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For the first time in Bulgaria a case is reported of facial melanoma metastases in the vagal nerve. They were successfully removed together with cervical lymph dissection. Surgical treatment was followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Control check up one year after the operation failed to disclose relapse or new metastases.

Paralysis of the vocal cords is one objective of using relaxants to facilitate tracheal intubation. This study compares the neuromuscular blocking effect of succinylcholine and rocuronium on the larynx, the diaphragm, and the adductor pollicis muscle.Electromyographic response was used to compare the neuromuscular blocking effect of succinylcholine and rocuronium on the laryngeal adductor muscles, the diaphragm, and the adductor pollicis muscle. Sixteen patients undergoing elective surgery were anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl, and their tracheas were intubated without neuromuscular blocking agents. The recurrent laryngeal and phrenic nerves were stimulated at the neck. The electromyographic response was recorded from electrodes placed on the endotracheal tube and intercostally before and after administration of 1 mg/kg succinylcholine or 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium.The maximum effect was greater at the adductor pollicis (100 and 99%) than at the larynx (96 and 97%) and the diaphragm (94 and 96%) after administration of succinylcholine and rocuronium, respectively (Por = 0.05). Onset time was not different between the larynx (58+/-10 s), the diaphragm (57+/-8 s), and the adductor pollicis (54+/-13 s), after succinylcholine (all mean +/- SD). After rocuronium, onset time was 124+/-39 s at the larynx, 130+/-44 s at the diaphragm, and 115+/-21 s at the adductor pollicis. After succinylcholine administration, time to 90% recovery was 8.3+/-3.2, 7.2+/-3.5, and 9.1+/-3.0 min at the larynx, the diaphragm, and the adductor pollicis, respectively. Time to 90% recovery after rocuronium administration was 34.9+/-7.6, 30.4+/-4.2, and 49.1+/-11.4 min at the larynx, the diaphragm, and the adductor pollicis, respectively.Neuromuscular blocking effect of muscle relaxants on the larynx can be measured noninvasively by electromyography. Although the larynx appears to be resistant to muscle relaxants, we could not demonstrate that its onset time differed from that of peripheral muscles.

The evolution of the phase of a weak signal wave (ω2) copropagating with a strong gate wave (ω1) in a centrosymmetric medium is studied analytically and numerically for the case when the two waves are involved in a nearly phase-matched third-order process that generates a third wave (ω3=2ω1+ω2). It is shown that the signal wave collects, in addition to the phase shift that is due to the ω2=ω1+ω2-ω1 process, an extra nonlinear phase shift caused by cascading of two third-order nonlinear processes, ω3=2ω1+ω2 and ω2=ω3-2ω1. The attractive feature of this new type of cross-phase modulation is the fact that one can control its magnitude and sign by changing the wave-vector mismatch of the sum-frequency mixing process and the gate intensity.

The hypothesis that some symptoms of schizophrenia only manifest in the early stages whereas others only appear later is tested with 33 inpatients in 'terminal states'. It is found that while the onset shows no specificity, the outcome is very typical. The initial symptoms are polymorphous; thought disorders can be found in less than one third of the patients and frank incoherence approaching the severity of schizophasia not at all. Many years later appear symptoms registered as paralogism, echolalia, verbigeration, stilted speech, neologism, hypotonic thinking, retardation, derailment, and incongruous answers. Only then, sometimes 25 years after the onset of the illness, the peculiar and highly specific picture of the schizophasic disorder becomes established.

Numerical differentiation, which is used to obtain the low frequency capacitance by Ziegler and Klausmann's static technique, causes an error in evaluating the density of surface states. This error is largely suppressed by calculating the capacitance for the center of the measurement intervals ΔUg.

Mit Hilfe einer speziellen Methodik wurden einige Besonderheiten der Kristallisation von CaCO3 aus wasserigen Losungen in einem breiten Ubersattigungsintervall untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, das die Phasenzusammensetzung der Niederschlage von der Ubersattigung (S) bestimmt wird; bei relativ niedrigem Wert von S bildet sich Calcit, bei hoherer Aragonit. Die morphologischen Besonderheiten der erhaltenen Phasen werden auch von der Ubersattigung bestimmt. Die Hauptform der Calcitkristalle bei niedrigem S ist p. {1011}, bei hohem S aber – m. {4041}. Die Morphologie der rhombischen Phase des CaCO3 ist gegen Ubersattigungsanderungen besonders empfindlich. Bei relativ niedrigem S bildet der Aragonit nach [001] gestreckte und nach {100} tafelige Einkristalle. Mit Zunahme von S andert sich der Habitus und zeigt nach [100] gestreckte und nach {010} tafelige Kristalle. Bei sehr hohem Wert von S kristallisiert der Aragonit als Spharolith. Die relative Zunahme von S fuhrt zu einer volligen Veranderung des Baues der Spharolithe; bei niedrigem S ist die Wachstumsrichtung der Aragonitkristalle [001] und bei hoherem S [100]. Some specific features of the crystallization of CaCO3 from water solutions in a wide range of supersaturations have been investigated with the aid of an original method. It has proved that the phase composition of the precipitates is determined by the supersaturation (S): calcite is formed at relatively low supersaturations, and aragonite at higher ones. The morphological features of the phase obtained are also determined by the supersaturation. p. {1011} is the habit form of the calcite crystals at a low S, and m. {4041} – at a high S. The morphology of the orthorhombic phase of CaCO3 is particularly sensitive to the changes of supersaturation. At relatively low S aragonite forms single crystals whose habit varies with the increase of S from one elongated along [001] and tabular along {100} to such one elongated along [100] and tabular along {010}. At very high S aragonite crystallizes as spherulites. The relative increase of S tends to change the direction of elongation of the aragonite crystallites which build up the spherulites: at lower S the direction coincides with [001], and at higher ones – with [100].

Calcite crystals are grown under pure conditions by the method of counterdiffusion of calcium and carbonate ions in water. An extension of the diffusion method is used making possible the crystallization of calcite in a medium containing calcium or carbonate ions in excess of their stoichiometric amounts in calcite. Calcite crystals grown in the presence of an excess of Ca2+ ions exhibit an elongated habit determined by the prevailing development of some of the acute negative rhombohedra φ. {0221}, θ. {0441} or π. {0881}, whereas with an excess of CO ions the habit varies from thick -to fine-tabular due to the considerable development of the pinacoid (c {0001}). The habit of crystals grown in a medium in which both ions are approximately in stoichiometric amounts or in which the excess of one of them frequently alternates with an excess of the other, is determined by the supersaturation and varies from basic rhombohedron to acute rhombohedron m. {4041}. The results are discussed in the light of some of the existing theoretical ideas on the influence of admixtures on habit. It is shown that the order of morphological importance which can be derived on the basis of various extensions of Bravais' law agrees neither with the experimental results nor with the observations in nature. The particular habits observed in experiments, tabular and acute rhombohedral, are exactly those which Kalb had included in his morphogenetic order of calcite crystals as first and fifth habit types. Since they are the result of specific conditions in the medium they ought to deviate from the general order. The remaining three habit types, therefore, will determine the habit variations of calcite due to the decrease of supersaturation.

Es werden die Beziehungen abgeleitet, die die Stoffzufuhr uber die Diffusion im Kristallisationsraum bestimmen, wenn eine lineare Diffusion vorliegt. Ebenso wird ermittelt, wie sich die fur das Wachstum eines Kristalls notige Stoffmenge in der Zeit andert. Der Vergleich dieser zwei Grosen erlaubt einige wichtige Schlusfolgerungen hinsichtlich der Moglichkeiten, die Diffusionsmethode zur Kristallzuchtung heranzuziehen. Um verhaltnismasig grose Kristalle mit Hilfe dieser Methode zu erhalten, ist es notwendig, die Diffusionsbedingungen so zu wahlen, das im Kristallisationsraum nur ein einziger Kristall entstehen und weiterwachsen kann. The relations are found governing the influx of substance by linear diffusion into the crystallisation space, and also the relation fixing the amount of substance necessary for the growth of a crystal at different times. The comparison of these two values enables the author to draw certain important conclusions about the possibilities to use the diffusion method for crystal growth. In order to obtain rather large crystals with the aid of diffusion methods it is necessary to select the conditions for diffusion in such a way that a single crystal only should be formed and grown in the crystallisation space.

Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Haftstellenparameter in Kristallen vom CdS-Typ beschrieben. Zur Messung werden Kristalle mit Elektroden vom “sandwich”-typ mit mindestens einem Sperrschichtkontakt verwendet. Die Kristalle werden kontinuierlich beleuchtet. Mittels impulsformig angelegter Spannung bestimmt man die Konzentration der freien Elektronen n0, die Konzentration der von den Haftstellen eingefangenen Elektronen m0 und die charakteristische Zeit fur thermische Entleerung der Haftstellen . Die Termtiefe ΔE kann nach drei Verfahren gefunden werden: 1. aus der Temperaturabhangigkeit von τ, 2. aus der Abhangigkeit des Verhaltnisses m0/n0 von der Belichtungsintensitat und 3. aus der Temperaturabhangigkeit von m0/n0. Bei Verwendung der so gefundenen Werte ΔE werden dann die Haftstellenkonzentration M und der Einfangquerschnitt S bestimmt. Die Methode ist zur Untersuchung der Feldstarkenabhangigkeit von S sehr geeignet, weil bei starken Feldern die Wahrscheinlichkeiten fur Kristallerhitzung, Stosionisation und Ladungstragerinjektion aus den Kontakten stark herabgesetzt sind. Die experimentelle Erprobung der Methode ist mit CdS-Kristallen durchgefuhrt worden. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse fur ΔE werden mit entsprechenden Ergebnissen aus Leitfahigkeitsglowkurven [2, 9, 11, 13] verglichen. Es ergibt sich gute Ubereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen nach [2], jedoch Abweichung von den Werten nach [9, 11, 13]. A method is described for determining electron trapping parameters in crystals of CdS-type. The experiments use crystals with “sandwich” type electrodes of which at least one is a block contact. The measurements are carried out with voltage pulses applied during continuous illumination. These measurements give the density of free electrons n0, the density of the trapped electrons m0, and the characteristic time for thermally emptying the traps . The trap depth ΔE can be found in three ways: 1. from the temperature dependence of τ, 2. from the dependence of m0/n0 on illumination intensity and 3. from the temperature dependence of m0/n0. Using the value of ΔE the density of traps M and the capture-cross section S are evaluated. The method is very suitable for an investigation of the effect of an electric field on S, since at high field the effects of crystal heating, impact ionization, and carrier injection are considerably reduced. An experimental examination of the method is made on CdS crystals. The values obtained for ΔE are compared with the results from measurements of conductivity glow curves. There is good agreement with [2] and disagreement with [9, 11, 13].

The fundamental differences between the syndromes united under the term of schizophrenia are demonstrated. Attempts to reduce these syndromes to a common denominator of a nosological unit bearing the same designation have failed. Important arguments are advanced against the identification, widespread in practice, of the terms "paranoid" and "schizophrenic". It is pointed out that these two terms are incompatible to some extent. There is a fundamental difference between the nature of paranoia and the symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia (Dementia praecox). Paranoia is far more dependent on the personality than on the pathological process. A division into three aspects - schizophrenia, paranoid psychoses and MDP instead of the dichotomy schizophrenia/MDP, is proposed for a better theoretical and practical understanding in the field of endogeny. Further semantic arguments are advanced against the term "schizophrenia" indicating its iatrogenic effect.