols were achieved. Approximately, 600 date palm cultivars were grown in Iraq before 1980; however, currently their number is reduced to 500. Morphological traits have been used to describe genetic variation in these cultivars which are mainly related to the fruit, leaf, trunk, and other parts of the tree. DNA marker analysis in Iraqi date palm is at the developmental stage and began in 2000. Tree management and fruit handling improvements are required urgently for better quality production. Date trading has to be reassessed in Iraq in order to overcome the outmoded market chains.

This study was conducted to determine the activity of plant Sesbania rostrata and two isolate from arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (A,B) as a bioremediation of soil polluted by cadmium and lead elements in north and south of Baghdad city. The results showed that the average of soil pollution by cadmium and lead elements in north of Baghdad was less than the average of soil pollution in the south of Baghdad which recorded 10.0, 9.0 mg/kg and 27.0, 25.0 mg/kg respectively. The plant Sesbania recorded ability to accumulate the lead element in shoot system 19.65 mg/kg and in root system 27.2 mg/kg and for cadmium element 19.6, 24.6 mg/kg in shoot and root respectively. The results showed that the isolate A from soil pollution is more effected than isolate B which isolated from uncontaminated soil.

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) pers (Fabaceae) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) (Brassicaceae) were genetically engineered to constitutively express the rabbit cytochrome p450 2E1 enzyme aiming at increasing their activity toward trichloroethylene (TCE) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) removal Successful generation of Sesbania and Arabidopsis transgenic plants was verified using p450 2E1 specific PCR and confirmed by western blot analysis. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis revealed that small cuttings of Sesbania and third generation (F3) Arabidopsis transgenic plants exposed to TCE and DDT in small hydroponics' vessels accumulated more TCE and DDT compared to plants transformed with the empty vector. Furthermore, both transgenic plants were more effective in breaking down TCE and DDT with a 2-fold increase in TCE metabolism. Two independent Arabidopsis lines showed that DDT was metabolized about 4-fold higher than that detected in non transformed plants. Similarly, S. grandiflora cuttings removed 51 to 90% of the added DDT compared with only 3% removal in controls transformed with the null vector. Notably, stability of rabbit cytochrome p450 2E1 was confirmed using third generation Arabidopsis plants that displayed higher potential for the removal of two important pollutants, TCE and DDT compared with the controls.