Search

Los extensos e inhóspitos calares ubicados en las Sierra de Segura y Cabrilla (divisoria entre las demarcaciones hidrográficas del Segura y Guadalquivir) presentan un estereotipo microclimático caracterizado por inviernos extremadamente fríos, con temperaturas mínimas absolutas cercanas a -30ºC en invierno, y -10ºC y -15ºC en otoño y primavera respectivamente. Los datos registrados han sido obtenidos de una red propia de termómetros registradores (datalogger) entre octubre de 2016 y febrero de 2021 (con un total de cinco inviernos de observación). A través del análisis estadístico de datos diezminutales y diarios de tres puntos de observación (Monterilla, Navalasno y Nava del Polvo), imágenes satelitales (VIIRS LST) y reanálisis mesoescalares es posible llevar a cabo la primera descripción climática del área de estudio, así como la identificación de los factores desencadenantes (sinópticos y de microescala) de las temperaturas mínimas extremas registradas, y el análisis de la tipología de los procesos de inversión térmica nocturna (ITN) y las piscinas de aire frío (CAP) generadas en el área de estudio. A pesar de que el tipo de piscina fría predominante es la de erosión turbulenta (39,0 %), los procesos de estabilidad nocturno son intensos (CINV entre 7,6 y 12,5ºC). The large and inhospitable plateaus located in the Segura and Cabrilla mountain (the watershed between the Segura and Guadalquivir river basin), present a microclimatic stereotype characterized by extremely cold winters, with absolute minimum temperatures around to -30ºC in winter, and -10ºC and -15ºC in autumn and spring respectively. The data recorded has been obtained from its own network of thermometers (dataloggers) between october 2016 and march 2021 (with a total of five winter). Through the statistical analysis of data ten minutes and daily of three observation points (Monterilla, Navalasno and Nava del Polvo), satellite images (VIIRS LST), and mesoscale reanalysis, carry out the first climatic description of the study area is possible, as well as the identification of the triggering factors (synoptic and microscale) of the extreme minimum temperatures recorded, and the analysis of the typology of the inversion temperature nocturnal processes (ITN) and cold air pools (CAP) generated in the study area. Although the predominant type of cold pool is turbulent erosion (39,0%), the nocturnal stability processes are intense (CINV between 7.6 and 12.5ºC).

Las inundaciones siguen siendo el peligro atmosférico de mayores efectos socio- económicos en todo el mundo. Y las perspectivas futuras contemplan un aumento del impacto de estos eventos en el marco del contexto actual de calentamiento climático. En los últimos años, se ha producido un cambio -necesario- en las acciones para la reducción del riesgo, valorándose ahora en mayor grado las actuaciones “blandas” basadas en la ordenación del territorio y la recuperación del territorio fluvial. Este trabajo hace balance de la efectividad de la ordenación del territorio y la cartografía como herramienta para la reducción del riesgo de inundaciones. Se analizan dos ejemplos de buenas actuaciones (País Vasco y Comunidad Valenciana).

The aims of this research, based on a case study (trainee teachers of Primary degree and Secondary Education–MAES of the University of Valencia, Spain), are to analyse the students’ memories and perceptions of their training about floods, to examine the interest in teaching these contents in Social Science and/or Geography classes, and to analyse their proposals to improve teacher training. Methodologically, a questionnaire was distributed among 204 future teachers. The results indicate that the majority, in both groups, (degree and MAES) consider themselves to have a medium level of preparedness to teach these contents to schoolchildren (value of 3): 47.0% of the degree students and 47.4% of the MAES students. In both groups, the majority (89.2% degree, 57.9% MAES) indicate that they had not received training in the university or if they had, it had been insufficient. The study reveals that both those who have received training and those who have not believe themselves to have a similar level of preparedness. As the results of this study show, there is still a lot of ground to be covered in the field of education so that it may become an essential tool to generate a society that is more resilient to climate change.

En España, las administraciones públicas con competencias en materia de ordenación del territorio y planificación urbanística no disponían hasta fechas recientes de una herramienta jurídica que acreditara el riesgo de inundación en un espacio geográfico. La Ley del Suelo 2/2008 (mod. 2015), resuelve este problema, puesto que obliga a realizar mapas de riesgos naturales como documento acreditativo de riesgo. En la actualidad, existen varias cartografías oficiales sobre inundaciones en el ámbito nacional y autonómico. En el caso que atañe al presente artículo, conviene destacar: el SNCZI (España) y el PATRICOVA (Comunidad Valenciana). Ambas cartografías son válidas a la hora de acreditar el riesgo de inundación; sin embargo, presentan algunas diferencias y similitudes que, en ocasiones, determinan la existencia de un riesgo en un territorio. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el SNCZI prevalece por encima del PATRICOVA, empero, ambas cartografías son complementarias a la hora de determinar el riesgo de inundación. Por último, se propone una metodología novedosa para generar mapas de peligrosidad en función de la integridad física de una persona. In Spain, the public administrations with powers in the land use and urban planning lacked a legal tool to validate the risk of flooding in a geographical zone. The Land Law 2/2008 (mod. 2015), solves this problem since it forces to develop natural risk maps as a document accrediting risk. Currently, there are several official cartographies on floods at a national and regional level. Nowadays, there are different official cartographies in which both national and autonomous floods appear. In this article, there are two outstanding: SNCZI (Spain) and PATRICOVA (Comunidad Valenciana). Both maps are valid when it comes to proving flood risk. However, they present some differences and similarities that determine the existence of a risk in a territory. The results showed that the SNCZI prevails over the PATRICOVA, however both maps are complementary when it comes to determining flood risk. Finally, a innovative methodology is proposed to generate hazard maps based on the physical integrity of a person. Este artículo se inserta en una Beca predoctoral de Formación de Personal Universitario del Programa Propio del Vicerrectorado de Investigación para el Fomento de la I+D+I en la Universidad de Alicante (UAFPU2019-54) cuya beneficiaria es la coautora Esther Sánchez Almodóvar.

La rambla de Abanilla es un curso fluvial del sureste ibérico, generalmente seco, que se reactiva en momentos de precipitaciones intensas, generando anegaciones en su tramo final, en la Vega Baja del Segura (Alicante). El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el grado de peligrosidad existente en los municipios del tramo bajo que fueron afectados en el episodio de septiembre de 2019. Se realiza una modelización del cauce y una serie mapas temáticos, cuyo resultado ha sido una cartografía de peligrosidad de inundación. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un nivel elevado de peligrosidad en el curso final del cauce (mayor que el realizado en la cartografía oficial existente SNCZI y PATRICOVA). Se analizan las propuestas que se han ido planteando tras cada evento de inundación por parte de diferentes organismos, y se proponen una serie de actuaciones para reducir la peligrosidad en los diferentes tramos de la rambla de Abanilla. La recuperación de sistemas tradicionales de riego se presenta como una posibilidad para reducir caudales de crecida y transformar el riesgo en un recurso, además de ser una medida de adaptación en el actual contexto de cambio climático. Rambla de Abanilla is a southeaster Iberian river, usually dry, which is reactivated with intensive rainfall, generating floods in its lower reaches in Vega Baja del Segura (Alicante). The purpose of this research is to define the degree of hazard in the areas affected by the September 2019 flooding episode. A modeling of the riverbed and a series of thematic maps is carried out, resulting in flood hazard map-ping. The results obtained show a high level of hazard in the final course of the river (larger than that made in the existing official SNCZI and PATRICOVA cartography). The proposals that have been put forward after each flooding event by different entities are analysed and a series of actions are proposed to reduce the hazard in the different section of the Rambla de Abanilla. The recovery of traditional irrigation systems is presented as a possibility to reduce flood flows and transforming risk into a resource in addition to being an adaptation measure in the current context of climate change.

espanolLa ordenacion del territorio cuenta desde hace unos anos con una herramienta de planificacion sostenible: la infraestructura verde, que se ha ido incorporando en normas y planes territoriales de varios paises occidentales. Entre ellos se incluye Espana, donde recientemente se ha publicado un borrador de estrategia estatal de infraestructura verde. El presente trabajo analiza la incorporacion de la infraestructura verde a las politicas territoriales de las comunidades autonomas espanolas mediante dos vias: la aprobacion de estrategias especificas y su integracion en los planes de ordenacion territorial. Asi, se identifican y analizan en profundidad aquellas comunidades autonomas que pueden considerarse ejemplo de buenas practicas: Comunidad Valenciana, Pais Vasco y Cantabria, cuyos planes territoriales confieren a la infraestructura verde un papel importante en la definicion, delimitacion y gestion de los usos del suelo. EnglishSpatial planning uses in last years a sustainable planning tool: green infrastructure, which has been incorporated into territorial regulations and plans in several western countries. These include Spain, where an official document for the development of a green infrastructure strategy has recently been published by the central government. This paper analyses the integration of green infrastructure into the territorial policies of the Spanish autonomous communities through two different procedures: the approval of specific strategies and its integration into the spatial planning plans. We analyse in depth those autonomous communities that can be considered examples of good practices: Valencian Community, Basque Country and Cantabria, whose territorial plans give green infrastructure an important role in the definition, delimitation and management of land uses.

The basins of the Júcar and Segura rivers, on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, present a special water problem and are of particular interest regarding climate change. These basins are very vulnerable to a possible scenario of decreasing water resources. Recent studies on historic rainfall since 1955 have indicated an ongoing loss of precipitation in their headwaters, especially in the case of the Júcar river. The aim of the present study is to perform climate projections for the precipitation variable for several future periods (2021–2040, 2051–2070, 2081–2100) and emission scenarios (RCPs 4.5, 8.5) within the Júcar and Segura River Basin authorities. For this purpose, a set of CMIP5 global models have been used, as well as the CDRD-HR-EIP-1955-2016 database, as a source of local observed information. This database comprises nearly 900 precipitation series in both basins and has been used in recent studies to determine historic trends of change in these basins. A statistical downscaling of the global models for all available observed series has been applied using the LARS-WG method. The results, although variable according to the CMIP5 model used, show the continuation of the patterns of precipitation change in the future, as already observed in the historical series. The results also predict a clear reduction in precipitation in the long term. However, torrential rainfall tends to increase in the coastal areas in relation to that observed in the short-term predictions. These results, due to their high spatial resolution, are of great interest for their use in small-scale hydrological and spatial planning (regional and local), which is one of the current challenges of climate modeling. This research was funded by the spanish CLICES project (CGL2017-83866-C3-2-R, AEI/FEDER, UE) and the Tool4Extreme project (PID2020-118797RB-100).

The study of historical floods is a growing research trend that has generated numerous methodologies that aim to convert the qualitative historical documentation into quantitative information. This codification process aims to make comparable in time and space the manner in which past societies adapted to floods, and so extract the positive or negative points that can help reduce vulnerability and increase the resilience of current societies. However, the diversity of cultural and historical contexts, as well as the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of documentary sources, makes it difficult to extrapolate quantitative methods in historical climatology. This situation means that interpretative analyses of texts are still necessary as a complement to quantitative studies. In this paper, we make a hermeneutic analysis of the three most catastrophic floods that have occurred in the city of Murcia (south-eastern Spain) in the last 400 years. We complete this analysis with a historical cartographic reconstruction of a quantitative nature. Among the main conclusions, we highlight the fact that the society of Murcia had strategies to overcome catastrophes that included the whole of society and an integrated emergency management. However, the state of poverty of privation prior to a flood is a determining factor in explaining the resilience of a social system. A large increase in exposure of flood-prone areas over the past two centuries is noteworthy but unsurprising. However, it is surprising that the percentage of urban area exposed to flooding is now smaller than in the past. Therefore, if we consider hazard avoidance as a form of management, we can say that pre-industrial Murcian society was less efficient in using the mechanisms available to adapt to flooding. El estudio de inundaciones históricas es una corriente investigadora al alza que ha generado numerosas metodologías que persiguen transformar la información cualitativa contenida en la documentación histórica, en información cuantitativa. Este proceso de codificación persigue hacer comparable en el tiempo y en el espacio la forma en que las sociedades se adaptaban a las inundaciones en el pasado, con el fin de extraer los puntos positivos o negativos que pueden ayudar a reducir la vulnerabilidad y aumentar la resiliencia de las sociedades actuales. Sin embargo, la diversidad de los contextos culturales e históricos, así como la heterogeneidad espaciotemporal del material documental, dificulta la capacidad de extrapolación de los métodos cuantitativos en climatología histórica. Esta situación, repercute en que sigan siendo necesarios los análisis hermenéuticos de textos, como complemento a los estudios de carácter cuantitativo. En este trabajo realizamos un análisis hermenéutico de las tres inundaciones más catastróficas ocurridas en la ciudad de Murcia (Sureste de España) en los últimos 400 años. Completamos este análisis con una reconstrucción cartográfica histórica de carácter cuantitativo. Entre las principales conclusiones destaca el hecho de que la sociedad murciana tenía estrategias de superación de catástrofes que involucraban al conjunto de la sociedad y que preconizaban una gestión integral de las emergencias. No obstante, el estado de penuria previo a una inundación es un factor determinante para explicar la capacidad de resiliencia del sistema social. En cuanto a la forma de exponerse al peligro, es destacable el gran aumento de la exposición a zonas inundables producido en los últimos dos siglos. Esto no es algo sorprendente, pero si lo es el hecho de que en el pasado el porcentaje de superficie urbana expuesta sobre el total fuera superior, comparando con la situación actual. Por lo tanto, si consideramos la evasión del peligro, como una forma de gestión, podemos afirmar que la sociedad murciana preindustrial usaba de forma menos eficiente los mecanismos de los que disponía para adaptarse a las inundaciones.

espanolEl litoral mediterraneo espanol es una region-riesgo frente a las inundaciones en el contexto europeo. El rio Segura en su tramo medio y bajo ha sido protagonista de eventos catastroficos de inundacion de forma frecuente en el ultimo siglo y medio. El ultimo episodio ocurrido, en septiembre de 2019, tras la canalizacion del curso fluvial despues de la riada de 1987, ha puesto de manifiesto que las soluciones estructurales no son suficientes para la reduccion del riesgo y son necesarias medidas integrales para la ordenacion y gestion sostenible del territorio. Todo ello en un contexto climatico de incertidumbre, que manifiesta ya los efectos del calentamiento atmosferico, en el que la modelizacion senala la mayor frecuencia de desarrollo de eventos meteorologicos extremos. El plan Vega Renhace es una apuesta estrategica para la adaptacion de la comarca del Bajo Segura al cambio climatico y la mejora de la resiliencia social, economica y territorial ante la elevada peligrosidad natural existente. EnglishThe Spanish Mediterranean coast is an European flood risk-region. The Middle and Lower Segura River has been protagonist of frequently catastrophic flood events in the last century and a half. The last episode that occurred, in September 2019, after the channelization of the river course after the 1987 flood, has shown that structural solutions are not enough to reduce risk and comprehensive measures are necessary for sustainable planning and management in this territory. All this in a climate context of uncertainty, which already manifests the effects of atmospheric warming, in which climate modelling indicates the higher frequency of development of extreme meteorological events. The Vega Renhace Plan is a strategic bet for the adaptation of the Bajo Segura territory to climate change and the improvement of social, economic and territorial resilience due to high natural hazards existing.

O presente estudo pretende examinar as concentrações de material particulado (MP10) e material particulado fino (MP2,5) entre os anos de 2007 e 2018 em São Paulo e Madrid para apontar se as características geográficas, clima e relevo, exercem influência na acumulação desses poluentes. Para isso foram usadas técnicas de geoprocessamento na análise do terreno, dados climatológicos, os boletins de qualidade do ar, as leis sobre poluição atmosférica de cada cidade e as recomendações internacionais sobre o tema. O relevo e o clima das duas cidades são distintos, mas ambos favorecem a concentração de poluição. Ainda assim, nenhuma delas infringiu as legislações locais durante o período, apesar de estarem além do recomendado pela OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde). This study intends to verify the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM10) and Fine Particulate Matter (PM2,5) between 2007 and 2018 in Sao Paulo and Madrid municipalities to point if geographical characteristics like relief and climate have any influence on air pollution. We used geoprocessing techniques to analyze the landscape, climate data, air quality reports, legislation about the theme of each municipality and the international recommendations about air quality. The relief and climate of both cities are distinct, but able to concentrate air pollution. Despite none of them, during this period has gone beyond the limits of law, they are far from WHO (World Health Organization) recommendations.

Water consumption continues to grow globally, and it is estimated that more than 160% of the total global water volume will be needed to satisfy the water requirements in ten years. In this context, non-conventional water resources are being considered to overcome water scarcity and reduce water conflicts between regions and sectors. A bibliometric analysis and literature review of 81 papers published between 2000 and 2020 focused on south-east Spain were conducted. The aim was to examine and re-think the benefits and concerns, and the inter-connections, of using reclaimed and desalinated water for agricultural and urban-tourist uses to address water scarcity and climate change impacts. Results highlight that: (1) water use, cost, quality, management, and perception are the main topics debated by both reclaimed and desalinated water users; (2) water governance schemes could be improved by including local stakeholders and water users in decision-making; and (3) rainwater is not recognized as a complementary option to increase water supply in semi-arid regions. Furthermore, the strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats (SWOT) analysis identifies complementary concerns such as acceptability and investment in reclaimed water, regulation (cost recovery principle), and environmental impacts of desalinated water. This study is supported by the project “Cambio climático y agua: los recursos no convencionales como estrategia adaptativa para incrementar la resiliencia de los usos agrícolas y urbano-turísticos en el litoral de Alicante” (AICO/2020/253) and funded by the Regional government of Valencia, Spain, through the Programa per a la promoció de la investigación científica, el desenvolupament tecnològic i la innovació en la Comunitat Valenciana. This research is partially supported by the SIMTWIST project (ERA-NET Water JPI 2018) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PCI2019-103395).

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las propuestas y actividades relacionadas con la solución a los efectos del cambio climático y la sostenibilidad que se insertan en los actuales libros de texto de Ciencias Sociales españoles (Educación Primaria). A partir de la consulta de las principales editoriales que se usan en España (Anaya, Bromera, Santillana, SM y Vicens Vives), se han analizado los manuales correspondientes al 3er ciclo (5º y 6º). Tras la revisión de estos recursos se han categorizado 3 tipos de soluciones: 1) propuestas sobre recomendaciones a seguir, tanto colectivas como individuales; 2) actividades en las que el alumnado debe proponer soluciones; y 3) información sobre diferentes cumbres internacionales en las que se recogen las principales medidas para resolver el cambio climático. La mayoría de propuestas tienen que ver con las primeras y la alusión a cumbres internacionales. Como conclusión, cabe destacar una ausencia casi total de propuestas que hagan pensar críticamente al alumnado sobre este fenómeno, tanto de las posibles causas como de las medidas de adaptación, especialmente, en la escala local y/o regional. The aim of this research is to analyze the proposals and activities related to the solutions of the impacts of climate change and sustainability that are inserted in the current Spanish Social Sciences school textbooks (Primary Education). Based on the examination of the main Spanish publishers (Anaya, Bromera, Santillana, SM and Vicens Vives), the books corresponding to the 3rd cycle (5th and 6th) have been analyzed. After the analysis of these resources, 3 types of solutions have been categorized: 1) proposals on recommendations to be followed, both collective and individual; 2) activities that students must propose solutions; and 3) information on different international conferences in which the main measures to solve climate change are collected. Most of proposals are related with the first, and secondly, with the allusion to international conferences. To sum up, there is a total absence of activities that make students think critically about this phenomenon, both about the possible causes and the adaptation measures, specially, at the local and regional scale. Esta investigación se inserta en el proyecto “Las representaciones sociales de los contenidos escolares en el desarrollo de las competencias docentes” (PGC2018-094491-B-C32) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades y cofinanciado con fondos FEDER de la UE.

La educación es una acción fundamental para reducir la acción de los riesgos naturales dentro del contexto del cambio climático actual. No obstante, en los países desarrollados no ha tenido un protagonismo destacado en cuanto al diseño de las políticas de prevención de estos riesgos. Y ello, a pesar del papel que cubre en la concienciación que puedan lograr las cohortes más jóvenes de la sociedad ya que serán protagonistas de estos procesos en las próximas décadas. Este trabajo tiene por objeto proponer actividades didácticas para el tratamiento de cinco procesos principales de manifestación extrema del clima que ya afectan a la región mediterránea y que deben incorporarse en la asignatura de Geografía (Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato). Estas propuestas pretenden ser una guía de trabajo en el aula para ser implementadas en otros territorios, teniendo en cuenta sus rasgos geográficos y disponibilidad de datos. Su implementación en el aula y las ediciones futuras de los libros de texto suponen una apuesta por el factor educación como recurso básico para conseguir una sociedad más resiliente a los extremos atmosféricos vinculados al proceso de cambio climático. Education is an important action for reducing the effects of natural hazards within the context of current climate change. However, in developed countries education has not played a prominent role in the design of risk prevention policies. Moreover, this role is important for raising the awareness of younger cohorts as they will be the protagonists of these processes in the coming decades. The purpose of this work is to propose instruction activities for the treatment of the five main processes of extreme manifestation of the climate that already affect the Mediterranean region and that should be incorporated into the subject of geography (middle and high school). These proposals are intended to be a guide for classrooms to be implemented in other territories and consider their geographical characteristics and availability data. Implementation in classrooms and future editions of school textbooks suppose a commitment to the education factor. This is because education is a basic resource for achieving a society more resilient to the atmospheric hazards linked to climate change. Esta investigación se inserta en el proyecto “Las representaciones sociales de los contenidos escolares en el desarrollo de las competencias docentes” (PGC2018-094491-B-C32) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades y cofinanciado con fondos FEDER de la UE.

The study of two basic resources, climate and water on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, has evolved in recent decades in relation with the conceptual changes, changes of focus and of method that have taken place in Spain in relation with both concepts. Furthermore, in the current context of spatial sustainability, new processes have appeared that are marking the actions for planning and management of these two elements of the natural environment. This is the case of climate change and its associated effects, with repercussions, moreover, on the availability of water, where a change of paradigm has been recorded. Contrary to the traditional criterion of unlimited supply, the planning of water resources is now governed by the principles of demand management. An analysis has been made of the evidence of climate change on the Spanish Mediterranean coast and the changes in the regulation of water resources introduced in the last two decades. Lastly, an agenda is proposed with actions to be implemented in this region in the east of the Iberian Peninsula, to allow the conciliation of socioeconomic development and environmental sustainability.

The political sphere is starting to take an interest in how the teaching of atmospheric risks at pre-university stages can be improved. This interest has arisen due to the fact that, as stated in the 2030 Agenda, education is an important factor for reducing the effects of natural hazards within the context of current climate change. However, in developed countries education has not played a prominent role in the design of risk prevention policies. The purpose of this study was to identify the principal deficiencies that characterise the study of natural risks in non-university education and then to propose didactic activities for improving the teaching of the main processes associated with climate change (episodes of intense rains and droughts) that already affect the Spanish Mediterranean region. Their implementation in the classroom seeks, first, to correct the deficiencies in the knowledge of the students in terms of the sources from which they obtain information, and second, to raise awareness about the importance of education in the prevention and mitigation of climate risks. These proposals are intended to serve as a guide to activities to be implemented in classrooms in other international areas, taking into account their geographical characteristics and the availability of data.

16 Pags.- 9 Figs. The definitive version is available at: https://link.springer.com/journal/382, Northern Chile is a region characterised by an extremely dry climate; however, there is a brief rainy season from December to March (austral summer), mainly above 3000 m a.s.l. It is interesting to consider where the humid air masses that generate such rain come from. For this purpose, daily precipitation data from 161 meteorological stations located in this area (18° S–19° S) were considered, and four clusters formed by k-means clustering. For each cluster, days of extreme precipitation (above 90th percentile) were selected to obtain flow strength (F), direction (D), and vorticity (Z) for each event according to the Jenkinson and Collison (JC) method. The back trajectory, for the previous 72 h, of air masses affecting the centroid of each cluster was determined by means of the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The analyses were carried out at sea level (1013 hPa) and in the middle (500 hPa) and upper (250 hPa) troposphere. Surface circulation was not a determining factor in the occurrence of extreme events, but it did influence circulation at 500 and 250 hPa. For stations located in the northern Altiplano, moisture advection from the Amazon basin is evident due to the configuration of the Bolivian high—an upper level anticyclone that develops over the Bolivian Altiplano during austral summer. For stations located in the southern part of the study area, the main source of moisture is the Pacific Ocean, and the weather is related to the arrival of frontal systems and to the configuration of cut-off low pressure systems in the mid-troposphere., The authors want to thank the FONDECYT Project 11160059 of the Chilean Government, the Climatology Group (2017SGR1362, Catalan Government) and the CLICES Project (CGL2017-83866-C3-2-R) for the institutional support. R.S.N. is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant no. FJCI-2017-31595).

La consolidación de la climatología como disciplina científica conoce un impulso decisivo con los trabajos de Alejandro de Humboldt, en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX. Los avances experimentados en la edad Moderna, merced al conocimiento directo del ámbito intertropical y de los vientos que favorecían la navegación marítima transoceánica (alisios), alcanzan en los trabajos de Humboldt la categoría de ciencia al aplicar un método científico basado en el uso de datos anotados en los observatorios meteorológicos, las localización cartográfica de sus valores medios (isotermas) y la comparación con registros o fenómenos atmosféricos ocurridos en diferentes territorios de latitud similar. Todo ello permite configurar un corpus teórico que alimentará su concepción geográfica basada en un conocimiento detallado e integrador de la superficie terrestre, donde el medio físico, con todos los elementos que lo componen, es soporte de las actuaciones del ser humano. Así se recogerá en su obra cumbre Cosmos, que reúne las ideas y resultados de investigación del geógrafo alemán. Humboldt puede ser considerado como el primer climatólogo científico que cultiva una climatología geográfica, que se va desprendiendo de ideas y creencias anteriores merced a la aplicación de un método científico, al que ayuda a definir y aplicar.

Research interest in massive online and open courses (MOOCs) is rapidly growing, questioning who enrolls, why and how to conceive engagement, and success rates. This study is focused on MOOC-takers behavior obtained from a seven-week MOOC experience on natural risks. Data scraping principles have been used to collect data. Demographics, success-dropout rates, engagement periods, achievement and scoring, and behavior were analyzed through descriptive statistics, non-parametric correlation analysis, and statistical hypothesis testing. The results show that students who start earlier and those who finish earlier the course obtain better grades in some of the modules (motivation and background on natural risks could be the explanation). However, for &lsquo, last moment students&rsquo, speed in passing the modules is either related to greater motivation, although in this case it is not related to better grades. Furthermore, students who complete tasks during the weekend take less time to complete the modules and obtain a better grade. In addition, a learning strategy is promoted by reconsidering who is learning: players (those who complete the course and earning a certificate), auditors (those who have completed a thematic unit or the whole module, earning partial knowledge), and spectators (those enrolled until the end of the course, who intend earning experience in e-learning).

La presente investigación demuestra que las medidas no estructurales son más eficaces que las actuaciones estructurales para paliar los efectos de las inundaciones. Se apuesta por la realización de una cartografía de riesgo como principal herramienta de prevención y de defensa de los riesgos naturales, y sobre todo, de las inundaciones, tal como señalan las normativas existentes en materia de ordenación del territorio, suelo y agua. La zona de estudio se localiza en Alicante -barrio de San Gabriel- en la desembocadura del barranco de las Ovejas que ha registrado numerosos episodios de inundación, siendo el más grave el de octubre de 1982. A raíz de esta inundación se canalizó el tramo final del barranco. Para comprobar la eficacia de la canalización se ha realizado una modelización con el mismo caudal registrado en dicho episodio (475 m3/s). Los resultados demuestran que, a pesar de la canalización, el barranco de las Ovejas se desbordaría en diversos puntos a lo largo de su curso. Se presenta una nueva cartografía de riesgo de inundación y una serie de propuestas para reducir el riesgo de inundación y la adaptación al cambio climático, que deben ser atendidas por las administraciones (local, regional y estatal) implicadas. This research shows that non-structural measures are more effective than structural actions to mitigate floods episodes. For this reason, risk mapping has been selected as main tool of prevention and protection of natural risks, especially floods, as is indicated by the existing regulations on spatial planning, urban soil uses and water management. The study area is located in Alicante - San Gabriel neighborhood - at the mouth of Ovejas ravine, which has registered numerous flood episodes, the most serious was occurred in October 1982. As a result of this flood, the final section of this ravine was channeled. To verify the efficiency of the channeling, a flood modeling has been carried out with the same flow rate recorded in said episode (475 m3/s). The results show that, despite channeling, the Ovejas ravine would overflow at various points along its course. A new flood risk mapping and a series of proposals to reduce flood risk and adaptation to climate change, which must be addressed by the administrations (local, regional and state) involved, are presented.

Studies on water in cities usually focus on household consumption. However, little attention has been given to non-household consumption and schools from a geographic perspective. The objectives of this research are to examine water consumption trends in schools in the city of Alicante (Southern Spain) between 2000&ndash, 2017, revise how water use is managed in these centers, and, lastly, examine initiatives aimed at environmental education and saving water in these schools. The results obtained from a survey of school directors indicate a low level of participation because only 14 of the 88 educational centres in the city chose to collaborate in this research. Second, and with regard to water trend consumption, in 2017, water consumption increased by 1.76% in comparison with the average for the period of 2000 to 2004, in contrast with a 38.9% fall in non-household general consumption in the city. Lastly, measures to encourage water saving and environmental education in schools are limited. This tendency is explained by the increase in the number of users over the last five years. Second, the water bill is not paid directly by schools&rsquo, directors and, thus, &lsquo, free&rsquo, water is a factor that does not incentivise savings. A third is the little investment made in the installation of water-saving devices, water-saving plans, or action taken to promote the use of non-conventional water resources to the watering garden. Lastly, low promotion of environmental education or incentives for savings in schools.

Water consumption may be declining in tourist centres and cities of the Western Mediterranean. The paper presents data showing the decrease of water consumption in the mass tourism resort of Benidorm, Spain, between 2005 and 2014, estimates the influence of factors such as hotel size and hotel category in this reduction, and attempts to discern to what extent this decline reflects conscious conservation actions taken by the hotel industry through a questionnaire for all the 129 hotels of Benidorm. The questionnaire (with 22 valid responses) included 50 questions on water consumption and was administered together with an interview with hotel managers. The goal was to discern whether conservation measures played a role in reducing water consumption during the study period. Reductions in water use seemed to be related to hotel category; with 3 star hotels (the most common in Benidorm) observing the largest decreases and four- and five-star hotels experiencing the opposite trend. We note the tension between efforts ant conserving water and the continuous expansion of water-related amenities. This may help to explain why despite the application of conservation efforts, consumption is not decreasing in all hotel categories, although it is decreasing for Benidorm as a whole. Support for this research was provided by the Spanish CICYT through projects CSO2015-65182-C2-2-P and CSO2015-65182-C2-1-P.

El cambio climático constituye uno de los principales desafíos socio-ambientales del actual siglo XXI. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los contenidos sobre el cambio climático que proponen los manuales escolares de Educación Primaria de Ciencias Sociales (3er ciclo) en la Comunidad Valenciana (España) atendiendo a: 1) la explicación del fenómeno (causas y consecuencias); y 2) la descripción de los principales gases de efecto invernadero. Los resultados indican que actualmente estos recursos proyectan una imagen excesivamente catastrófica sobre el cambio climático, especialmente por las consecuencias que se aluden (incremento de los fenómenos extremos atmosféricos) y citando como error el dióxido de carbono (CO2) como principal gas de efecto invernadero. Como conclusión, los libros de texto analizados no aportan contenidos e información todo lo rigurosa que sería necesaria procedente de trabajos científicos y fuentes académicas y se abusa de la presencia de estereotipos sobre el cambio climático (catástrofes climáticas). Climate change is one of the main socio-environmental challenges of the current 21st century. The objective of this research is to analyze the contents about climate change proposed in the textbooks of Primary Education of Social Sciences (3rd cycle) in the Valencian Community (Spain) attending to: 1) the explanation of the phenomenon (causes and consequences); and 2) the description of the main greenhouse emissions. The results indicate that currently, textbooks project an excessively catastrophic image of climate change (increase in extreme atmospheric phenomena) and citing as error carbon dioxide (CO2) as the main effect gas greenhouse. In conclusion, the textbooks do not provide rigorous content and information from scientific papers and academic sources and the presence of stereotypes about climate change (natural disasters) is abused. Esta investigación se inserta en el proyecto “Las representaciones sociales de los contenidos escolares en el desarrollo de las competencias docentes” (PGC2018-094491-B-C32) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades.

La sequía es un riesgo climático con grandes repercusiones sobre los sistemas de abastecimiento para usos urbano-turísticos y agrícolas. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: 1) llevar a cabo una revisión y diagnóstico de las medidas llevadas a cabo en el sureste de España (cuenca hidrográfica del Segura) desde la planificación y la gestión del agua para usos urbanos; y 2) valorar su grado de adaptación durante el episodio de sequía de 2015-19 en relación a las medidas implementadas. Para ello se ha consultado y revisado diversas fuentes documentales. En primer lugar, normativas y leyes que regulan los recursos hídricos en términos de disponibilidad y demandas tanto en situaciones de normalidad como de excepcionalidad (sequías) y, en segundo lugar, datos relativos a disponibilidades hídricas, concretamente los volúmenes almacenados en la cabecera del río Tajo, donde parten las transferencias del Acueducto Tajo-Segura, y las fuentes de suministro de la Mancomunidad de Canales del Taibilla. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el sureste español es un territorio con una dilatada experiencia en la gestión del agua coincidiendo con episodios de sequía y se ha convertido, a pesar del incremento de las demandas, en una región menos vulnerable en comparación con otras áreas españolas. The drought is a climatic risk with great repercussions on water supply systems for urban-tourist and farming uses. The aims of this research are: 1) to analyse and evaluate the measures carried out in the Southeast of Spain (Basin of Segura river) from the point of view of planning and management urban water uses; and 2) to assess its degree of adaptation to the 2015-19 drought event regarding the measures implemented. To do so, several documents and sources have been consulted and reviewed. First, laws and regulations re- lated to water resources in terms of availability and demands both in situations of normality and exceptionality (droughts). And, secondly, data regarding water resources availability, specifically the volumes stored in the headwaters of the Tagus River where transfers depart to the Segura Basin, and the supply sources of the Mancomunidad de los Canales del Taibilla. The results show that the Southeast of Spain is a region with a wide experience in water management matching with drought events. And, despite the increase of water demand, has become a region less vulnerable compared to other spanish areas. Este trabajo es resultado del Proyecto de investigación “Usos y gestión de recursos hídricos no convencionales en el litoral de las regiones de Valencia y Murcia como estrategia de adaptación a la sequía” (CSO2015-65182-C2-2-P) financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Empresa.

El cambio climático comienza a manifestar efectos en las actividades económicas de la Comunidad Valenciana. El turismo es una parte fundamental de su economía, puesto que representa el 15% de su PIB regional. La modalidad de “sol y playa” es la principal actividad turística en el territorio valenciano, de ahí la importancia del análisis de las alteraciones que están experimentando los elementos climáticos debido a su efecto en el recurso turístico y en las preferencias de la demanda. La pérdida del “confort climático”, el aumento de las noches “tropicales” (Tª > 20ºC), el incremento de la temperatura del agua de mar Mediterráneo y la adaptación a los extremos atmosféricos (olas de calor, lluvias intensas, sequías) son los principales desafíos en las políticas de adaptación al cambio climático en el turismo valenciano. Climate change is beginning to have an impact on the economic activities of the Region of Valencia. Tourism is a fundamental activity of this region’s economy, representing 15% of its GDP. The “sun and beach” tourism product constitutes the main tourist activity in the region, hence the importance of analyzing the changes occurring in climatic elements because of their effects on tourism resources and demand preferences. The loss of “climatic comfort”, the increase of “tropical” nights (TºC > 20), the rise in seawater temperatures and the adaptation to atmospheric extremes (heat waves, intense rains, droughts) are the main challenges faced by Valencia’s tourism industry when designing policies to adapt to climate change. Este trabajo ha sido posible realizarlo gracias al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España y al Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) a través del proyecto CLIMTEX - CGL2015-64268-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE).

Resumen: Las acciones de adaptación al cambio climático van a marcar la agenda política en los próximos años y décadas. De hecho, ya se están desarrollando actuaciones concretas en las escalas regional y local en España. La Comunidad Valenciana ha puesto en marcha diversas acciones, de planificación y normativa que en los últimos años están teniendo repercusión en la escala local. Los municipios no siempre entienden los beneficios de una planificación territorial sostenible, debido a que no ha habido tradición en nuestro país de actuaciones de sostenibilidad territorial. Se estudia esta cuestión haciendo mención a los ejemplos de buenas prácticas internacionales y se analizan tres iniciativas que suponen un cambio en la cultura territorial en el ámbito valenciano, impulsadas por el gobierno regional y que van a tener efectos concretos en la escala local en el marco del proceso actual de adaptación al proceso de calentamiento climático. Palabras clave: planificación territorial sostenible; cambio climático; adaptación; escalas regional, subregional y local. Abstract: Actions to adapt to climate change will shape the political agenda in the coming years and decades. In fact, concrete actions are already being developed at the regional and local levels in Spain. Valencian Community has launched, in recent years, various actions, both planning and regulatory, that are having an impact on local scale. Municipalities do not always understand the benefits of sustainable territorial planning, because there has been no tradition in our country of territorial sustainability actions. This question is studied by mentioning the examples of international good practices and three initiatives that imply a change in the territorial culture in the Valencian territory, promoted by the regional government and that will have concrete effects on the local scale in the framework of the current process of adaptation to the global warming process. Key words: sustainable spatial planning; climate change; adaptation; regional, subregional and local scales.

Tourism, and particularly residential tourism, has led to a change in the urban and demographic model of towns along the European Mediterranean coastline. Water as a resource limited and limiting for the growth of tourism is a popular topic in the scientific literature. However, the incorporation of non-conventional resources (desalination) has meant, in theory, that this limitation has been overcome. The aims of this paper are: (a) to identify the different tourism models existing in coastal towns in Alicante province and characterize them according to their water consumption from 2002–2017; and (b) analyse the hydrosocial cycle, highlighting the measures aimed at satisfying water demand and identifying the limitations related to these hydrosocial systems. To this end, different types of information have been processed, and various basic indicators have been analysed. The results revealed the increase in the resilience of this region to natural aridity and drought events. This was possible because the demand management and the use of desalinated water. However, this has generated other problems associated (energetics, environmental) due to maintenance of a non-sustainable territorial model based on an accelerated real estate development. This research was funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain), grant number CSO2015-65182-C2-2-P (“Uses and management of non-conventional water resources on the coast of Valencia and Murcia as an adaptation strategy to drought”).

The addition of a hypoxic stimulus during resistance training is suggested to increase the metabolic responses, enhancing hypertrophy and muscle strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training performed at submaximal intensities combined with normobaric hypoxia on muscular performance, body composition and haematological parameters. Thirty-two untrained subjects participated in this study (weight: 74.68±12.89 kg; height: 175±0.08 cm; BMI: 24.28±3.80 kg/m2 ). They were randomized to two groups: hypoxia (FiO2 = 13%) or normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%). The training programme lasted 7 weeks (3 d/w) and several muscle groups were exercised (3 sets x 65−80% 1RM to failure). Measurements were taken before, after the training and after a 3-week detraining period. Body composition and muscle mass were assessed through skinfolds and muscle girths. Muscle strength was evaluated by the 1RM estimated test. Finally, haemoglobin and haematocrit were taken from the antecubital vein. Both groups improved their strength performance and muscle perimeters, but the hypoxia group obtained a greater increase in muscle mass (hypoxia: +1.80% vs. normoxia: +0.38%; p

Tourism, and particularly residential tourism, has led to a change in the urban and demographic model of towns along the European Mediterranean coastline. Water as a limited and limiting resource for the growth of tourism is a popular topic in the scientific literature. However, the incorporation of non-conventional resources (desalination) has meant, in theory, that this limitation has been overcome. The aims of this paper are: a) to identify the different tourism models implanted in this territory and describe them from the point of view of their consumption of water in the demand cycle from 2002 to 2017; b) analyse the hydrosocial cycle, highlighting the measures aimed at satisfying water demand; and c) identify the limitations associated with these hydrosocial systems. To this end, different types of information will be processed, and various complex indicators produced. The results show the importance that demand management and the use of desalinated water in increasing the resilience of this territory to aridity. However, this has generated other problems associated with a tsunami of construction and the continuity of a non-sustainable territorial model.

espanolEl clima es el conjunto de mecanismos y procesos atmosfericos percibidos y vividos por el ser humano -el ambiente permanente que se da en un lugar concreto- mas la explicacion de sus causas -la sucesion de tipos de tiempo-. Su ensenanza en los niveles educativos basicos no deja de esconder cierta complejidad, debiendose apostar por una seleccion adecuada de contenidos y de practicas docentes para no convertir lo que, sin duda, es un tema atractivo y de actualidad en un estudio memoristico carente de reflexion. Partiendo del analisis y la valoracion de los contenidos curriculares que sobre tiempo y clima se imparten en la educacion obligatoria, se repasan los recursos y tipos de actividades utilizados en el aula, planteandose algunas propuestas didacticas con las que mejorar la ensenanza-aprendizaje de la Climatologia escolar, para cuyo diseno y adaptacion pedagogica se ha contado con el obligado concurso de maestros y profesores. EnglishThe climate is the group of mechanisms and atmospheric processes perceived and experienced by humans beings -the permanent environment that is produced in a specific place- plus the explanation of its causes -the string of the types of weather-. Its teaching in the basic educative levels doesn't hide certain complexity, as we should bet on an adequate selection of contents and teaching practices so as not to turn what is, without a doubt, an interesting and contemporary topic into a memory study without reflection. Starting from the analysis and assessment of the curricular contents that on weather and climate are taught in compulsory education, the resources and types of activities used in the classroom are reviewed, proposing some didactic proposals with which to improve the teaching-learning of school Climatology, for which its design and pedagogic adaptation has counted with the necessary assistance by teachers of basic education.

Se presentan los contenidos de una metodología que permite predecir y cartografiar aquellos puntos en el recorrido de una infraestructura viaria susceptibles de quedar bloqueados por riesgos tras episodios de precipitación torrencial. Se consideran los riesgos de movimiento en masa, subsidencia del firme, generación de balsas e inundación por desbordamiento de cauces aledaños. Para estimar las consecuencias en cada punto, se evalúan tanto factores de peligrosidad como de vulnerabilidad del medio humano frente al potencial corte de tráfico. Se ha diseñado, además, una aplicación informática que implementa la metodología obtenida y facilita su aplicación a otros casos. The paper contains an applied methodology that allows mapping the points in the road that can be blocked by multiple risks of simultaneous operation, after an episode of high intensity rains. It incorporates two predictive models to identify points where there are mass movement risks, subsidence under the infrastructure and/or waterlogging. Moreover, it has been designed a software application that applies the obtained prediction criteria and maps the conflicted points in infrastructures from a different study area. Los contenidos del artículo se fundamentan en los trabajos realizados en el marco de un Proyecto de Investigación financiado por la Agencia de la Obra Pública y la Consejería de Infraestructuras y Vivienda de la Junta de Andalucía (GGI3002IDIS).

Changes in weather pattern caused by climate change generate more frequent extreme rain events as well as droughts. Sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS) are useful adaptations to this new reality. The paper surveys the use of these systems in other countries in relation to their use in Spain, particularly the Spanish Mediterranean region. There is a future for more detention of floodwaters as well as more use against drought of water which can be treated and reused. This paper was developed under the project “Use and Management of non-conventional water resources on the coast of the regions of Valencia and Murcia as a drought adaptation strategy” [SO2015-65182-CS-2-P] is funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Precipitation on the Spanish mainland and in the Balearic archipelago exhibits a high degree of spatial and temporal variability, regardless of the temporal resolution of the data considered. The fractal dimension indicates the property of self-similarity, and in the case of this study, wherein it is applied to the temporal behaviour of rainfall at a fine (10-min) resolution from a total of 48 observatories, it provides insights into its more or less convective nature. The methodology of Jenkinson & Collison which automatically classifies synoptic situations at the surface, as well as an adaptation of this methodology at 500 hPa, was applied in order to gain insights into the synoptic implications of extreme values of the fractal dimension. The highest fractal dimension values in the study area were observed in places with precipitation that has a more random behaviour over time with generally high totals. Four different regions in which the atmospheric mechanisms giving rise to precipitation at the surface differ from the corresponding above-ground mechanisms have been identified in the study area based on the fractal dimension. In the north of the Iberian Peninsula, high fractal dimension values are linked to a lower frequency of anticyclonic situations, whereas the opposite occurs in the central region. In the Mediterranean, higher fractal dimension values are associated with a higher frequency of the anticyclonic type and a lower frequency of the advective type from the east. In the south, lower fractal dimension values indicate higher frequency with respect to the anticyclonic type from the east and lower frequency with respect to the cyclonic type. The authors want to thank the UTA-Mayor Project 5755-17 (Universidad de Tarapacá). This research is also included in the investigation program of the Climatology Group from the University of Barcelona (2014SGR300, Catalan Government).

In urban areas prone to flash floods, characterization of social resilience is critical to guarantee the success of emergency management plans. In this study, we present the methodological approach that led to the submission and subsequent approval of the Civil Protection Plan of Navaluenga (Central Spain), in which the first phase was to analyse flood hazard by combining the Hydrological Modelling System (HECHMS) and the Iber 2D hydrodynamic model. We then analysed social vulnerability and designed measures to put into practice within the framework of the Civil Protection Plan. At a later phase, we assessed citizens' flash-flood risk perception and level of awareness regarding some key variables of the Civil Protection Plan. To this end, 254 adults representing roughly 12% of the population census were interviewed. Responses were analysed descriptively, comparing awareness regarding preparedness and response actions with the corresponding information and behaviours previously defined in the Civil Protection Plan. In addition, we carried out a latent class cluster analysis aimed at identifying the different groups present among the interviewees. Our results showed that risk perception is low. Specifically, 60.8% of the interviewees showed low risk perception and low awareness (cluster 1); 24.4% had high risk perception and low awareness (cluster 2), while the remaining 14.8% presented high long-term risk perception and high awareness (cluster 3). These findings suggest the need for integrating these key variables of social risk perception and local tailored information in emergency management plans, especially in urban areas prone to flash-floods where response times are limited., Departamento de Ingeniería Geológica y Minera, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, España, Grupo de Investigación en Psicología Ambiental, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, España, Departamento de Investigación en Recursos Geológicos, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Suiza, Dendrolab, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bern, Suiza, Departamento de Análisis Regional y Geografía Física, Universidad de Alicante, España

El análisis de riesgo en áreas urbanas es una exigencia legal en España. La normativa estatal del suelo y las autonómicas de ordenación territorial y urbanística contemplan la obligación de incluir cartografía de riesgo en los procesos de planificación. En las últimas tres décadas, el riesgo frente a inundaciones se ha incrementado notablemente en algunas regiones españolas en relación con la ocupación de áreas inundables con usos residenciales. La información catastral se convierte en una herramienta eficaz para la valoración de la exposición al peligro de inundaciones. En este artículo se analiza la potencialidad de esta información y su integración con la cartografía del Sistema Nacional de Cartografías de Zonas Inundables en un área del litoral mediterráneo que ha experimentado un incremento desaforado de su parque de viviendas, como método de trabajo aplicable en otros territorios para la valoración de la exposición al riesgo y la elaboración de cartografía de detalle. Risk analysis in urban areas is a legal requirement in Spain. The state legislation of land and various regional regulations of territorial and urban planning include an obligation to produce maps showing the risk in land use processes. In the last three decades flood risk has increased significantly in some Spanish regions due to an increase in human occupation of flood-prone areas. Cadastral data becomes a powerful tool for the assessment of exposure to flood hazards. This paper analyzes the potential of this information and its integration with the maps of National Cartographic System of Flood Zones in an area of the Mediterranean coastal region that has experienced a significant increase in its housing stock. This method of analysis is applicable to other territories for the assessment of exposure to risk and the elaboration of detail mapping.

The study was funded by PRECABAL project (CGL2011-29263-C02-01) from the Ministry of Science of the Spanish Government, FPU scholarship programme from the Ministry of Education of the Spanish Government, Group of Climatology (2014SGR300) from the University of Barcelona, Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia (AEMet).

El litoral mediterráneo español es una de las áreas de Europa donde pueden ser másevidentes los cambios en las condiciones climáticas durante las próximas décadas. Lasubida de temperaturas y el descenso de precipitaciones son factores que obligan a tomarmedidas de adaptación que reduzcan el disconfort térmico previsto y la escasez de recursosde agua convencional derivada de una disminución de las lluvias. La actividad turísticaes un sector vulnerable ante el cambio climático y sus riesgos asociados y ha de ir adaptándosea la nueva realidad climática prevista. Junto a los protocolos internacionales dereducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, se han puesto en marcha planesde adaptación al cambio climático, con medidas concretas para cada sector económico.Se analizan las políticas de adaptación al cambio climático desarrolladas en España enlos últimos años, con especial detalle en las regiones del litoral mediterráneo, por la granimportancia económica y territorial de la actividad turística en ellas y los preocupantesefectos que se señalan en los modelos de cambio climático para las próximas décadas enestos territorios.

espanolLa pandemia de la COVID-19 se ha convertido en uno de los mayores desafios recientes que se ha encontrado la ciencia. Multitud de estudios pretenden dar respuesta a la propagacion de este coronavirus, hasta ahora desconocido, ante unas condiciones atmosfericas y climaticas determinadas. El estudio de parametros como la temperatura, la humedad y la radiacion en los meses de febrero y marzo de 2020, asi como un analisis correlativo con otras variables de distinta tematica, pretende ponderar el peso que pudieron haber tenido estas variables en la expansion de este patogeno en la provincia de Alicante. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan, de forma preliminar, como la unica variable que guarda relacion con la tasa de contagio y la tasa de defuncion son las temperaturas maximas. Este hecho podria estar relacionado con el nicho climatico del coronavirus, el cual podria ser determinante en su expansion a nivel mundial. La carencia de informacion sobre las anteriores tasas a nivel municipal, asi como la inexistencia de datos de movilidad a tan baja escala, impide establecer unas conclusiones definitorias. EnglishThe COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the biggest recent challenges that science has encountered. A multitude of studies aim to respond to the spread of this coronavirus, hitherto unknown, under certain atmospheric and climatic conditions. The study of parameters such as temperature, humidity, and radiation in the months of February and March 2020, as well as a correlative analysis with various other variables, aims to weigh the weight that these variables could have in the expansion of this pathogen in the province of Alicante. The results indicate, in a preliminary manner, that the only variable that is related to the contagion and death rates are the maximum temperatures. This fact could be related to the climatic niche of the coronavirus and could be decisive in its expansion worldwide. The lack of information on the above rates at municipal level, as well as the absence of mobility data on such a small scale, prevents the drawing of definitive conclusions

Este trabajo pretende ser una primera aproximación a la dimensión del despilfarro de recursos públicos en infraestructuras en España desde 1995 hasta la actualidad en los distintos niveles de gobierno. A partir de algunas precisiones sobre los conceptos de despilfarro y corrupción, se analiza, de una parte, la inversión y los sobrecostes en infraestructuras innecesarias impulsadas y ejecutadas por la Administración General del Estado en el ámbito de sus competencias, y de otra, infraestructuras, proyectos, eventos e inversiones fallidas, vacías o infrautilizadas acometidas por las Comunidades Autónomas y los gobiernos locales. Se abordan los déficit de marco institucional y de gobernanza territorial y se sugiere una posible agenda de reformas a partir de unas conclusiones generales. This work is a first approximation to the dimension of the waste of public resources in infrastructures in Spain from 1995 to the present in the different levels of government. It differentiates between waste and corruption. Waste as the investment and extra costs undertaken for unnecessary infrastructures is analysed. Both for central government and for regional and local governments in relation to their competences, and on the other hand, infrastructures, projects, failed and empty or underutilized investments and events undertaken by the Autonomous Communities and local governments. The limitations and misuse of the institutions and the territorial governance is signaled with some proposals for a reform agenda.

Flood risk management is gradually shifting from a risk-based approach to an integrated one that, among other elements, considers risk communication (RC) as a means of boosting resilience. Regardless of the above, few scientists have tackled up to now the integration of RC into flood risk management. In this connection, this particular study seeks to check out the potential of a risk dialogue approach (based on an ad hoc RC strategy) to change attitudes and behaviours in relation to flash flood risk. Via a pre-post survey design, we evaluated risk perception and awareness regarding a Civil Protection Plan (CPP) implemented locally (i.e., in the municipality of Navaluenga, central Spain). For this particular objective, a questionnaire survey was created, and 201 adults (representing more than 10% of the population census) were interviewed twice in a one-year period. Before the second survey, an RC strategy was created. The RC strategy comprised briefings, quiz answers, storytelling, a contest of videos and photographs about past floods, and an intergenerational workshop. A t-test for paired sample analyses and a general linear model (GLM) repeated measures ANOVA were applied to identify changes in risk perception and awareness. Our results indicate that the RC strategy did increase flood risk perception in Navaluenga in the long term (lifetime). Also, it increased the level of awareness of the various features that comprise the CPP, enabling people to be more competent in facing a flash flood. Some cognitive biases detected in the perceptual process of human beings may shed some light on the results obtained. The implementation of well-thought-out RC strategies can play a role in improving resilience, particularly in geographic areas such as the Iberian Peninsula, in which climate change scenarios indicate a likely increase in the severity and frequency of flooding. This research was funded by the projects MARCoNI (CGL2013-42728-R) and DRAINAGE (CGL2017-83546-565 C3-1-R), both funded by the Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation (MINEICO).