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An integrated rearing system for Cantareus aspersus under environmental conditions in an experimental orchard is proposed. In this study, the natural behaviour, circadian rhythms and suitable rearing conditions of the edible snail were optimised to produce homogeneous growth and low variability. The growth was standardised, and growth pattern fit was assessed with various models. One thousand fry were cultured in the orchard, and a random sample of 100 snails were measured weekly for 23 weeks. The rearing system had the following characteristics: snails and earthworms were included in the experimental rearing orchard; a homogeneous group of juvenile snails of the same age and size and high rearing density (500 snails/m2) was used; snails were fed with layers mash ad libitum; and mixed and fringes vegetation was planted in the orchard. A commercial size of 60% of snails was achieved in 21 weeks and 95% in 23 weeks. The different models showed a good fit, and the quadratic model obtained the best fit. This experimental snail orchard proposal can be extended to other areas, although it must be corrected according to different environmental conditions and fit to other species of interest. This experimental model could constitute a viable alternative to traditional models of animal experimentation with mammals, and given its high adaptability, it could be applied in different fields of science.

Lepidium meyenii “maca”, es un cultivo andino muy valorado por sus propiedades nutracéuticas, al poseer acción antioxidante, además de mejorar la fertilidad, memoria, energía, así como regular los niveles de glucosa y presión arterial. Su cultivo se restringe para la sierra de Perú teniendo un comportamiento bienal o anual, dependiendo de la altitud, necesitando la fase reproductiva un periodo de alrededor de 5 meses para culminar con la producción de semilla; además de ello, aún se desconoce su fenología reproductiva en Costa. Por ello, se propuso como objetivo de investigación, determinar el desarrollo de la fase reproductiva Lepidium meyenii “maca” en condiciones de costa. Para ello se colectaron hipocótilos del Mercado La Hermelinda, los cuales fueron seleccionados, desinfestados y cultivados en una parcela demostrativa en la Ciudad Universitaria de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, donde se registró los datos referentes a los días de duración de la fase reproductiva, abarcando: Emergencia, formación de pimpollo floral, floración plena y fructificación. Se concluye que la fase reproductiva de L. meyenii ''maca'' tiene una duración de 68 días en condiciones de costa, facilitando la obtención de semilla botánica en un menor tiempo, lo cual contribuirá con la instalación de semilleros a nivel de costa.

Introducción: La presencia de coliformes fecales y totales en aguas residuales constituyen indicadores de la calidad del agua y del grado de exposición e impacto de las actividades humanas en ella. Objetivo: Aplicar procesos de fotocatálisis con luz solar y el método Dip - Coating para la reducción de coliformes de aguas residuales. Metodología: El proceso incluyó la inmersión perpendicular y posterior extracción del sustrato a velocidad controlada en una solución preparada para la formación de la película de Dióxido de Titanio, drenaje en el mismo equipo, evaporación y secado conocido como método DIP_coating conjuntamente con la desinfección solar del agua (SODIS) que usó la energía solar para destruir los microorganismos patógenos que causan enfermedades transmitidas por el agua, relacionando la radiación UV-A, que tuvo efecto germicida y la radiación infrarroja, encargada de elevar la temperatura del agua. El uso combinado de la radiación UV-A y del calor produjo un efecto de sinergia que incrementó la eficacia del proceso. Se trabajaron cuatro unidades experimentales: dos fueron aplicadas por el método SODIS y las otras dos aplicaron SODIS con TIO2 en el método Dip-coating. Las muestras de agua residual fueron dispuestas en botellas de plástico PET preparadas en tres disoluciones (10-1, 10-2 y 10-3) realizándose el análisis microbiológico_cuantificación de coliformes en placas Compact Dry EC incubadas 24 horas a 35°C. Resultados: Se evidenció una reducción significativa, sobre todo en la dilución 10-3, llegando a contabilizar para el caso de coliformes fecales en el método SODIS: 3900 NMP/100ml y DIP-COATING: 100 NMP/100ml; y para coliformes totales en SODIS: 12500 NMP/100ml y DIP-COATING: 1100 NMP/100ml, a condiciones óptimas de tratamiento de 180 min a 42°C. Conclusiones: las condiciones expuestas y condiciones climáticas adecuadas se da el efecto de reducción máxima combinando las dos metodologías SODIS/DIP-Coating donde el proceso de fotocatálisis con luz solar mejoró microbiológicamente la calidad del agua donde el dióxido de titanio fue un semiconductor de bajo costo, fácil accesibilidad, baja toxicidad, resistencia a la foto corrosión y eficiencia catalítica.

Compare the accuracy of PSI, CURB-65, MuLBSTA and COVID-GRAM prognostic scores to predict mortality, the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and assess the coexistence of bacterial respiratory tract infection during admission.Retrospective observational study that included hospitalized adults with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 from 15/03 to 15/05/2020. We excluded immunocompromised patients, nursing home residents and those admitted in the previous 14 days for another reasons. Analysis of ROC curves was performed, calculating the area under the curve for the different scales, as well as sensitivity, specificity and predictive values.208 patients were enrolled, aged 63 ± 17 years, 577% were men. 38 patients were admitted to ICU (235%), of these patients 33 required IMV (868%), with an overall mortality of 125%. Area under the ROC curves for mortality of the scores were: PSI 082 (95% CI 073-091), CURB-65 082 (073-091), MuLBSTA 072 (062-081) and COVID-GRAM 086 (070-1). Area under the curve for needing IMV was: PSI 073 (95% CI 064-082), CURB-65 066 (055-077), MuLBSTA 078 (069-086) and COVID-GRAM 076 (067-085), respectively. Patients with bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract were 20 (9,6%), the most frequent strains beingIn our study, the COVID-GRAM score was the most accurate to identify patients with higher mortality with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2; however, none of these scores accurately predicts the need for IMV with ICU admission. 10% of patients admitted presented bacterial respiratory co-infection.Comparar el rendimiento de las escalas pronósticas PSI, CURB-65, MuLBSTA y COVID-GRAM para predecir mortalidad y necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. Valorar la existencia de coinfección bacteriana respiratoria durante el ingreso.Estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó adultos hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 del 15/03 al 15/05/2020. Se excluyeron aquellos inmunodeprimidos, institucionalizados e ingresados en los 14 días previos por otro motivo. Se realizó un análisis de curvas ROC, calculando el área bajo la curva para las diferentes escalas, así como sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos.Se incluyeron 208 pacientes, con edad de 63 ± 17 años; el 57,7% eran hombres. Ingresaron en UCI 38 (23,5%), precisando de estos VMI 33 (86,8%), con una mortalidad global del 12,5%. Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para mortalidad de los scores fueron: PSI 0,82 (95% IC 0,73–0,91), CURB-65 0,82 (0,73–0,91), MuLBSTA 0,72 (0,62–0,81) y COVID-GRAM 0,86 (0,70–1). Las áreas para necesidad de VMI fueron: PSI 0,73 (95% IC 0,64–0,82), CURB-65 0,66 (0,55–0,77), MuLBSTA 0,78 (0,69–0,86) y COVID-GRAM 0,76 (0,67–0,85), respectivamente. Los pacientes que presentaron coinfección bacteriana respiratoria fueron 20 (9.6%) siendo los gérmenes más frecuentesEn nuestro estudio el score COVID-GRAM fue el más preciso para identificar los pacientes con mayor mortalidad ingresados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, no obstante, ninguno de estos scores predice de forma precisa la necesidad de VMI con ingreso en UCI. El 10% de los pacientes presentó coinfección bacteriana respiratoria.

Perú país megadiverso, alberga una extraordinaria riqueza de especies vivientes en general y de Flora en particular, empleada por el hombre a través de su historia como alimento, vestido, combustible, madera, entre otros; pero sobre todo para curar y/o aliviar sus dolencias y/o enfermedades; sabiduría etnobotánica ancestral, impartida inicialmente por los “Hampicamayoc”, “Oquetlupuc”, “Sircac”, persistiendo hasta hoy en la memoria de los “curanderos” y “abuelitas”; pero que lamentablemente se viene perdiendo por la falta de comunicación y registro. Por ello se planteó como objetivo de la presente investigación realizar el inventario de la Flora medicinal, empleada por el poblador del Distrito de Huanchaco, La Libertad, Perú; toda vez que resulta importante revalorar este conocimiento ancestral sobre el correcto y eficaz uso de la flora en la cura y/o alivio de muchas enfermedades y/o dolencias. Se aplicaron 96 entrevistas semiestructuradas, empleando la técnica “bola de nieve”; a fin de recabar información sobre las características taxonómicas: Familia, Nombre Científico y común; así como de los caracteres etnomedicinales: parte utilizada, forma de preparación y usos Medicinales. Se reportan 44 especies de plantas medicinales, distribuidas en 22 familias y 42 géneros; donde las: Lamiaceae (5), Asteraceae (4), y Rutaceae (3), Poaceae (3) y Apiaceae (3), destacan por el número de especies.

Resumen Objetivos Traducir al espanol y evaluar las evidencias de validez de contenido, validez de constructo y confiabilidad del Cancer Worry Chart como medida de item unico de la preocupacion por el cancer. Metodo La traduccion al espanol del Cancer Worry Chart se realizo con el procedimiento de traduccion inversa. Los participantes fueron 165 personas sanas con historia familiar de cancer quienes respondieron el Cancer Worry Chart y la Cancer Worry Scale (CWS). Resultados La traduccion inversa permite tener una version en espanol del Cancer Worry Chart cuyo contenido es claro, coherente y relevante (V ˃ 0,70). Se reporta evidencia de validez de constructo en base a 3 criterios: a) un ajuste adecuado del modelo unidimensional conformado por el Cancer Worry Chart y los items de la CWS realizado con el metodo de ecuaciones estructurales (χ2S-B = 23,38; df = 14; χ2S-B/df = 1,67; CFI = 0,99; RMSEA = 0,064); b) una correlacion significativa entre el Cancer Worry Chart y la CWS (r = 0,76 [IC95%: 0,68-0,90]); c) promedios ascendentes en la puntuacion de la CWS a medida que los grupos conformados por cada opcion de respuesta del Cancer Worry Chart expresan un mayor grado de preocupacion (F = 55,72; p 0,000; ω2 = 0,57). La confiabilidad del Cancer Worry Chart esta por encima de lo recomendado (αitem unico = 0,84). Conclusiones La version en espanol del Cancer Worry Chart mostro evidencias satisfactorias de validez de contenido, validez de constructo y confiabilidad para medir, de manera breve, rapida y general, la preocupacion por el cancer en personas sanas con antecedentes familiares de cancer.

Objective To translate into Spanish and evaluate the evidence of content validity, construct validity and reliability of the Cancer Worry Chart as a single item measure of worry for cancer. Method The Spanish translation of the Cancer Worry Chart was done with the back-translation procedure. The participants were 165 healthy people with a family history of cancer who responded to the Cancer Worry Chart and the Cancer Worry Scale (CWS). Results Translation back-translation allows a Spanish version of the Cancer Worry Chart whose content is clear, coherent and relevant (V > .70). Evidence of construct validity is reported based on 3 criteria: (a) an adequate adjustment of the one-dimensional model formed by the Cancer Worry Chart and the items of the CWS performed with the structural equations method (χ2S-B = 23.38; df = 14; χ2S-B/df = 1.67; CFI = .988; RMSEA = .064); (b) a significant correlation between the Cancer Worry Chart and the CWS (r = .76 [IC95%: .68–.90]); (c) ascending averages in the CWS score as the groups formed by each response option of the Cancer Worry Chart express a greater degree of worry (F = 55.72; p = .000; ω2 = .57). The reliability of the Cancer Worry Chart is above what is recommended (αsingle item = .84). Conclusion The Spanish version of the Cancer Worry Chart showed satisfactory evidence of content validity, construct validity and reliability to measure, briefly, quickly and generally, the worry for cancer in healthy people with a family history of cancer.

This study aimed to validate a short relationship satisfaction scale (RAS) in a sample of young people and adults in the Lima metropolitan area. There were a total of 806 participants aged between 18 and 30 years: 622 females (77.20%) and 184 males (22.80%). Every participant was currently in a love relationship of a minimum of three months. The methodologies of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Item Response Theory (IRT) were combined to determine the structure and assess the reliability of the instrument. The Omega coefficient (ω) was used from CFA, while the test information function and empirical reliability (

This study aims to examine the relationships between symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, worry about COVID-19 and fear of loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown in Peru using network analysis. There were 854 participants aged 18 to 50 years (Mean = 36.54; SD = 9.23); 634 females (74.20%) and 220 males (25.80%), who completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Preoccupation with COVID-19 Contagion (PRE-COVID-19), Brief Scale of Fear of Loneliness (BSFL). A partial unregularized network was estimated through the ggmModSelect function. Expected influence (EI) and bridging EI values were calculated to identify central symptoms and bridging symptoms respectively. The results reveal those two symptoms of depression—stress and anxiety—were the most central symptoms in the network. Depressive symptoms are at the same time the most comorbid and it is shown that there are no differences in the network when compared between those who left home and those who did not leave home during lockdown. Depressive symptoms are concluded to be central and bridging in the network and interconnected with some symptoms of stress and anxiety. These findings may be important to understand the experience of COVID-19 lockdown in Peru.

Resumen Introducción. La repetición escolar es un fenómeno escolar percibido, pero no atendido en América Latina; esto se evidencia en la escasa producción científica de la población en relación con las variables autoeficacia y perspectiva temporal. En ese sentido, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo examinar la relación entre autoeficacia y perspectiva temporal en estudiantes repitentes de nivel secundario. Metodología. Se aplicó el instrumento Escala de autoeficacia general, en su versión peruana (Grimaldo Muchotrigo, 2005) e Inventario de perspectiva temporal (Díaz-Morales, 2006). Las personas participantes fueron 157 estudiantes escolares que repitieron año escolar en el nivel primario o secundario. Resultados. Los resultados indican una relación moderada y positiva entre autoeficacia y la dimensión temporal de futuro (r = 0,48); pasado positivo (r = 0,32) y presente hedonista (r = 0,30); y una relación baja y positiva entre autoeficacia y pasado negativo (r = 0,22) y presente fatalista (r = 0,27). Discusión. Se concluye que existe una relación moderada entre la autoeficacia y las perspectivas del porvenir que deben ser examinadas en futuros estudios, entendiendo que la población de estudiantes repitentes es un grupo poco investigado aún. De hecho, estos resultados tienen fuertes implicancias prácticas porque permiten dar cuenta de la necesidad de explorar variables psicológicas en una población con repitencia y realizar abordajes desde los departamentos psicopedagógicos de los centros educativos. Abstract Introduction. School repetition is a perceived school phenomenon, but it has not been addressed in Latin America; this is evidenced in the low scientific production of the population concerning the variables self-efficacy and temporal perspective. In this sense, the present research aimed to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and temporal perspective in repeater students of secondary level. Method. The General Self-Efficacy Scale instrument, using its Peruvian version (Grimaldo Muchotrigo, 2005), and Temporary Perspective Inventory (Díaz-Morales, 2006) were applied. The sample consisted of 157 school students who repeated the school year at the primary or secondary level. Results. The results indicate a moderate and positive relationship between self-efficacy and the future dimension (r = 0.48), positive past (r = 0.32) and hedonistic present (r = 0.30), and a low and positive relationship between self-efficacy and negative past (r = 0.22) and fatalistic present (r = 0.27). Discussion. It is concluded that there is a moderate relationship between self-efficacy and prospects that should be examined in future studies, understanding that the population of repeater students is a group that has not yet been studied. In fact, these results have strong practical implications because they show the need to explore psychological variables in a population with grade repetition and to carry out approaches from the psycho-pedagogical departments of the educational centers. Resumo Introdução. A repetição escolar é um fenômeno escolar percebido, mas não resolvido na América Latina, o que é evidenciado na baixa produção científica da população em relação às variáveis autoeficácia e perspectiva temporal. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo examinar a relação entre autoeficácia e perspectiva temporal em estudantes repetidos do ensino médio. Metodologia. Foi aplicado o instrumento Escala Geral de Autoeficácia, em sua versão peruana (Grimaldo Muchotrigo, 2005) e Inventário de Perspectiva Temporária (Díaz-Morales, 2006). Os participantes foram 157 estudantes que repetiram o ano letivo no nível primário ou secundário. Resultados. Os resultados indicam uma relação moderada e positiva entre autoeficácia e dimensão futura (r = 0,48); passado positivo (r = 0,32) e presente hedonista (r = 0,30); e uma relação baixa e positiva entre autoeficácia e passado negativo (r = 0,22) e presente fatalista (r = 0,27). Discussão. Conclui-se que existe uma relação moderada entre autoeficácia e perspectivas futuras que devem ser examinadas nos futuros estudos, entendendo que a população de estudantes que repetem é um grupo ainda pouco pesquisado. De fato, esses resultados têm fortes implicações práticas porque permitem explicar a necessidade de explorar variáveis psicológicas em uma população que repete o ano e de realizar abordagens a partir dos departamentos psicopedagógicos dos centros educacionais.

Sobre: Gerardo Antonio Galindo Peláez, Hubonor Ayala Flores y Ricardo Teodoro Alejandrez, México en dos tiempos: 1521-1821

Peru al ser megadiverso, alberga una ingente cantidad de flora medicinal; destacando de ellas Jatropha macrantha “huanarpo macho”; especie promisoria, utilizada en el tratamiento de enfermedades respiratorias, nerviosas; ademas de ser un excelente depurativo y potenciador sexual masculino. Por lo que urge recurrir a procesos biotecnologicos que permitan generar cultivos celulares capaces de producir a gran escala estos metabolitos secundarios de interes farmacologico. Ante ello, se propuso determinar la influencia de la luz en el sinergismo del 6-bencil aminopurina (BAP) y el 2, 4-Diclorofenoxiacetico (2,4-D) en la induccion de callos de Jatropha macrantha “huanarpo macho”. El material colectado procedio de la quebrada Los Molles, San Benito, Contumaza, Cajamarca. En Laboratorio, se procedio a cultivar explantes de J. macrantha , en medio de cultivo MS (1962), con distintas concentraciones de 6-BAP y 2, 4-D en condiciones de luz y oscuridad. La evaluacion se efectuo 45 dias despues de la siembra, a traves del software R. Se concluye que el sinergismo entre la 6-BAP y el 2, 4-D, no es influenciado por las condiciones de luz ni oscuridad; pudiendose generar callos de J. macrantha a la concentracion de 1mg -L de BAP y 2,4 D indistintamente de las condiciones de luminosidad.

El fruto de Theobroma cacao “cacao”, es considerado un super alimento por su alto contenido vitaminico, como de minerales, antioxidantes y calorias; ademas de su exquisito aroma y sabor, que le ha permitido conquistar el mercado internacional. Sin embargo, un problema latente en este cultivo, es la capacidad inherente de fitoacumular cadmio en el producto final. Razon por la cual, esta investigacion busco determinar las concentraciones de cadmio en plantaciones de T. cacao ubicadas en San Martin (Lamas), Peru . Para ello, se realizaron colectas de hojas, granos y suelo de fincas cacaoteras, ubicadas entre los 400, 600 y 800 msnm., region San Martin. Muestras enviadas al laboratorio ICT (Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales), donde se determinaron los niveles de cadmio existentes. Los resultados se analizaron estadisticamente, demostrando la existencia de diferencias significativas entre las variables estudiadas. Se concluye, que la concentracion de cadmio en plantaciones de “cacao” ubicadas entre los 600 y 800 msnm., en San Martin, supera los limites maximos permisibles indicados por la OMS; por lo que urge implementar en esta zona, estrategias tendientes a limitar la concentracion de Cadmio en este cultivo; siendo una alternativa viable, el empleo de hongos micorrizicos arbusculares.

Perú al ser megadiverso, alberga una ingente cantidad de flora medicinal; destacando de ellas Jatropha macrantha “huanarpo macho”; especie promisoria, utilizada en el tratamiento de enfermedades respiratorias, nerviosas; además de ser un excelente depurativo y potenciador sexual masculino. Por lo que urge recurrir a procesos biotecnológicos que permitan generar cultivos celulares capaces de producir a gran escala estos metabolitos secundarios de interés farmacológico. Ante ello, se propuso determinar la influencia de la luz en el sinergismo del 6-bencil aminopurina (BAP) y el 2, 4-Diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) en la inducción de callos de Jatropha macrantha “huanarpo macho”. El material colectado procedió de la quebrada Los Molles, San Benito, Contumazá, Cajamarca. En Laboratorio, se procedió a cultivar explantes de J. macrantha, en medio de cultivo MS (1962), con distintas concentraciones de 6-BAP y 2, 4-D en condiciones de luz y oscuridad. La evaluación se efectuó 45 días después de la siembra, a través del software R. Se concluye que el sinergismo entre la 6-BAP y el 2, 4-D, no es influenciado por las condiciones de luz ni oscuridad; pudiéndose generar callos de J. macrantha a la concentración de 1mg-L de BAP y 2,4 D indistintamente de las condiciones de luminosidad.

El fruto de Theobroma cacao “cacao”, es considerado un súper alimento por su alto contenido vitamínico, como de minerales, antioxidantes y calorías; además de su exquisito aroma y sabor, que le ha permitido conquistar el mercado internacional. Sin embargo, un problema latente en este cultivo, es la capacidad inherente de fitoacumular cadmio en el producto final. Razón por la cual, esta investigación buscó determinar las concentraciones de cadmio en plantaciones de T. cacao ubicadas en San Martín (Lamas), Perú. Para ello, se realizaron colectas de hojas, granos y suelo de fincas cacaoteras, ubicadas entre los 400, 600 y 800 msnm., región San Martín. Muestras enviadas al laboratorio ICT (Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales), donde se determinaron los niveles de cadmio existentes. Los resultados se analizaron estadísticamente, demostrando la existencia de diferencias significativas entre las variables estudiadas. Se concluye, que la concentración de cadmio en plantaciones de “cacao” ubicadas entre los 600 y 800 msnm., en San Martín, supera los límites máximos permisibles indicados por la OMS; por lo que urge implementar en esta zona, estrategias tendientes a limitar la concentración de Cadmio en este cultivo; siendo una alternativa viable, el empleo de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

The megadiversity of Peru, has many species framed in the genus Cinchona, Ladenbergia and Remijia, and that the inhabitants of the Andean-Amazonian Communities know them indistinctly as "quina trees", "quina" or "cascarillas" and which They attribute medicinal properties to them against malaria, broncho-respiratory diseases and especially Covid-19. However, the indiscriminate exploitation and the little interest of the investigation has contributed to the extinction and confusion in the identification of the species in different genera;In view of this, the research objective was to quantify the alkaloids of Ladenbergia oblongifolia "quina tree";in order to promote the revaluation of this species as a promising ethnobotanical resource that seeks to correlate its active principles or secondary metabolites with the consequent pharmacological actions attributed to it. For this, bark and leaves of L. oblongifolia were used, from Chiclin, Chicama, Ascope, La Libertad, Peru;the taxonomic determination was carried out in the Herbarium Truxillense (HUT);while the extraction and quantification of alkaloids in the Laboratory of Instrumental Methods, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering of the National University of Trujillo. It is concluded that the leaves of L. oblongifolia contain 0.1039 mmol alkaloids/g dry matter, and these metabolites can be extracted directly from the leaves, without the need to cut or destroy the trees, so it is urgent to implement mechanisms of use of the leaves instead of the bark, thus avoiding their extinction.

The effect of a mutation on fitness may differ between populations depending on environmental and genetic context, but little is known about the factors that underlie such differences. To quantify genome-wide correlations in mutation fitness effects, we developed a novel concept called a joint distribution of fitness effects (DFE) between populations. We then proposed a new statistic w to measure the DFE correlation between populations. Using simulation, we showed that inferring the DFE correlation from the joint allele frequency spectrum is statistically precise and robust. Using population genomic data, we inferred DFE correlations of populations in humans, Drosophila melanogaster, and wild tomatoes. In these specices, we found that the overall correlation of the joint DFE was inversely related to genetic differentiation. In humans and D. melanogaster, deleterious mutations had a lower DFE correlation than tolerated mutations, indicating a complex joint DFE. Altogether, the DFE correlation can be reliably inferred, and it offers extensive insight into the genetics of population divergence.

Un experimento de campo fue realizado en 2018 para estudiar el efecto de la aplicación de tres productos comerciales de extractos de algas marinas sobre el desarrollo y productividad de garbanzo. A través del sistema de riego por goteo, se aplicaron los extractos líquidos al suelo (1 L ha-1) y se evaluaron algunas características morfológicas como altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de ramas y vainas por planta, y número de granos por planta. También se determinó el rendimiento de grano y la calidad de grano de acuerdo con su calibre. Adicionalmente se determinó el contenido de humedad y de proteína en el grano. En general se observó un mejor desarrollo del cultivo e incremento en el rendimiento con la aplicación de estos extractos de algas marinas. Los máximos valores fueron alcanzados con la aplicación de los extractos de algas marinas del producto comercial SeaCream.

Este artículo trabaja el proceso de encuerpamiento de la constitución de las subjetividades animalistas ecuatorianas. Se analiza la corporalidad, las relaciones de sociabilidad y las prácticas micropolíticas de los/as actores como elementos sociológicos nodales en la producción de sentido de la subjetivación política, desde una perspectiva procesual y relacional. Para ello, se realizaron veinte entrevistas a profundidad, entre el año 2019 y 2020, a 12 varones y 8 mujeres de 22 a 67 años de edad; el criterio principal de inclusión fue ser animalista antiespecista. Se utiliza un marco analítico que imbrica la sociología de las emociones y el cuerpo con la perspectiva foucaultiana sobre la subjetivación ético-política. Esta investigación tuvo como resultado la explicación de los modos de subjetivación que se viven en y desde el cuerpo, condicionando formas de mirar, de sentir y percibir en la relación con uno mismo, con el mundo y, en especial, con los animales no-humanos.

Comunicarse de manera eficaz, es decir, con seguridad, templanza, competencia y reciprocidad, es fundamental en cualquier aspecto de la vida, y muy especialmente en el trabajo, dónde es imprescindible cooperar y colaborar con los demás para satisfacer las propias necesidades y responder a las demandas planteadas. Comunicarse con eficacia o de manera asertiva es una clase de conducta susceptible de entrenamiento mediante procedimientos fundamentados en la Teoría del Aprendizaje Social. Como cualquier clase de conducta, consta de distintos componentes: cognitivos, emocionales y de comportamiento manifiesto (tanto verbal como no verbal), que deben ajustarse a una situación concreta para lograr su funcionalidad. Ello aumenta, a su vez, la probabilidad de alcanzar los objetivos planteados y de responder con certeza a las demandas propuestas, obteniéndose así una serie de ventajas, tanto personales como grupales y organizativas. Entre ellas, se puede destacar el alcanzar una mayor competencia social, autoestima, satisfacción personal, cohesión grupal, destreza para trabajar en equipo y una disminución de las tensiones y conflictos interpersonales y grupales. La obra que te dispones a ver, partiendo de un supuesto práctico como es la participación en una entrevista de selección de personal, pretende responder de una manera aplicada a las siguientes cuestiones: Qué son las habilidades sociales, para qué sirven, cómo se adquieren, qué clase o estilo de comunicación es más eficaz, qué técnicas son más ventajosas para su enseñanza y cómo puede beneficiar su aprendizaje. Esta obra es fruto de una larga experiencia en el desarrollo de programas de entrenamiento en habilidades sociales con y para distintos colectivos que deben afrontar situaciones difíciles y conflictivas, que requieren para su resolución el apoyo y la comunicación interpersonal y social. En su realización, no solo hemos puesto nuestro conocimiento del tema, difundido a través de monografías y artículos científico-técnicos, sino también la emoción que nos genera trabajar en un tema en el que creemos y sabemos puede ser útil para otras personas. Deseamos que disfrute utilizando esta humilde aportación al entrenamiento en habilidades sociales, tanto como nosotros realizándola.

Las empresas mineras han logrado utilidades impensadas en el periodo del 19990 al 2021 que consolidan sus activos, patrimonio, utilidades. Objetivo: Probar que eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad se relacionan de manera directa y alta con la creación de valor económico agregado (EVA) en el sector minería del Perú, 1999-2021. Metodología: Se ha revisado las finanzas de 15 empresas mineras. Son 345 expedientes de23 años. Se han analizado 357 cuentas y 31 ratios, logrando 120 coeficientes de correlación, dos modelos econométricos con datos de la Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores, (SMV). Resultados: Correlación entre EVA y eficiencia (93 %), con eficacia (69,1 %) y con efectividad (91,3 %). Con rotación de activos totales (RAT) (0,939), utilidad neta (Un) (0,807), rentabilidad de los activos (ROA) (0,915) y la rentabilidad sobre el patrimonio (ROE) (0,911). El sector minería ha creado (EVA) por 6 181 millones de dólares en los 23 años. Conclusión: La creación de EVA del sector requiere que (ROA) y (ROE) sean igual o superior a dos dígitos.

In recent years, couples have been affected by health measures related to COVID-19, a circumstance that forces us to examine couple interactions in terms of crucial variables of their functioning. In this sense, the present study aimed to examine the association between love, jealousy, satisfaction, and violence in young couples through network analysis. A total of 834 young people and adults between 18 and 38 years of age (Mean = 20.97, SD = 2.39) participated; 646 women (77.50%) and 188 men (22.50%), who completed the Sternberg’s love scale (STLS-R), Brief Jealousy Scale (BJS), Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST-2). A partial unregularized network was estimated using the ggmModSelect function. The Bridge Strength index was calculated because the aim was to identify the bridge nodes between the variables under study. The results reveal that two nodes of the love variable, Commitment, and Intimacy, had a direct and moderate relationship with the Satisfaction node. The latter is the central node in the network. However, in the male group, the most intense associations are in Satisfaction-Intimacy, Violence-Passion, Jealousy-Commitment. It is concluded that there are relevant connections between the nodes of the network, which invite further research on couple relationships after the COVID-19 pandemic.

There is no information in Peru on the prevalence of mental health problems associated with COVID-19 in older adults. In this sense, the aim of the study was to gather evidence on the factor structure, criterion-related validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in this population. The participants were 400 older adults (mean age = 68.04, SD = 6.41), who were administered the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Revised Mental Health Inventory-5, Patient Health Questionnaire-2 items, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 2 items. Structural equation models were estimated, specifically confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), bifactor CFA, and structural models with latent variables (SEM). Internal consistency was estimated with composite reliability indexes (CRI) and omega coefficients. A bifactor model with both a general factor underlying all items plus a specific factor underlying items 1, 2, 4, and 5 representing the emotional response to COVID better represents the factor structure of the scale. This structure had adequate fit and good reliability, and additionally fear of COVID had a large effect on mental health. In general, women had more fear than men, having more information on COVID was associated to more fear, while having family or friends affected by COVID did not related to fear of the virus. The Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale presents evidence of validity and reliability to assess fear of COVID-19 in the Peruvian older adult population. Fil: Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú Fil: Tomás, José M.. Universidad de Valencia; España Fil: Barboza Palomino, Miguel. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú Fil: Ventura León, José. Universidad Privada del Norte; Perú Fil: Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina Fil: Reyes Bossio, Mario. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; Perú Fil: Vilca, Lindsey W.. Universidad Peruana Unión; Perú

Resumen Objetivo La Will-to-Live Scale (WTLS) es utilizada para medir la voluntad de vivir en adultos mayores; sin embargo, no existe una version en espanol. El objetivo del estudio fue traducir la WTLS al espanol, evaluar su estructura interna, su confiabilidad y los correlatos entre la WTLS y la satisfaccion con la vida, la resiliencia y la depresion en adultos mayores peruanos. Metodo Los participantes fueron 235 adultos mayores peruanos (M = 72,69, DE = 6,68) evaluados entre marzo y mayo de 2019, seleccionados a traves de un muestreo no probabilistico. Se administro la WTLS, la Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), la Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) y el Patient Health Questionnarie-2 (PHQ-2). El analisis de datos incluyo confiabilidad por consistencia interna y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, especificamente el analisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), para probar la solucion unidimensional de la WTLS y la validez convergente de la WTLS a nivel latente, al especificar un modelo de cuatro factores (voluntad de vivir, satisfaccion con la vida, resiliencia y depresion). Resultados El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y el indice de confiabilidad compuesto obtienen valores de 0,93 y 0,94, respectivamente. La estructura unidimensional de la WTLS se ajusto a los datos (χ2(5) = 10,067, p = 0,073, CFI = 0,999, RMSEA = 0,066, SRMR = 0,014) y mostro asociaciones positivas con la SWLS (ρ = 0,82) y la BRCS (ρ = 0,86), asi como negativa con el PHQ-2 (ρ = −0,66). Conclusion La WTLS en espanol presenta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir la voluntad de vivir en adultos mayores peruanos.

Seven non-linear growth models were compared in the Andalusian turkey, an endangered native breed. To this aim, turkeys were weekly weighted until they reached 35 weeks. The goodness-of-fit and flexibility criteria of Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Verhulst, Logistic, Gompertz, Richards, and Sinusoidal growth models were evaluated to quantify their ability to describe the biological growth curve. Goodness-of-fit criteria were assessed comparing the mean squared error (MSE) and adjusted determination coefficient (Pseudo-R2), while the flexibility criteria of Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC) were evaluated to quantify the explanatory and predictive ability of the models tested. Afterward, all criteria were considered in a combined index to determine the most efficient model to describe and predict growth patterns. The best-fitting model for males growth was Logistic (MSE: 250,349.87; Pseudo-R2: 0.97) which also reported the best explanatory and predictive properties (AIC: 18,949.25; BIC: 18,963.24), while best goodness-of-fit criteria, explanatory and predictive capacity in females were reported for the Richards model (MSE: 144,432.45; Pseudo-R2: 0.95; AIC: 17,529.83; BIC: 17,549.02, respectively). Von Bertalanffy and Richards models underestimated the weight at early age stages, contrary to Logistic and Verhulst models. The asymptotic weight was higher in males than in females at all evaluated models, being 11,085.37 g for Logistic and 5,706.38 g for Richards, respectively. In conclusion, a marked sexual dimorphism is evident, with females reaching maturity earlier than males. The higher inflection point in males may enable their relatively easier commercial standardisation than in turkey hens.Highlights Logistic was the best fitting model for males' growth and Richards for females. Females reach maturity earlier than males with higher rates of maturity. Andalusian turkey breed shows an intense sexual dimorphism.

The aim of this study is to model the growth samples of four varieties (White, Black, Partridge, Franciscan) of Spanish Utrerana hen breed, which is endangered, by using Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Verhulst, Logistic and Gompertz models. For this purpose, a total of 16,235 weight data observations from 2004 animals reared in free range system were collected. Logistic was the best suited model for predicting the biological growth curve of White variety in both sexes, while Von Bertalanffy was the best fitting model for the rest of individuals of the breed, based on the 5 goodness-of-fit and flexibility criteria: Pseudo-R2, mean squared error, Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion and the biological coherence of the estimated parameters. Black variety was the heaviest, with values of 2605.96 and 2032.61 g (for males and females, respectively) for a parameter, while White variety presented the lowest maturity weight (a = 2442.99 and 1874.24 g, for males and females, respectively). Conclusively, this growth characterisation is essential for the conservation of the Utrerana hen, to search for new market niches and a greater profitability to this differentiated product.Highlights Non-linear models can explain the Utrerana hen growth. Females reach maturity earlier than males. Utrerana hen shows a strong sexual dimorphism.

AimsOver the past 2 years, the vaccine conspiracy beliefs construct has been used in a number of different studies. These publications have assessed the determinants and outcomes of vaccine conspiracy beliefs using, in some cases, pooled data from different countries, and compared the results across these contexts. However, studies often do not consider measurement invariance as a necessary requirement for comparative analyses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the cross-cultural MI of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 12 Latin American countries.MethodsConfirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analysis and alignment method were applied to test measurement invariance in a large number of groups.ResultsThe COVID-VCBS showed robust psychometric properties and measurement invariance for both factor loadings and crosstabs. Also, a higher level of acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about vaccines is necessary to respond to higher response categories. Similarly, greater acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines was related to a lower intention to be vaccinated.ConclusionThe results allow for improved understanding of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines in the countries assessed; furthermore, they provide researchers and practitioners with an invariant measure that they can use in cross-cultural studies in Latin America. However, further studies are needed to test invariance in other countries, with the goal of developing a truly international measure of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines.

This study defines the cognitive structure of financial networks research by looking at the terms scholars have used over the last 31 years of research. Applying co-word analysis over a sample of 680 records extracted from Scopus database, the findings reveal that that the literature on financial networks is made up of six thematic clusters, these are: Dynamics of financial networks, Complex banking networks, Risk and contagion in financial networks, Topology and structure of financial networks, Main methodologies and techniques and Post-crisis responses. In addition to laying the groundwork for understanding financial networks through a retrospective view, this study shows how bibliometrics (especially co-words analysis) can contribute to reducing conceptual ambiguity in emerging research fields, such as financial networks research, and open doors for future research.

Acute systemic inflammation can lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction. In patients with sepsis, systemic inflammation is triggered in response to infection, but in other patients, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is triggered by non-infectious events. IL-6 is a major mediator of inflammation, including systemic inflammatory responses. In homeostatic conditions, when IL-6 engages its membrane-bound receptor on myeloid cells, it promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine production, phagocytosis, and cell migration. However, under non-physiologic conditions, such as SIRS and sepsis, leucocyte dysfunction could modify the response of these cells to IL-6. So, our aim was to evaluate the response to IL-6 of monocytes from patients diagnosed with SIRS or sepsis. We observed that monocytes from patients with SIRS, but not from patients with sepsis, produced significantly more TNF-α than monocytes from healthy volunteers, after stimulation with IL-6. Monocytes from SIRS patients had a significantly increased baseline phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, with no differences in STAT3 phosphorylation or SOCS3 levels, compared with monocytes from septic patients, and this increased phosphorylation was maintained during the IL-6 activation. We found no significant differences in the expression levels of the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor, or the serum levels of IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor, or soluble gp130, between patients with SIRS and patients with sepsis. Our results suggest that, during systemic inflammation in the absence of infection, IL-6 promotes TNF-α production by activating NF-κB, and not the canonical STAT3 pathway.

The present study examined how conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines specifically relate to symptoms of fear of COVID-19 in a sample of four South American countries. A total of 1785 people from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru participated, responding to a sociodemographic survey, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19 S) and the Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale-COVID-19 (VCBS-COVID-19). Network analysis identified the most important symptoms of fear and conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines (nodes) and the associations between them (edges). In addition, the robustness of the network of these indicators of centrality and the possible differences in the structure and connectivity of the networks between the four countries were evaluated. The results suggest that the nodes with the highest centrality were items 2 and 5 of the FCV-19 S and item 2 of the VCBS-COVID-19. Likewise, item 6 is the belief that most predicts conspiracy beliefs about vaccines against COVID-19; while item 6 was the symptom that most predicts fear of COVID-19. The findings strongly support cross-cultural similarities in the networks across the four countries rather than differences. Although it was expected that a higher presence of symptoms of fear of COVID-19 may lead people to compensate for their fear by believing in conspiratorial ideas about vaccines and, consequently, rejecting the COVID-19 vaccine, the results do not clearly show this relationship. This could lead other researchers to generate evidence to explain the differences between Latin American countries and countries in other contexts in terms of vaccination rates. This evidence could be useful to develop policies favoring vaccination against COVID-19 that are more contextualized to the Latin American region, characterized by social instability and economic recession during the pandemic.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a robust inflammatory response against myelin sheath antigens, which causes astrocyte and microglial activation and demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple genetic predispositions and environmental factors are known to influence the immune response in autoimmune diseases, such as MS, and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Although the predisposition to suffer from MS seems to be a multifactorial process, a highly sensitive period is pregnancy due to factors that alter the development and differentiation of the CNS and the immune system, which increases the offspring’s susceptibility to develop MS. In this regard, there is evidence that thyroid hormone deficiency during gestation, such as hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia, may increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as MS. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the gestational period for the development of MS in adulthood.

Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 began to emerge immediately after the first news about the disease and threaten to prolong the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by limiting people’s willingness of receiving a life-saving vaccine. In this context, this study aimed to explore the variation of conspiracy beliefs regarding COVID-19 and the vaccine against it in 5779 people living in 13 Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) according to sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, educational level and source of information about COVID-19. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic between September 15 and October 25, 2021. The Spanish-language COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (ECCV-COVID) and a sociodemographic survey were used. The results indicate that, in most countries, women, people with a lower educational level and those who receive information about the vaccine and COVID-19 from family/friends are more supportive of conspiracy ideas regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. In the case of age, the results vary by country. The analysis of the responses to each of the questions of the ECCV-COVID reveals that, in general, the countries evaluated are mostly in some degree of disagreement or indecision regarding conspiratorial beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. The findings could help open further study which could support prevention and treatment efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The present research aimed to determine the differential clustering patterns of carcass and meat quality traits in local chicken breeds from around the world and to develop a method to productively characterize minority bird populations. For this, a comprehensive meta-analysis of 91 research documents that dealt with the study of chicken local breeds through the last 20 years was performed. Thirty-nine traits were sorted into the following clusters: weight-related traits, histological properties, pH, color traits, water-holding capacity, texture-related traits, flavor content-related nucleotides, and gross nutrients. Multicollinearity problems reported for pH 72 h post mortem, L* meat 72 h post mortem, a* meat 72 h post mortem, sex, firmness, and chewiness, were thus discarded from further analyses (VIF < 5). Data-mining cross-validation and chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree development allowed us to detect similarities across genotypes. Easily collectable trait, such as shear force, muscle fiber diameter, carcass/pieces weight, and pH, presented high explanatory potential of breed variability. Hence, the aforementioned variables must be considered in the experimental methodology of characterization of carcass and meat from native genotypes. This research enables the characterization of local chicken populations to satisfy the needs of specific commercial niches for poultry meat consumers.